{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:43:04Z","timestamp":1767339784479},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,3]],"date-time":"2017-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486080000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"Special RC fund at CCIS in King Saud University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Univ Access Inf Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-017-0522-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,3]],"date-time":"2017-02-03T05:51:56Z","timestamp":1486101116000},"page":"131-145","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Universal web accessibility and the challenge to integrate informal Arabic users: a case study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Aqil M.","family":"Azmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eman A.","family":"Aljafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"522_CR1","unstructured":"Ahmad, F., N\u00fcrnberger, A.: N-gram conflation approach for Arabic text processing. In: Proceeding of the International Workshop on Improving Non English Web Searching (iNEWS \u201907), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 39\u201346 (2007)"},{"issue":"7","key":"522_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21063","volume":"60","author":"F Ahmad","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ahmad, F., N\u00fcrnberger, A.: Evaluation of N-gram conflation approaches for Arabic text retrieval. J. Am. Soc. Inform. Sci. Technol. 60(7), 1448\u20131465 (2009)","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Inform. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"522_CR3","volume-title":"The History of the Qur\u2019anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation","author":"M Al-Azami","year":"2011","unstructured":"Al-Azami, M.: The History of the Qur\u2019anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation, 2nd edn. Al-Qalam Publishing, Sherwoord Park (2011)","edition":"2"},{"key":"522_CR4","unstructured":"Al-Fedagi, S., Al-Anzi, F.: A new algorithm to generate Arabic root-pattern forms. In: Proceedings of the 11th National Computer Conference, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, pp. 4\u20137 (1989)"},{"key":"522_CR5","unstructured":"Al-Khotani, S.: Kingdom leads growth in Arabic digital content. Saudi Gazette, 10 Sep 2013. http:\/\/saudigazette.com.sa\/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20130910179928 (2013)"},{"key":"522_CR6","unstructured":"Alamlahi, Y., Ahmed, F.: Sana\u2019ani dialect to modern standard Arabic: rule-based direct machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ICAI\u201911) (2011)"},{"issue":"7","key":"522_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2012.2197612","volume":"20","author":"M Alkanhal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alkanhal, M., Al-Badrashiny, M., Alghamdi, M., Al-Qabbany, A.: Automatic stochastic Arabic spelling correction with emphasis on space insertions and deletions. IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process. 20(7), 2111\u20132122 (2012)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."},{"issue":"1","key":"522_CR8","first-page":"39","volume":"8","author":"GH Al-Gaphari","year":"2010","unstructured":"Al-Gaphari, G.H., Al-Yadoumi, M.: A method to convert Sana\u2019ani accent to modern standard Arabic. Int. J. Inf. Sci. Manag. 8(1), 39\u201349 (2010)","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Sci. Manag."},{"key":"522_CR9","unstructured":"Almaktebah AlShamela: http:\/\/shamela.ws\/browse.php\/book-7057\/page-69 (2013)"},{"key":"522_CR10","unstructured":"Al-Qanair, H.: The effect of migrant workers on the Arabic language in the Gulf region (in Arabic). Alriyadh, 30 Jun 2013. http:\/\/www.alriyadh.com\/848196 (2013)"},{"key":"522_CR11","unstructured":"Attia, M.: Large scale computational processor of the Arabic morphology, and applications. Master\u2019s thesis, Cairo, Egypt (2000)"},{"issue":"3","key":"522_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324913000284","volume":"21","author":"A Azmi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Azmi, A., Almajed, R.: A survey of automatic Arabic diacritization techniques. Nat. Lang. Eng. 21(3), 477\u2013496 (2015)","journal-title":"Nat. Lang. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"522_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.2307\/603860","volume":"108","author":"J Bellamy","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bellamy, J.: Two pre-islamic arabic inscriptions revised: Jabal Ramm and Umm AlJimal. J. Am. Orient. Soc. 108(3), 369\u2013372 (1988)","journal-title":"J. Am. Orient. Soc."},{"key":"522_CR14","unstructured":"Benajiba, Y., Diab, M.: A web application for dialectal Arabic text annotation. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Semitic Language Processing (LREC-2010), Malta (2010)"},{"issue":"3","key":"522_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/01690960143000245","volume":"17","author":"A Boudel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Boudel, A., Gaskell, M.: A re-examination of the default system for Arabic plurals. Lang. Cognit. Process 17(3), 321\u2013343 (2002)","journal-title":"Lang. Cognit. Process"},{"issue":"16","key":"522_CR16","first-page":"237","volume":"18","author":"F Cadora","year":"1976","unstructured":"Cadora, F.: Lexical relationships among Arabic dialects and the Swadesh list. Anthropol. Linguist. 18(16), 237\u2013260 (1976)","journal-title":"Anthropol. Linguist."},{"key":"522_CR17","unstructured":"CIA: Central Intelligence Agency: World Factbook. Washington, DC (2008)"},{"key":"522_CR18","unstructured":"Cote, R.: Choosing one dialect for the Arabic speaking world: a status planning dilemma. In: Arizona Working Papers in SLA & Teaching, vol. 16, pp. 75\u201397 (2009)"},{"key":"522_CR19","unstructured":"Curley, N.: The rise of Arabic on the web. http:\/\/wamda.com\/2012\/04\/the-rise-of-arabic-on-the-web-infographic (2012)"},{"issue":"4","key":"522_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1561\/1500000031","volume":"7","author":"K Darwish","year":"2013","unstructured":"Darwish, K., Magdy, W.: Arabic information retrieval. Found. Trends Inf. Retr. 7(4), 239\u2013342 (2013)","journal-title":"Found. Trends Inf. Retr."},{"key":"522_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1163\/9789401200431_006","volume-title":"Language Contact in Times of Globalization","author":"A Daoudi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Daoudi, A.: Globalisation and e-Arabic: the emergence of a new language at the literal and figurative levels. In: Hasselblatt, C., Houtzagers, P., Pareren, R.V. (eds.) Language Contact in Times of Globalization, pp. 61\u201376. Rodopi, Amsterdam (2011)"},{"key":"522_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, M.W., Ogden, W.C.: Free resources and advanced alignment for cross-language text retrieval. In: Proceedings of the 6th Text Retrieval Conference (TREC-6), Gaithersburg, MD, pp. 385\u2013395 (1997)","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.500-240.NMSU-D"},{"key":"522_CR23","unstructured":"Debili, F., Achour, H., Souissi, E.: De l\u2019etiquetage grammatical a la voyellation automatique de l\u2019arabe. Technical Report. Correspondances de l\u2019Institut de Recherche sur le Maghreb Contemporain 17 (2002)"},{"key":"522_CR24","unstructured":"Diab, M., Habash, N., Rambow, O., Altantawy, M., Benajiba, Y.: COLABA: Arabic dialect annotation and processing. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Semitic Language Processing (LREC-2010), pp. 66\u201374 (2010)"},{"key":"522_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1002\/aris.2007.1440410118","volume":"41","author":"I El-Khair","year":"2008","unstructured":"El-Khair, I.: Arabic information retrieval. Annu. Rev. Inf. Sci. Technol. 41, 505\u2013533 (2008)","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"522_CR26","first-page":"14","volume":"8","author":"A Farghaly","year":"2009","unstructured":"Farghaly, A., Shaalan, K.: Arabic natural language processing: challenges and solutions. ACM Trans. Asian Lang. Inf. Process. (TALIP) 8(4), 14 (2009)","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Asian Lang. Inf. Process. (TALIP)"},{"issue":"2","key":"522_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/00437956.1959.11659702","volume":"15","author":"C Ferguson","year":"1959","unstructured":"Ferguson, C.: Diglossia. Word 15(2), 325\u2013340 (1959)","journal-title":"Word"},{"key":"522_CR28","unstructured":"Ferguson, C.: Epilogue: diglossia revisited. In: In Contemporary Arabic Linguistics in Honor of El-Said Badawi, The American University in Cairo (1996)"},{"key":"522_CR29","unstructured":"Goweder, A., De Roeck, A.: Assessment of a significant Arabic corpus. In: Arabic Language Processing: Status and Prospects at ACL\/EACL: Workshop, pp. 73\u201379. Toulouse, France (2001)"},{"key":"522_CR30","unstructured":"Goweder, A., Poesio, M., De\u00a0Roeck, A., Reynolds, J.: Identifying broken plurals in unvowalised Arabic text. In: Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Special Interest Group of the ACL (EMNLP), Barcelona, Spain, pp. 246\u2013253 (2004)"},{"key":"522_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-02139-8","volume-title":"Introduction to Arabic Natural Language Processing","author":"N Habash","year":"2010","unstructured":"Habash, N.: Introduction to Arabic Natural Language Processing. Morgan & Claypool Publishers, San Rafael (2010)"},{"key":"522_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habash, N., Rambow, O.: MAGEAD: a morphological analyzer and generator for the Arabic dialects. In: ACL \u201906: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 44th annual meeting of the ACL, pp. 681\u2013688. Association for Computational Linguistics, Sydney, Australia (2006)","DOI":"10.3115\/1220175.1220261"},{"key":"522_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habash, N., Rambow, O., Kiraz, G.: Morphological analysis and generation for Arabic dialects. In: Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Computational Approaches to Semitic Languages, Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 17\u201324 (2005)","DOI":"10.3115\/1621787.1621791"},{"key":"522_CR34","unstructured":"Habash, N., Eskander, R., Hawwari, A.: A morphological analyzer for Egyptian Arabic. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology, Montr\u00e9al, Canada, pp. 1\u20139 (2012)"},{"key":"522_CR35","unstructured":"Habib, M.B.: An intelligent system for automated Arabic text categorization. Master\u2019s thesis, Cairo, Egypt (2008)"},{"key":"522_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1075\/loall.1","volume-title":"Najdi Arabic: Central Arabian","author":"B Ingham","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ingham, B.: Najdi Arabic: Central Arabian. John Benjamins Pub. Co., Amsterdam\/Philadelphia (1994)"},{"key":"522_CR37","unstructured":"Jiffry, F.: Saudi Arabia world\u2019s 2nd most Twitter-happy nation. The Arab News, 20 May 2013. http:\/\/arabnews.com\/news\/452204 (2013)"},{"issue":"2","key":"522_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.5090060209","volume":"6","author":"A Kent","year":"1955","unstructured":"Kent, A., Berry, M.M., Luehrs Jr., F.U., Perry, J.W.: Machine literature searching VIII. Operational criteria for designing information retrieval systems. Am. Doc. 6(2), 93\u2013101 (1955)","journal-title":"Am. Doc."},{"key":"522_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511809071","volume-title":"Introduction to Information Retrieval","author":"CD Manning","year":"2008","unstructured":"Manning, C.D., Raghavan, P., Sch\u00fctze, H.: Introduction to Information Retrieval. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2008)"},{"key":"522_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mustafa, M., AbdAlla, H., Suleman, H.: Current approaches in Arabic IR: a survey. In: The 11th International Conference on Asia-Pacific Digital Libraries (ICADL 2008), Bali, Indonesia (2008)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-89533-6_57"},{"key":"522_CR41","volume-title":"Saudi Arabian Dialects","author":"T Prochazka Jr","year":"1988","unstructured":"Prochazka Jr., T.: Saudi Arabian Dialects. Kegan Paul Int.\/Routledge, London (1988)"},{"issue":"1","key":"522_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2010.2045240","volume":"19","author":"M Rashwan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rashwan, M., Al-Badrashiny, M., Attia, M., Abdou, S., Rafea, A.: A stochastic Arabic diacritizer based on a hybrid of factorized and unfactorized textual features. IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process. 19(1), 166\u2013175 (2011)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."},{"key":"522_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanderson, M.: Word sense disambiguation and information retrieval. In: Proceedings of the 17th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pp. 142\u2013151, (1994)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-2099-5_15"},{"key":"522_CR44","unstructured":"Semiocast Corporation: Arabic highest growth on Twitter, English expression stabilizes below 40%. http:\/\/semiocast.com\/publications\/2011_11_24_Arabic_highest_growth_on_Twitter (2011)"},{"issue":"4","key":"522_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551512442480","volume":"38","author":"M Shatnawi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shatnawi, M., Yassein, M., Mahafza, R.: A framework for retrieving Arabic documents based on queries written in Arabic slang language. J. Inf. Sci. 38(4), 350\u2013365 (2012)","journal-title":"J. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"522_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taghva, K., Elkhoury, R., Coombs, J.: Arabic stemming without a root dictionary. In: ITCC \u201905: International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing, pp. 152\u2013157 (2005)","DOI":"10.1109\/ITCC.2005.90"},{"key":"522_CR47","volume-title":"The Arabic Language","author":"K Versteegh","year":"2001","unstructured":"Versteegh, K.: The Arabic Language. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh (2001)"},{"key":"522_CR48","first-page":"125","volume-title":"Handbook for Arabic Language Teaching Professionals in the 21st Century","author":"K Wahba","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wahba, K.: Arabic language use and the educated language user. In: Wahba, K., Taha, Z., Englands, L. (eds.) Handbook for Arabic Language Teaching Professionals in the 21st Century, pp. 125\u2013138. Routledge, New York (2006)"},{"key":"522_CR49","unstructured":"Weyman, G.: Translating tweets from the Arabic spring: towards a translation workbench for twitter. http:\/\/meedan.org\/2012\/03\/translation-twitter-middle-east-arabic\/ (2012)"},{"key":"522_CR50","unstructured":"Whitaker, B.: Arabic words and the Roman alphabet. Tech. rep. www.al-bab.com\/arab\/language\/roman1.htm (2002)"},{"key":"522_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Fraser, A., Weischedel, R.M.: Empirical studies in strategies for Arabic retrieval. In: SIGIR \u201902: Proceedings of the 25th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pp. 269\u2013274. Tampere, Finland (2002)","DOI":"10.1145\/564376.564424"}],"container-title":["Universal Access in the Information Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10209-017-0522-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10209-017-0522-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10209-017-0522-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]],"date-time":"2024-06-22T07:19:07Z","timestamp":1719040747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10209-017-0522-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,3]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10209-017-0522-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1615-5289","1615-5297"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1615-5289","type":"print"},{"value":"1615-5297","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,3]]}}}