{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T10:45:41Z","timestamp":1776077141692,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":178,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,3]],"date-time":"2021-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625270400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,3]],"date-time":"2021-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Univ Access Inf Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-021-00823-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,3]],"date-time":"2021-07-03T10:02:47Z","timestamp":1625306567000},"page":"1-35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Machine translation from text to sign language: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4209-727X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Navroz Kaur","family":"Kahlon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Williamjeet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"823_CR1","unstructured":"Boudlal, A., Lakhoujaja, A.M.: Alkhalil Morpho Sys1: a morphosyntactic analysis system for Arabic texts. In: International Arab Conference on Information Technology, pp. 1\u20136 (2010)"},{"issue":"2","key":"823_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.4018\/JITR.2019040108","volume":"12","author":"O Achraf","year":"2019","unstructured":"Achraf, O., Jemni, M.: Designing high accuracy statistical machine translation for sign language using parallel corpus: case study English and American sign language. J. Inf. Technol. Res. 12(2), 134\u2013158 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/JITR.2019040108","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Res."},{"key":"823_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al-barahamtoshy, O.H., Al-barhamtoshy, H.M.: Arabic text-to-sign (ArTTS ) model from automatic SR system. In: Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Arab Computational Linguistics, pp. 304\u2013311 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2017.10.122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.10.122"},{"key":"823_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida, I.: Exploring challenges in avatar-based translation from European Portuguese to Portuguese sign language. Master\u2019s Thesis. Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (2014)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W15-5124"},{"key":"823_CR5","unstructured":"Almohimeed, A. et al.: Arabic text to Arabic sign language translation system for the deaf and hearing-impaired community. In: Proceedings of the second workshop on speech and language processing for assistive technologies, pp 101\u2013109 (2011)"},{"key":"823_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anuja, K. et al.: Design and development of a frame based MT system for English-to-ISL. In: Proceedings of the World congress on nature and biologically inspired computing, pp. 1382\u20131387 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/NABIC.2009.5393721","DOI":"10.1109\/NABIC.2009.5393721"},{"key":"823_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2014.04.008","volume":"281","author":"TMUD Ara\u00fajo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, T.M.U.D., et al.: An approach to generate and embed sign language video tracks into multimedia contents. Inf. Sci. (Ny) 281, 762\u2013780 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ins.2014.04.008","journal-title":"Inf. Sci. (Ny)"},{"issue":"8","key":"823_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1145\/310930.310975","volume":"42","author":"NI Badler","year":"1999","unstructured":"Badler, N.I., et al.: Animation control for real-time virtual humans. Commun. ACM. 42(8), 64\u201373 (1999). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/310930.310975","journal-title":"Commun. ACM."},{"key":"823_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baldassarri, S. et al.: Automatic translation system to Spanish sign language with a virtual interpreter. In: Proceedings of the 12th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, pp. 196\u2013199 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-03655-2_23","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03655-2_23"},{"issue":"4","key":"823_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2008.04.006","volume":"32","author":"S Baldassarri","year":"2008","unstructured":"Baldassarri, S., et al.: Maxine: a platform for embodied animated agents. Comput. Graph. 32(4), 430\u2013437 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cag.2008.04.006","journal-title":"Comput. Graph."},{"key":"823_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baldassarri, S., Royo-Santas, F.: An automatic rule-based translation system to Spanish sign language (LSE). In: New Trends in Human\u2013Computer Interaction, pp. 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-84882-352-5_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84882-352-5_1"},{"key":"823_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bangham, J.A. et al.: Signing for the deaf using virtual humans. In: IEE Seminar on Speech and Language Processing for the Disabled and Elderly People, pp. 1\u20135, London, UK (2000). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/ic:20000134","DOI":"10.1049\/ic:20000134"},{"key":"823_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bangham, J.A. et al.: Virtual signing: capture, animation , storage and transmission\u2014an overview of the ViSiCAST project. In: IEEE Seminar on Speech and Language Processing for Disabled and Elderly People, pp. 6\/1\u20136\/7 IEEE Press (2000). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/ic:20000136","DOI":"10.1049\/ic:20000136"},{"key":"823_CR14","unstructured":"Bishop, C.M.: Mixture density networks. Technical report (1994)"},{"key":"823_CR15","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"M Boulares","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boulares, M., et al.: Toward an example-based machine translation from written text to ASL using virtual agent animation. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Issues 9, 1 (2012)","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Issues"},{"key":"823_CR16","unstructured":"Bowden, R. et al.: Learning to recognise dynamic visual content from broadcast footage. https:\/\/cvssp.org\/projects\/dynavis\/index.html. Last Accessed 2021\/04\/04"},{"issue":"4","key":"823_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-015-0415-2","volume":"15","author":"A Braffort","year":"2016","unstructured":"Braffort, A., et al.: KAZOO: a sign language generation platform based on production rules. Univers. Access Inf. Soc. 15(4), 541\u2013550 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10209-015-0415-2","journal-title":"Univers. Access Inf. Soc."},{"key":"823_CR18","unstructured":"Braffort, A. et al.: Virtual signer coarticulation in octopus, a sign language generation platform. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Gesture Workshop, Gesture in Embodied Communication and Human\u2013Computer Interaction, pp. 29\u201332 (2011)"},{"key":"823_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brour, M., Benabbou, A.: ATLASLang MTS 1: Arabic text language into Arabic sign language machine translation system. In: 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Computing in Data Sciences, pp. 236\u2013245 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2019.01.066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2019.01.066"},{"key":"823_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2019.07.006","author":"M Brour","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brour, M., Benabbou, A.: ATLASLang NMT: Arabic text language into Arabic sign language neural machine translation. J. King Saud Univ. Comput. Inf. Sci. (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jksuci.2019.07.006","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"823_CR21","unstructured":"Bungeroth, J. et al.: The ATIS sign language corpus. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, pp. 2943\u20132946 (2008)"},{"key":"823_CR22","unstructured":"Bungeroth, J., Ney, H.: Statistical sign language translation. In: Workshop on Representation and Processing of Sign Languages, pp. 105\u2013108 (2004)"},{"key":"823_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Buz, B., Gungor, T.: Developing a statistical Turkish sign language translation system for primary school students. In: IEEE International Symposium on Innovations in Intelligent SysTems and Applications, pp. 1\u20136 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/INISTA.2019.8778246","DOI":"10.1109\/INISTA.2019.8778246"},{"key":"823_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Camgoz, N.C. et al.: Neural sign language translation. In: Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 7784\u20137793 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00812","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00812"},{"key":"823_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, C. et al.: Everybody dance now. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 5933\u20135942 (2019)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00603"},{"key":"823_CR26","unstructured":"Chung, J. et al.: Empirical evaluation of gated recurrent neural networks on sequence modeling. Presented at the (2014)"},{"key":"823_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Coetzee, L. et al.: The national accessibility portal: an accessible information sharing portal for the South African disability sector. In: Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility, pp. 44\u201353. Banff, Canada (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1243441.1243456","DOI":"10.1145\/1243441.1243456"},{"issue":"2","key":"823_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327590IJHC1602","volume":"16","author":"S Cox","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cox, S., et al.: The development and evaluation of a speech-to-sign translation system to assist transactions. J. Hum. Comput. Interact. 16(2), 141\u2013161 (2003). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327590IJHC1602","journal-title":"J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"823_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-05873-9_13","volume-title":"Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering","author":"QL Da","year":"2019","unstructured":"Da, Q.L., et al.: Converting the vietnamese television news into 3D sign language animations for the deaf. In: Duong, T., Vo, N.S. (eds.) Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, vol. 257. Springer, Cham (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-05873-9_13"},{"issue":"3","key":"823_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2007.11.008","volume":"51","author":"S Dangsaart","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dangsaart, S., et al.: Intelligent Thai text\u2014Thai sign translation for language learning. Comput. Educ. 51(3), 1125\u20131141 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2007.11.008","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"823_CR31","unstructured":"Dangsaart, S., Cercone, N.: Bridging the gap: Thai\u2013Thai sign machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 10th Conference of the Pacific Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 191\u2013199 (2007)"},{"key":"823_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dasgupta, T., Basu, A.: Prototype machine translation system from text-to-Indian sign language. In: Proceedings of the 13th International conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, pp. 313\u2013316 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1378773.1378818","DOI":"10.1145\/1378773.1378818"},{"key":"823_CR33","unstructured":"Davidson, M.J.: PAULA: a computer-based sign language tutor for hearing adults. In: Intelligent Tutoring Systems Workshop on Teaching with Robots, Agents, and Natural Language Processing, pp. 66\u201372 (2006)"},{"key":"823_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Delorme, M. et al.: Thumb modelling for the generation of sign language. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Gesture and Sign Language in Human\u2013Computer Interaction and Embodied Communication, pp. 151\u2013160 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-34182-3_14","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34182-3_14"},{"key":"823_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Denkowski, M., Lavie, A.: Meteor universal: language specific translation evaluation for any target language. In: Proceedings of 9th Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation, pp. 376\u2013380 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3115\/v1\/W14-3348","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W14-3348"},{"key":"823_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doddington, G.: Automatic evaluation of machine translation quality using N-gram co-occurrence statistics. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Human Language Technology Research, pp. 138\u2013145 (2002)","DOI":"10.3115\/1289189.1289273"},{"key":"823_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Duarte, A.: Cross-modal neural sign language translation. In: In Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Conference on Multimedia, pp. 1650\u20131654 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3343031.3352587","DOI":"10.1145\/3343031.3352587"},{"key":"823_CR38","unstructured":"Ebling, S. et al.: SMILE Swiss German sign language dataset. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, pp. 19\u201325 (2018)"},{"key":"823_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ebling, S., Huenerfauth, M.: Bridging the gap between sign language machine translation and sign language animation using sequence classification. In: Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies, pp. 2\u20139 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/W15-5102","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W15-5102"},{"key":"823_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Efthimiou, E. et al.: DICTA-SIGN: sign language recognition, generation, and modelling: a research effort with applications in deaf communication. In: Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Corpora and Sign Language Technologies, pp. 80\u201384 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-02707-9_3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02707-9_3"},{"issue":"1","key":"823_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1075\/sll.10.1.03eft","volume":"10","author":"E Efthimiou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Efthimiou, E., et al.: Feature-based natural language processing for GSL synthesis. Sign Lang. Linguist. 10(1), 1\u201321 (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1075\/sll.10.1.03eft","journal-title":"Sign Lang. Linguist."},{"issue":"4","key":"823_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-015-0414-3","volume":"15","author":"E Efthimiou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Efthimiou, E., Dimou, S.F.A.: From grammar-based MT to post-processed SL representations. Univers. Access Inf. Soc. 15(4), 499\u2013511 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10209-015-0414-3","journal-title":"Univers. Access Inf. Soc."},{"key":"823_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elliott, R. et al.: The development of language processing support for the ViSiCAST project. In: Proceedings of the 4th International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies, pp. 101\u2013108 (2000). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/354324.354349","DOI":"10.1145\/354324.354349"},{"key":"823_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2016.04.014","volume":"108","author":"C Eryi\u011fit","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eryi\u011fit, C., et al.: Building machine-readable knowledge representations for Turkish sign language generation. Knowl.-Based Syst. 108, 179\u2013194 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knosys.2016.04.014","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst."},{"key":"823_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eryi\u011fit, G.: ITU Turkish NLP web service. In: Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 1\u20134 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3115\/v1\/E14-2001","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/E14-2001"},{"issue":"4","key":"823_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-007-0094-8","volume":"6","author":"S Evita Fotinea","year":"2008","unstructured":"Evita Fotinea, S., et al.: A knowledge-based sign synthesis architecture. Univers. Access Inf. Soc. 6(4), 405\u2013418 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10209-007-0094-8","journal-title":"Univers. Access Inf. Soc."},{"key":"823_CR47","volume-title":"WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fellbaum, C. (ed.): WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database. MIT Press, Massachusetts (1998)"},{"issue":"4","key":"823_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-015-0413-4","volume":"15","author":"M Filhol","year":"2016","unstructured":"Filhol, M., et al.: A rule triggering system for automatic text-to-sign translation. Univers. Access Inf. Soc. 15(4), 487\u2013498 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10209-015-0413-4","journal-title":"Univers. Access Inf. Soc."},{"key":"823_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Filhol, M.: Combining two synchronisation methods in a linguistic model to describe sign language. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Gesture and Sign Language in Human\u2013Computer Interaction and Embodied Communication, pp. 194\u2013203 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-34182-3_18","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34182-3_18"},{"issue":"4","key":"823_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-007-0102-z","volume":"6","author":"J Glauert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Glauert, J., et al.: Linguistic modelling and language-processing technologies for Avatar-based sign language presentation. Univers. Access Inf. Soc. 6(4), 375\u2013391 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10209-007-0102-z","journal-title":"Univers. Access Inf. Soc."},{"issue":"4","key":"823_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3233\/TAD-2006-18408","volume":"18","author":"JRW Glauert","year":"2006","unstructured":"Glauert, J.R.W., et al.: VANESSA\u2014a system for communication between deaf and hearing people. Technol. Disabil. 18(4), 207\u2013216 (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/TAD-2006-18408","journal-title":"Technol. Disabil."},{"key":"823_CR52","unstructured":"Gough, N.: Example-based machine translation using the marker hypothesis. PhD thesis. Dublin City University (2005)"},{"key":"823_CR53","unstructured":"Grieve-Smith, A.B.: English to American sign language machine translation of weather reports. In: Proceedings of the Second High Desert Student Conference in Linguistics. High Desert Linguistics Society, pp. 23\u201330 (1999)"},{"key":"823_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grieve-Smith, A.B.: SignSynth: A sign language synthesis application using Web3D and Perl. In: Gesture and sign language based human\u2013computer interaction, pp. 134\u2013145. London, UK (2001). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/3-540-47873-6_14","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-47873-6_14"},{"key":"823_CR55","unstructured":"Hanke, T. et al.: Extending the public DGS corpus in size and depth. In: Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Sign Language Resources in the Service of the Language Community, Technological Challenges and Application Perspectives, pp. 75\u201382 (2020)"},{"key":"823_CR56","unstructured":"Hanke, T.: HamNoSys\u2014Representing sign language data in language resources and language processing contexts. In: Proceedings of the LREC workshop on the representation and processing of sign languages, pp. 1\u20136 (2004)"},{"key":"823_CR57","unstructured":"Hanke, T., Popescu, H.: eSIGN deliverable D2.3: intelligent sign editor (2003)"},{"issue":"6","key":"823_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1080\/08839514.2010.492161","volume":"24","author":"A Heloir","year":"2010","unstructured":"Heloir, A., Kipp, M.: Real-time animation of interactive agents: specification and realization. Appl. Artif. Intell. 24(6), 510\u2013529 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08839514.2010.492161","journal-title":"Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"823_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hogan, C., Frederking, R.: An evaluation of the multi-engine MT architecture. In: Proceedings of the Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, pp. 113\u2013123 (1998). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/3-540-49478-2_11","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-49478-2_11"},{"key":"823_CR60","unstructured":"Huang, Z., Eli, A.: STEP: a scripting language for embodied agents. In: Proceedings of the Workshop of Lifelike Animated Agents, pp. 1\u20136 (2002)"},{"key":"823_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1145\/1530064.1530067","volume":"2","author":"M Huenerfauth","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huenerfauth, M.: A linguistically motivated model for speed and pausing in animations of American sign language. ACM Trans. Access. Comput. 2, 2 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1530064.1530067","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Access. Comput."},{"key":"823_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huenerfauth, M.: A multi-path architecture for machine translation of English text into American sign language animation. In: Proceedings of the Student Workshop at the Human Language Technology Conference\/North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 25\u201330 (2004). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3115\/1614038.1614043","DOI":"10.3115\/1614038.1614043"},{"key":"823_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huenerfauth, M.: American sign language generation: multimodal NLG with multiple linguistic channels. In: Proceedings of the ACL Student Research Workshop, pp. 37\u201342 (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5555\/1628960.1628968","DOI":"10.5555\/1628960.1628968"},{"key":"823_CR64","unstructured":"Huenerfauth, M.: An accessibility motivation for an English-to-ASL machine translation system (2004)"},{"key":"823_CR65","unstructured":"Huenerfauth, M.: Generating American sign language classifier predicates for English-to-ASL machine translation. Ph.D thesis. University of Pennsylvania (2006)"},{"key":"823_CR66","unstructured":"Huenerfauth, M.: Spatial representation of classifier predicates for machine translation into American sign language. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Signed Languages, 4th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, pp. 24\u201331 (2004)"},{"issue":"2","key":"823_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-011-0247-7","volume":"11","author":"M Huenerfauth","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huenerfauth, M., Lu, P.: Effect of spatial reference and verb inflection on the usability of sign language animations. Univers. Access Inf. Soc. 11(2), 169\u2013184 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10209-011-0247-7","journal-title":"Univers. Access Inf. Soc."},{"key":"823_CR68","unstructured":"Huenerfauth, M.P.: A survey and critique of American sign language natural language generation and machine translation systems. Technical report (2003)"},{"key":"823_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Isozaki, H. et al.: Automatic evaluation of translation quality for distant language pairs. In: Proceedings of Conference on Empirical Methods and Natural Language Processing, pp. 944\u2013952 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5555\/1870658.1870750","DOI":"10.5555\/1870658.1870750"},{"key":"823_CR70","unstructured":"Jemni, M. et al.: A Web-based tool to create online courses for deaf pupils. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Interactive Mobile and Computer Aided Learning, pp. 1\u20138. Amman, Jordan (2007)"},{"key":"823_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jemni, M., Elghoul, O.: A system to make signs using collaborative approach. In: International Conference on Computers for Handicapped Persons. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 670\u2013677 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-70540-6_96","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-70540-6_96"},{"key":"823_CR72","unstructured":"Jemni, M., Elghoul, O.: Towards Web-based automatic interpretation of written text to sign language. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on ICT & Accessibility, pp. 43\u201348. (2008)."},{"issue":"2","key":"823_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3357612","volume":"19","author":"HY Jung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jung, H.Y., et al.: Word reordering for translation into Korean sign language using syntactically-guided classification. ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resource Lang. Inf. Process. 19(2), 1\u201320 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3357612","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resource Lang. Inf. Process."},{"key":"823_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kanis, J. et al.: Czech-sign speech corpus for semantic based machine translation. In: Sojka, P., Kope\u010dek, I., Pala, K. (eds.) Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Text, Speech and Dialogue, pp. 613\u2013620 (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/11846406_77","DOI":"10.1007\/11846406_77"},{"key":"823_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kanis, J., M\u00fcller, L.: Automatic Czech\u2014sign speech translation. In: Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Text, Speech and Dialogue, pp. 488\u2013495 (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-74628-7_63","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74628-7_63"},{"key":"823_CR76","unstructured":"Kar, P. et al.: INGIT: Limited domain formulaic translation from Hindi strings to Indian sign language. In: International Conference on Natural Language Processing (2007)"},{"issue":"1","key":"823_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2005.06.004","volume":"49","author":"K Karpouzis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Karpouzis, K., Caridakis, G.: Educational resources and implementation of a Greek sign language synthesis architecture. Comput. Educ. 49(1), 54\u201374 (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2005.06.004","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"823_CR78","unstructured":"Katyana, Q.: Google\u2019s neural network learns to translate languages it hasn\u2019t been trained on. https:\/\/www.theregister.co.uk\/2016\/11\/17\/googles_neural_net_translates_languages_not_trained_on\/, Last accessed 2020\/09\/23"},{"key":"823_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kayahan, D., Gungor, T.: A hybrid translation system from Turkish spoken language to Turkish sign language. In: IEEE international symposium on innovations in intelligent systems and applications, pp. 1\u20136 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/INISTA.2019.8778347","DOI":"10.1109\/INISTA.2019.8778347"},{"key":"823_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kennaway, R.: Synthetic animation of deaf signing gestures. In: 4th International Workshop on Gesture and Sign Language Based Human\u2013Computer Interaction, pp. 146\u2013157 (2002). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/3-540-47873-6_15","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-47873-6_15"},{"key":"823_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-020-09731-7","volume":"12","author":"NS Khan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khan, N.S., et al.: A novel natural language processing (NLP)\u2014based machine translation model for English to Pakistan sign language translation. Cognit. Comput. 12, 748\u2013765 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12559-020-09731-7","journal-title":"Cognit. Comput."},{"key":"823_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kipp, M. et al.: Sign language avatars: animation and comprehensibility. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp. 113\u2013126 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-23974-8","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23974-8"},{"key":"823_CR83","unstructured":"Kitchenham, B., Charters, S.: Guidelines for performing systematic literature reviews in software engineering. Technical report EBSE-2007-01. (2007)"},{"key":"823_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koehn, P. et al.: Moses: open source toolkit for statistical machine translation. In: Companion Volume to the Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 177\u2013180 (2007)","DOI":"10.3115\/1557769.1557821"},{"key":"823_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koehn, P. et al.: Statistical phrase-based translation. In: Proceedings of the Human Language Technology and North American Association for Computational Linguistics Conference, pp. 48\u201354 (2003)","DOI":"10.3115\/1073445.1073462"},{"key":"823_CR86","unstructured":"Koleli, E.: A new Greek part-of-speech tagger, based on a maximum entropy classifier. Master\u2019s thesis. Athens University of Economics and Business (2011)"},{"key":"823_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2018.04.001","volume":"51","author":"D Kouremenos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kouremenos, D., et al.: A novel rule based machine translation scheme from Greek to Greek sign language: production of different types of large corpora and language models evaluation. Comput. Speech Lang. 51, 110\u2013135 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csl.2018.04.001","journal-title":"Comput. Speech Lang."},{"issue":"5","key":"823_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1080\/01449290903420192","volume":"29","author":"D Kouremenos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kouremenos, D., et al.: A prototype Greek text to Greek sign language conversion system. Behav. Inf. Technol. 29(5), 467\u2013481 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01449290903420192","journal-title":"Behav. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"823_CR89","unstructured":"Kouremenos, D. et al.: Statistical machine translation for Greek to Greek sign language using parallel corpora produced via rule-based machine translation. In: IEEE 31st International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI), pp. 1\u201315 (2018)"},{"key":"823_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kovar, L. et al.: Motion graphs. In: Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, pp. 473\u2013482 (2002). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/566570.566605","DOI":"10.1145\/566570.566605"},{"key":"823_CR91","unstructured":"Krnoul, Z. et al.: 3D symbol base translation and synthesis of Czech sign speech. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Speech and Computer, pp. 530\u2013535 (2006)"},{"key":"823_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74628-7_68","volume":"4629","author":"Z Kr\u0148oul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kr\u0148oul, Z., \u017delezn\u00fd, M.: Translation and conversion for Czech sign speech synthesis. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 4629, 524\u2013531 (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-74628-7_68","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci."},{"key":"823_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Le, H.P. et al.: A hybrid approach to word segmentation of Vietnamese texts. In: Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Language and Automata Theory and Applications, pp. 240\u2013249 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-88282-4_23","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-88282-4_23"},{"key":"823_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2014.02.006","volume":"32","author":"V L\u00f3pez-lude\u00f1a","year":"2014","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-lude\u00f1a, V., et al.: Translating bus information into sign language for deaf people. Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. 32, 258\u2013269 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engappai.2014.02.006","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"3","key":"823_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2011.09.003","volume":"26","author":"V L\u00f3pez-Lude\u00f1a","year":"2012","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Lude\u00f1a, V., et al.: Automatic categorization for improving Spanish into Spanish Sign Language machine translation. Comput. Speech Lang. 26(3), 149\u2013167 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csl.2011.09.003","journal-title":"Comput. Speech Lang."},{"key":"823_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Lude\u00f1a, V. et al.: Factored translation models for improving a speech into sign language translation system. In: Proceedings of the Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, pp. 1605\u20131608 (2011)","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2011-481"},{"issue":"4","key":"823_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2012.08.059","volume":"40","author":"V L\u00f3pez-Lude\u00f1a","year":"2013","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Lude\u00f1a, V., et al.: Increasing adaptability of a speech into sign language translation system. Expert Syst. Appl. 40(4), 1312\u20131322 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2012.08.059","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"823_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2013.11.017","volume":"56","author":"V L\u00f3pez-Lude\u00f1a","year":"2014","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Lude\u00f1a, V., et al.: Methodology for developing an advanced communications system for the deaf in a new domain. Knowl.-Based Syst. 56, 240\u2013252 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knosys.2013.11.017","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst."},{"key":"823_CR99","unstructured":"Lopez Lude\u00f1a, V. et al.: Methodology for developing a speech into sign language translation system in a new semantic domain. In: Proceedings of the Conference on IberSPEECH, pp. 193\u2013203. Madrid, Spain (2012)"},{"key":"823_CR100","unstructured":"Lude\u00f1a, V.L., San-segundo, R.: Statistical methods for improving Spanish into Spanish sign language translation. In: Proceedings of the 15th Mexican International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 1\u201311 (2016)"},{"key":"823_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luong, M.T. et al.: Effective approaches to attention-based neural machine translation. In: Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 1412\u20131421 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/d15-1166","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/d15-1166"},{"issue":"4","key":"823_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-018-0622-8","volume":"18","author":"H Luqman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luqman, H., Mahmoud, S.A.: Automatic translation of Arabic text-to-Arabic sign language. Univers. Access Inf. Soc. 18(4), 939\u2013951 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10209-018-0622-8","journal-title":"Univers. Access Inf. Soc."},{"key":"823_CR103","unstructured":"Manzano, D.M.: English to ASL translator for SPEECH2SIGNS. (2018)"},{"key":"823_CR104","unstructured":"Marshall, I., Safar, E.: Extraction of semantic representations from syntactic CMU link grammar linkages. In: Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, pp. 154\u2013159 (2001)"},{"key":"823_CR105","unstructured":"Marshall, I., Safar, E.: Grammar Development for Sign Language Avatar-Based Synthesis . In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction. (2005)."},{"key":"823_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall, I., Safar, E.: Sign language generation in an ALE HPSG. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, pp. 189\u2013201 (2004)","DOI":"10.21248\/hpsg.2004.11"},{"key":"823_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marshall, I., S\u00e1f\u00e1r, \u00c9.: A prototype text to British sign language (BSL) translation system. In: 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 113\u2013116 (2003). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3115\/1075178.1075194","DOI":"10.3115\/1075178.1075194"},{"key":"823_CR108","unstructured":"Mauser, A., Ney, H.: Automatic evaluation measures for statistical machine translation system optimization. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, pp. 28\u201330"},{"key":"823_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mazzei, A. et al.: Deep natural language processing for Italian Sign Language translation. In: Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence, pp. 193\u2013204 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-03524-6_17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-03524-6_17"},{"issue":"2","key":"823_CR110","first-page":"481","volume":"12","author":"GS Mishra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mishra, G.S., et al.: Word based statistical machine translation from English text to Indian sign language. ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 12(2), 481\u2013489 (2017)","journal-title":"ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"823_CR111","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mitkov, R. (ed.): The Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2005)"},{"key":"823_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miyazaki, T. et al.: Proper name machine translation from Japanese to Japanese sign language. In: Language Technology for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants, pp. 67\u201375 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3115\/v1\/w14-4209","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/w14-4209"},{"key":"823_CR113","unstructured":"Morrissey, S.: Assistive technology for deaf people: Translating into and animating Irish sign language. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs, pp. 8\u201314 (2008)"},{"key":"823_CR114","unstructured":"Morrissey, S., Way, A.: An example-based approach to translating sign language. In: Workshop example-based machine translation (MT X-05), pp. 109\u2013116 (2005)"},{"key":"823_CR115","unstructured":"Morrissey, S., Way, A.: Joining hands: developing a sign language machine translation system with and for the deaf community. In: Proceedings of the Conference and Workshop on Assistive Technologies for People with Vision & Hearing Impairments, pp. 1\u20136 (2007)"},{"key":"823_CR116","unstructured":"Morrissey, S., Way, A.: Lost in translation: the problems of using mainstream MT Evaluation metrics for sign language translation. In: Proceedings of the 5th SALTMIL Workshop on Minority Languages at Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, pp. 91\u201398 (2006)"},{"issue":"1","key":"823_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10590-012-9133-1","volume":"27","author":"S Morrissey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morrissey, S., Way, A.: Manual labour: tackling machine translation for sign languages. Mach. Transl. 27(1), 25\u201364 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10590-012-9133-1","journal-title":"Mach. Transl."},{"key":"823_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nagao, M.: Framework of a mechanical translation between Japanese and English by analogy principle. In: Proceedings of the International NATO symposium on artificial and human intelligence, pp. 173\u2013180 (1984). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7551\/mitpress\/5779.003.0038","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5779.003.0038"},{"issue":"3","key":"823_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(70)90057-4","volume":"48","author":"SB Needleman","year":"1970","unstructured":"Needleman, S.B., Wunsch, C.D.: A general method applicable to the search for similarities in the amino acid sequence of two proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 48(3), 443\u2013453 (1970). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-2836(70)90057-4","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"823_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.B.D. et al.: A rule based method for text shortening in Vietnamese sign language translation. In: Information Systems Design and Intelligent Applications. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-10-7512-4_65","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-7512-4_65"},{"key":"823_CR121","unstructured":"Nie\u00dfen, S. et al.: An evaluation tool for machine translation: fast evaluation for MT research. In: Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, pp. 39\u201345 (2000)"},{"key":"823_CR122","unstructured":"Othman, A., Tmar, Z.: English-ASL gloss parallel corpus 2012: ASLG-PC12. In: 5th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages (2012)"},{"issue":"3","key":"823_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/10400435.2016.1268218","volume":"30","author":"M Otoom","year":"2018","unstructured":"Otoom, M., Alzubaidi, M.A.: Ambient intelligence framework for real-time speech-to-sign translation. Assist. Technol. 30(3), 119\u2013132 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10400435.2016.1268218","journal-title":"Assist. Technol."},{"key":"823_CR124","unstructured":"Papageorgiou, H. et al.: A unified POS tagging architecture and its application to Greek. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, pp. 1455\u20131462 (2000)"},{"key":"823_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Papineni, K. et al.: BLEU: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 311\u2013318 (2002). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3115\/1073083.1073135","DOI":"10.3115\/1073083.1073135"},{"issue":"3","key":"823_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2013.10.003","volume":"28","author":"J Porta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Porta, J., et al.: A rule-based translation from written Spanish to Spanish sign language glosses. Comput. Speech Lang. 28(3), 788\u2013811 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csl.2013.10.003","journal-title":"Comput. Speech Lang."},{"key":"823_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Quach, L., Nguyen, C.-N.: Conversion of the Vietnamese grammar into sign language structure using the example-based machine translation algorithm. In: International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Communications, pp. 27\u201331 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ATC.2018.8587584","DOI":"10.1109\/ATC.2018.8587584"},{"key":"823_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110261325.1075","volume-title":"Sign Language","author":"E Safar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Safar, E., Glauert, J.: Computer modelling. In: Pfau, R., et al. (eds.) Sign Language, pp. 1075\u20131102. De Gruyter Mouton, Berlin (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9783110261325.1075"},{"key":"823_CR129","unstructured":"Safar, E., Marshall, I.: The architecture of an English-text-to-sign-languages translation system. In: Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, pp. 223\u2013228. Bulgaria (2001)"},{"key":"823_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S\u00e1f\u00e1r, \u00c9., Marshall, I.: Sign language translation via DRT and HPSG. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics, pp. 58\u201368 (2002). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/3-540-45715-1_5","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45715-1_5"},{"key":"823_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"San-Segundo, R. et al.: A Spanish speech to sign language translation system for assisting deaf-mute people. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, pp. 1399\u20131402 (2006)","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2006-420"},{"issue":"2","key":"823_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10044-011-0243-9","volume":"15","author":"R San-Segundo","year":"2012","unstructured":"San-Segundo, R., et al.: Design, development and field evaluation of a Spanish into sign language translation system. Pattern Anal. Appl. 15(2), 203\u2013224 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10044-011-0243-9","journal-title":"Pattern Anal. Appl."},{"issue":"5","key":"823_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvlc.2007.06.002","volume":"19","author":"R San-Segundo","year":"2008","unstructured":"San-Segundo, R., et al.: Proposing a speech to gesture translation architecture for Spanish deaf people. J. Vis. Lang. Comput. 19(5), 523\u2013538 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvlc.2007.06.002","journal-title":"J. Vis. Lang. Comput."},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"823_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2008.02.001","volume":"50","author":"R San-Segundo","year":"2008","unstructured":"San-Segundo, R., et al.: Speech to sign language translation system for Spanish. Speech Commun. 50(11\u201312), 1009\u20131020 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.specom.2008.02.001","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"823_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139163910","volume":"42","author":"W Sandler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sandler, W., Lillo-Martin, D.: Sign Language and Linguistic Universals. J. Linguist. 42(3), 738\u2013742 (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9781139163910","journal-title":"J. Linguist."},{"key":"823_CR136","unstructured":"Saunders, B. et al.: Adversarial training for multi-channel sign language production. In: Proceedings of the British Machine Vision Conference (2020)"},{"key":"823_CR137","unstructured":"Saunders, B. et al.: Everybody sign now: translating spoken language to photo realistic sign language video (2020)"},{"key":"823_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saunders, B. et al.: Progressive transformers for end-to-end sign language production. In: Proceedings of European Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 687\u2013705 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-58621-8_40","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58621-8_40"},{"issue":"3","key":"823_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.5121\/ijnlc.2017.6303","volume":"6","author":"M Selcuk-Simsek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Selcuk-Simsek, M., Cicekli, I.: Bidirectional machine translation between Turkish and Turkish sign language: a data-driven approach. Int. J. Nat. Lang. Comput. 6(3), 33\u201346 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5121\/ijnlc.2017.6303","journal-title":"Int. J. Nat. Lang. Comput."},{"key":"823_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shieber, S.M., Yves, S.: Synchronous tree-adjoining grammars. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, pp. 253\u2013258 (1990). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3115\/991146.991191","DOI":"10.3115\/991146.991191"},{"key":"823_CR141","unstructured":"Sleator, D.D., Temperley, D.: Parsing English with a link grammar. Technical report CMU-CS-91-196 (1991)"},{"key":"823_CR142","unstructured":"Snover, M. et al.: Study of translation edit rate with targeted human annotation. In: Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, pp. 223\u2013231. Cambridge, MA (2006)"},{"key":"823_CR143","unstructured":"Souteh, Y., Bouzoubaa, K.: SAFAR platform and its morphological layer. In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Language Engineering, pp. 14\u201315 (2011)"},{"key":"823_CR144","unstructured":"Speers, d\u2019 A.L.: Representation of American sign language for machine translation. Ph.D thesis. Georgetown University (2001)"},{"issue":"4","key":"823_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10590-012-9125-1","volume":"26","author":"D Stein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stein, D., et al.: Analysis, preparation, and optimization of statistical sign language machine translation. Mach. Transl. 26(4), 325\u2013357 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10590-012-9125-1","journal-title":"Mach. Transl."},{"key":"823_CR146","unstructured":"Stein, D. et al.: Morpho-syntax based statistical methods for automatic sign language translation. In: Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation, pp. 169\u2013177. Oslo, Norway (2006)"},{"key":"823_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-019-01281-2","volume":"128","author":"S Stoll","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stoll, S., et al.: Text2Sign: towards sign language production using neural machine translation and generative adversarial networks. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 128, 891\u2013908 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11263-019-01281-2","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"issue":"7","key":"823_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2009.2016234","volume":"17","author":"HY Su","year":"2009","unstructured":"Su, H.Y., Wu, C.H.: Improving structural statistical machine translation for sign language with small corpus using thematic role templates as translation memory. IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process. 17(7), 1305\u20131315 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TASL.2009.2016234","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."},{"key":"823_CR149","unstructured":"Suszczanska, N. et al.: Translating Polish texts into sign language in the TGT system. In: 20th IASTED International Multi-Conference on Applied Informatics, pp. 282\u2013287 (2002)"},{"issue":"4","key":"823_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1561\/2200000013","volume":"4","author":"C Sutton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sutton, C., McCallum, A.: An introduction to conditional random fields By Charles Sutton and Andrew McCallum. Found. Trends Mach. Learn. 4(4), 267\u2013373 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1561\/2200000013","journal-title":"Found. Trends Mach. Learn."},{"key":"823_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tillmann, C. et al.: Accelerated DP based search for statistical translation. In: Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, pp. 2667\u20132670 (1997)","DOI":"10.21437\/Eurospeech.1997-673"},{"key":"823_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/bfb0055973","volume":"1458","author":"M Tokuda","year":"1998","unstructured":"Tokuda, M., Okumura, M.: Towards automatic translation from Japanese into Japanese sign language. Assist. Technol. Artif. Intell. Robot. User Interfaces Nat. Lang. Process. 1458, 97\u2013108 (1998). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bfb0055973","journal-title":"Assist. Technol. Artif. Intell. Robot. User Interfaces Nat. Lang. Process."},{"key":"823_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toutanova, K. et al.: Feature-rich part-of-speech tagging with a cyclic dependency network. In: Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics & Human Language Technologies on Human Language Technologies, pp. 173\u2013180 (2003)","DOI":"10.3115\/1073445.1073478"},{"issue":"1","key":"823_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008014420317","volume":"13","author":"T Veale","year":"1998","unstructured":"Veale, T., et al.: The challenges of cross-modal translation: English-to-sign-language translation in the Zardoz system. Mach. Transl. 13(1), 81\u2013106 (1998). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1008014420317","journal-title":"Mach. Transl."},{"key":"823_CR155","unstructured":"Veale, T., Collins, B.: Space, metaphor and schematization in sign: sign language translation in the ZARDOZ system. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, pp. 168\u2013179 (1996)"},{"key":"823_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Veale, T., Conway, A.: Cross modal comprehension in ZARDOZ an English to sign-language translation system. In: 4th International Workshop on Natural Language Generation, pp. 67\u201372 (1994). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3115\/1641417.1641450","DOI":"10.3115\/1641417.1641450"},{"key":"823_CR157","unstructured":"Ventura, L. et al.: Can everybody sign now? Exploring sign language video generation from 2D poses. In: Sign Language Recognition, Translation and Production Workshop (2020)"},{"issue":"4","key":"823_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10590-019-09238-5","volume":"33","author":"VM Ver\u00edssimo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ver\u00edssimo, V.M., et al.: Towards an open platform for machine translation of spoken languages into sign languages. Mach. Transl. 33(4), 315\u2013348 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10590-019-09238-5","journal-title":"Mach. Transl."},{"issue":"4","key":"823_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861","volume":"13","author":"Z Wang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang, Z., et al.: Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 13(4), 600\u2013612 (2004). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"issue":"1","key":"823_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(81)90087-5","volume":"147","author":"M Waterman","year":"1981","unstructured":"Waterman, M., Smith, T.: Identification of common molecular subsequences. J. Mol. Biol. 147(1), 195\u2013197 (1981). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-2836(81)90087-5","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"823_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.langcom.2003.08.001","volume":"24","author":"A Wray","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wray, A., et al.: A formulaic approach to translation at the post office: reading the signs. Lang. Commun. 24, 59\u201375 (2004). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.langcom.2003.08.001","journal-title":"Lang. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"823_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1227850.1227851","volume":"6","author":"CH Wu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wu, C.H., et al.: Transfer-based statistical translation of Taiwanese sign language using PCFG. ACM Trans. Asian Lang. Inf. Process. 6(1), 1\u201318 (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1227850.1227851","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Asian Lang. Inf. Process."},{"key":"823_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, W. et al.: End-to-end slot alignment and recognition for cross-lingual NLU. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 5052\u20135063 (2020)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.410"},{"key":"823_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao, L. et al.: A machine translation system from English to American sign language. In: Proceedings of the 4th Conference of the Association of Machine Translation, pp. 293\u2013300 (2000). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/3-540-39965-8_6","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-39965-8_6"},{"key":"823_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Van Zijl, L.: South African sign language machine translation project. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computers and Accessibility, pp. 233\u2013234 (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1168987.1169031","DOI":"10.1145\/1168987.1169031"},{"key":"823_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Van Zijl, L., Combrink, A.: The South African sign language machine translation project: issues on non-manual sign generation. In: Proceedings of the Annual Research Conference of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists on IT Research in Developing Countries, pp. 127\u2013134 (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1216262.1216276","DOI":"10.1145\/1216262.1216276"},{"key":"823_CR167","unstructured":"Van Zijl, L., Olivrin, G.: South African sign language assistive translation. In: Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Telehealth\/Assistive Technologies, pp. 7\u201312 (2008)"},{"key":"823_CR168","unstructured":"Zwitserlood, I. et al.: Synthetic signing for the deaf: esign. In: Proceedings of the conference and workshop on assistive technologies for vision and hearing impairment (2004)"},{"key":"823_CR169","unstructured":"Blender Tool. https:\/\/www.blender.org\/features\/animation\/. Last accessed 2020\/09\/04"},{"key":"823_CR170","unstructured":"Curious Labs POSER. https:\/\/curious-labs-poser.software.informer.com\/6.0\/. Last accessed 2020\/09\/22"},{"key":"823_CR171","unstructured":"ELAN annotation tool. https:\/\/www.mpi.nl\/corpus\/html\/elan\/. Last accessed 2020\/08\/09"},{"key":"823_CR172","unstructured":"Google Neural Machine Translation. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Neural_Machine_Translation. Last accessed 2020\/09\/18"},{"key":"823_CR173","unstructured":"Humanoid Animation. https:\/\/www.web3d.org\/working-groups\/humanoid-animation-hanim. Last accessed 2020\/09\/23"},{"key":"823_CR174","unstructured":"Maya Tool. https:\/\/www.autodesk.in\/products\/maya\/overview?plc=MAYA&term=1-YEAR&support=ADVANCED&quantity=1. Last accessed 2020\/08\/08"},{"key":"823_CR175","unstructured":"Semantic Role Lists. http:\/\/elies.rediris.es\/elies11\/cap5111.htm. Last accessed 2021\/04\/05"},{"key":"823_CR176","unstructured":"Unity 3D. https:\/\/unity.com\/. Last accessed 2020\/08\/08"},{"key":"823_CR177","unstructured":"VComD:Sign Smith Studio. http:\/\/www.vcom3d.com\/signsmith.php. Last accessed 2010\/08\/08"},{"key":"823_CR178","unstructured":"WebGL. https:\/\/www.khronos.org\/webgl\/. Last accessed 2021\/04\/12"}],"container-title":["Universal Access in the Information Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10209-021-00823-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10209-021-00823-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10209-021-00823-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]],"date-time":"2023-03-26T23:08:41Z","timestamp":1679872121000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10209-021-00823-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,3]]},"references-count":178,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["823"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10209-021-00823-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1615-5289","1615-5297"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1615-5289","type":"print"},{"value":"1615-5297","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 June 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}