{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:52:47Z","timestamp":1781650367173,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014064","name":"Universidad de Salamanca","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014064","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Univ Access Inf Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Teaching German as a second language (GSL) in heterogeneous classrooms requires access to authentic and level-appropriate reading materials, yet educators often struggle to find resources that are both pedagogically suitable and legally usable. This paper presents the LATILL platform, an AI-driven tool designed to support teachers in identifying, adapting, and organizing German texts according to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). The platform integrates a curated corpus of over 20,000 authentic texts, automated CEFR-level classification, and topic tagging, enhanced with generative AI functionalities for text simplification, translation, and visualization. Through iterative, user-centered development and evaluation with more than 40 educators across Germany, Spain, and Ukraine, LATILL demonstrated strong potential for improving lesson planning, differentiation, and classroom adaptability. Empirical testing showed acceptable accuracy in CEFR classification (around 72\u201373%) and highlighted the value of AI features, while also identifying challenges in text simplification, translation fidelity, and image generation. Successive refinements, informed by teacher feedback and interaction analytics, improved usability, content quality, and pedagogical alignment, leading to increased engagement and sustained adoption. The study concludes that LATILL not only addresses the persistent challenge of sourcing and tailoring texts for diverse learner groups but also establishes a sustainable, teacher-centered infrastructure for integrating AI into language education.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-026-01333-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T04:26:25Z","timestamp":1776227185000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From CEFR classification to generative AI materials: designing and validating the LATILL platform"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"V\u00e1zquez-Ingelmo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"L\u00f6fflad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Garc\u00eda-Holgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Ther\u00f3n-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Detmar","family":"Meurers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1333_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1017\/S0261444807004144","volume":"40","author":"A Gilmore","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gilmore, A.: Authentic materials and authenticity in foreign language learning. Lang. Teach. 40(2), 97\u2013118 (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0261444807004144","journal-title":"Lang. Teach."},{"issue":"2","key":"1333_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1017\/S0261444811000528","volume":"45","author":"B Tomlinson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tomlinson, B.: Materials development for language learning and teaching. Lang. Teach. 45(2), 143\u2013179 (2012)","journal-title":"Lang. Teach."},{"issue":"2","key":"1333_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.5861\/ijrse.2015.1189","volume":"5","author":"O Akbari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Akbari, O., Razavi, A.: Using authentic materials in the foreign language classrooms: Teachers\u2019 perspectives in efl classes. Int. J. Res. Stud. Educ. 5(2), 105\u2013116 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5861\/ijrse.2015.1189","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Stud. Educ."},{"key":"1333_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2023.104064","volume":"125","author":"YV Grecu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Grecu, Y.V.: Differentiated instruction: curriculum and resources provide a roadmap to help english teachers meet students\u2019 needs. Teach. Teach. Educ. 125, 104064 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tate.2023.104064","journal-title":"Teach. Teach. Educ."},{"key":"1333_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2017.05.017","volume":"67","author":"MT Timberlake","year":"2017","unstructured":"Timberlake, M.T., Burns Thomas, A., Barrett, B.: The allure of simplicity: scripted curricula and equity. Teach. Teach. Educ. 67, 46\u201352 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tate.2017.05.017","journal-title":"Teach. Teach. Educ."},{"issue":"2","key":"1333_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmal.2024.100119","volume":"3","author":"S Eyssette","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eyssette, S., Brookes, G.: Searching for the unspeakable: an iterative approach to designing a corpus of texts about a taboo topic. Res. Methods Appl. Linguist. 3(2), 100119 (2024)","journal-title":"Res. Methods Appl. Linguist."},{"key":"1333_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kienberger, M., Garc\u00eda-Holgado, A., Schramm, K., Raveling, A., Meurers, D., Labinska, B., Koropatnitska, T., Ther\u00f3n, R.: In: Garc\u00eda-Pe\u00f1alvo, F.J., Garc\u00eda-Holgado, A. (eds.) Enhancing adaptive teaching of reading skills using digital technologies: LATILL project. Lecture Notes in Educational Technology, pp. 1092\u20131098. Springer, Singapore (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-99-0942-1_115","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-0942-1_115"},{"key":"1333_CR8","unstructured":"Europe, C.: Common european framework of reference for languages: Learning, teaching, assessment (cefr). companion volume. Report, Council of Europe Publishing (2020). http:\/\/www.coe.int\/lang-cefr"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1333_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-1315(94)90031-0","volume":"23","author":"E Wilson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wilson, E.: Using corpora as a resource in language teaching. Comput. Educ. 23(1\u20132), 41\u201351 (1994)","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"1333_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nerbonne, J., Smit, P.: Glosser-rug: in support of reading. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 1996), pp. 830\u2013835. Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen (1996). http:\/\/aclweb.org\/anthology\/C96-2140","DOI":"10.3115\/993268.993312"},{"key":"1333_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breidt, E., Feldweg, H.: Accessing foreign languages with COMPASS. Machine Translation 12(1\u20132), 153\u2013174 (1997). Special Issue on New Tools for Human Translators","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007939008924"},{"key":"1333_CR12","unstructured":"Brown, J., Eskenazi, M.: Student, text and curriculum modeling for reader-specific document retrieval. In: Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Phoenix, Arizona (2005). http:\/\/purl.org\/net\/Brown.Eskenazi-05.pdf"},{"key":"1333_CR13","unstructured":"Heilman, M., Collins-Thompson, K., Callan, J., Eskenazi, M.: Combining lexical and grammatical features to improve readability measures for first and second language texts. In: Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (HLT-NAACL-07), Rochester, New York, pp. 460\u2013467 (2007)"},{"key":"1333_CR14","unstructured":"Ott, N., Meurers, D.: Information retrieval for education: Making search engines language aware. Themes in Science and Technology Education. Special issue on computer-aided language analysis, teaching and learning: Approaches, perspectives and applications 3(1\u20132), 9\u201330 (2010)"},{"key":"1333_CR15","volume-title":"Attention and Awareness in Foreign Language Learning","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schmidt, R. (ed.): Attention and Awareness in Foreign Language Learning. University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI (1995)"},{"key":"1333_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1017\/S0272263100011943","volume":"15","author":"M Sharwood Smith","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sharwood Smith, M.: Input enhancement in instructed SLA: theoretical bases. Stud. Second. Lang. Acquis. 15, 165\u2013179 (1993)","journal-title":"Stud. Second. Lang. Acquis."},{"key":"1333_CR17","volume-title":"Focus on Form in Classroom Second Language Acquisition","year":"1998","unstructured":"Doughty, C., Williams, J. (eds.): Focus on Form in Classroom Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1998)"},{"key":"1333_CR18","unstructured":"Vajjala, S., Meurers, D.: On improving the accuracy of readability classification using insights from second language acquisition. In: Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using NLP, pp. 163\u2013173 (2012). http:\/\/aclweb.org\/anthology\/W12-2019.pdf"},{"key":"1333_CR19","unstructured":"Hancke, J., Vajjala, S., Meurers, D.: Readability classification for German using lexical, syntactic, and morphological features. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING), Mumbai, India, pp. 1063\u20131080 (2012). http:\/\/aclweb.org\/anthology-new\/C\/C12\/C12-1065.pdf"},{"issue":"4","key":"1333_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2018.1527358","volume":"32","author":"X Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, X., Meurers, D.: Linking text readability and learner proficiency using linguistic complexity feature vector distance. Computer-Assisted Lang. Learn. 32(4), 418\u2013447 (2019)","journal-title":"Computer-Assisted Lang. Learn."},{"key":"1333_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Meurers, D., Rebuschat, P.: Icall offering individually adaptive input: Effects of complex input on l2 development. Language Learning & Technology 26(1) (2022)","DOI":"10.64152\/10125\/73496"},{"key":"1333_CR22","volume-title":"Data Structures for Linguistic Resources and Applications","author":"J Benn\u00f6hr","year":"2007","unstructured":"Benn\u00f6hr, J.: A web-based personalised textfinder for language learners. In: Rehm, G., Witt, A., Lemnitzer, L. (eds.) Data Structures for Linguistic Resources and Applications. Gunter Narr Verlag, T\u00fcbingen (2007)"},{"key":"1333_CR23","unstructured":"Walmsley, M.: Learner modelling for individualised reading in a second language. PhD thesis, The University of Waikato (2015). http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10289\/10559"},{"key":"1333_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chinkina, M., Meurers, D.: Linguistically-aware information retrieval: Providing input enrichment for second language learners. In: Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications (BEA), pp. 188\u2013198. ACL, San Diego, CA (2016). http:\/\/aclweb.org\/anthology\/W16-0521.pdf","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-0521"},{"key":"1333_CR25","unstructured":"Dittrich, S., Weiss, Z., Schr\u00f6ter, H., Meurers, D.: Integrating large-scale web data and curated corpus data in a search engine supporting German literacy education. In: Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on NLP for Computer Assisted Language Learning, Turku, Finland, pp. 41\u201356 (2019)"},{"key":"1333_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aissa, W., Amaro, R., Antunes, D., Ba\u00f1eras-Roux, T., Baptista, J., Catala, A., Correia, L., Fran\u00e7ois, T., Garcia, M., Izquierdo-\u00c1lvarez, M., Mamede, N., Martins, V., Neves, M., Ribeiro, E., Rey, S.R., Vanzeveren, E.: The iRead4Skills intelligent complexity analyzer. In: Habernal, I., Schulam, P., Tiedemann, J. (eds.) Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations, pp. 73\u201384. Association for Computational Linguistics, Suzhou, China (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2025.emnlp-demos.6 . https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2025.emnlp-demos.6\/","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.emnlp-demos.6"},{"key":"1333_CR27","unstructured":"Council of Europe: Common european framework of reference for languages: Learning, teaching, assessment (cefr). companion volume. Report, Council of Europe Publishing (2020). http:\/\/www.coe.int\/lang-cefr"},{"key":"1333_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-009-9081-4","volume":"43","author":"M Baroni","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baroni, M., Bernardini, S., Ferraresi, A., Zanchetta, E.: The wacky wide web: a collection of very large linguistically processed web-crawled corpora. Lang. Resour. Eval. 43, 209\u2013226 (2009)","journal-title":"Lang. Resour. Eval."},{"key":"1333_CR29","unstructured":"Vajjala, S., Meurers, D.: On the applicability of readability models to web texts, pp. 59\u201368. Association for Computational Linguistics, Sofia, Bulgaria (2013)"},{"key":"1333_CR30","unstructured":"Weiss, Z., Dittrich, S., Meurers, D.: A linguistically-informed search engine to identifiy reading material for functional illiteracy classes. In: Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on NLP for Computer Assisted Language Learning, pp. 79\u201390 (2018)"},{"key":"1333_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2024.108049","volume":"133","author":"L-C Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, L.-C., Chang, K.-H.: An entropy-based corpus method for improving keyword extraction: An example of sustainability corpus. Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. 133, 108049 (2024)","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"1333_CR32","unstructured":"Wisniewski, K., Sch\u00f6ne, K., Nicolas, L., Vettori, C., Boyd, A., Meurers, D., Abel, A., Hana, J.: Merlin: An online trilingual learner corpus empirically grounding the european reference levels in authentic learner data. In: ICT for Language Learning 2013, Conference Proceedings, Florence, Italy. Libreriauniversitaria. It Edizioni (2013)"},{"key":"1333_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyd, A., Hana, J., Nicolas, L., Meurers, D., Wisniewski, K., Abel, A., Sch\u00f6ne, K., Stindlov\u00e1, B., Vettori, C.: The merlin corpus: Learner language and the cefr. In: LREC, pp. 1281\u20131288 (2014). Reykjavik, Iceland","DOI":"10.63317\/23nds6r6pxq7"},{"key":"1333_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vajjala, S., Rama, T.: Experiments with universal cefr classification. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications, pp. 147\u2013153 (2018)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-0515"},{"key":"1333_CR35","unstructured":"Kerz, E., Wiechmann, D., Qiao, Y., Tseng, E., Str\u00f6bel, M.: Automated classification of written proficiency levels on the CEFR-scale through complexity contours and RNNs. In: Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications, pp. 199\u2013209 (2021). Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"1333_CR36","unstructured":"Wei\u00df, Z.L.: An integrative approach to linguistic complexity analysis for german. PhD thesis, Eberhard Karls Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen (2024)"},{"key":"1333_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Holgado, A., V\u00e1zquez-Ingelmo, A., Shoeibi, N., Ther\u00f3n, R., Garc\u00eda-Pe\u00f1alvo, F.J.: In: Zaphiris, P., Ioannou, A. (eds.) Enhancing Language Learning through Human-Computer Interaction and Generative AI: LATILL platform, pp. 255\u2013265. Springer, Cham (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-61691-4_17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-61691-4_17"},{"key":"1333_CR38","unstructured":"Ther\u00f3n\u00a0S\u00e1nchez, R., V\u00e1zquez\u00a0Ingelmo, A., Garc\u00eda-Holgado, A., Garc\u00eda-Pe\u00f1alvo, F.J., Shoeibi, N., : A technology-mediated approach to addressing reading diversity in german classrooms. In: Fourth Generative AI and HCI Workshop at CHI 2025, pp. 1\u20135 (2025)"},{"key":"1333_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1387\/1\/012020","author":"N Haristiani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haristiani, N.: Artificial intelligence (ai) chatbot as language learning medium: An inquiry. J. Phys: Conf. Ser. (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/1387\/1\/012020","journal-title":"J. Phys: Conf. Ser."},{"key":"1333_CR40","unstructured":"European Union: Regulation (EU) 2016\/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (General Data Protection Regulation). Official Journal of the European Union L 119, 04\/05\/2016, pp. 1\u201388 (2016)"},{"issue":"5","key":"1333_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324922000535","volume":"29","author":"H Schuff","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schuff, H., Vanderlyn, L., Adel, H., Vu, N.T.: How to do human evaluation: a brief introduction to user studies in nlp. Nat. Lang. Eng. 29(5), 1199\u20131222 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1351324922000535","journal-title":"Nat. Lang. Eng."},{"key":"1333_CR42","volume-title":"Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research","author":"RA Krueger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Krueger, R.A.: Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA (2014)"},{"key":"1333_CR43","volume-title":"Conducting Educational Design Research","author":"S McKenney","year":"2012","unstructured":"McKenney, S., Reeves, T.C.: Conducting Educational Design Research. Routledge, London (2012)"},{"key":"1333_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papineni, K., Roukos, S., Ward, T., Zhu, W.-J.: Bleu: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In: Isabelle, P., Charniak, E., Lin, D. (eds.) Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 311\u2013318. Association for Computational Linguistics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (2002). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3115\/1073083.1073135 . https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/P02-1040\/","DOI":"10.3115\/1073083.1073135"},{"key":"1333_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00107","volume":"4","author":"W Xu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xu, W., Napoles, C., Pavlick, E., Chen, Q., Callison-Burch, C.: Optimizing statistical machine translation for text simplification. Trans. Assoc. Comput. Linguist. 4, 401\u2013415 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/tacl_a_00107","journal-title":"Trans. Assoc. Comput. Linguist."},{"key":"1333_CR46","unstructured":"Day, S.L., Cirica, J., Clapp, S.R., Penkova, V., Giroux, A.E., Banta, A., Bordeau, C., Mutteneni, P., Sawyer, B.D.: Evaluating GenAI for Simplifying Texts for Education: Improving Accuracy and Consistency for Enhanced Readability (2025). https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2501.09158"},{"key":"1333_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Smirnova, A., Chun, K.b., Rothman, W.L., Sarma, S.: Text simplification for children: Evaluating llms vis-\u00e0-vis human experts. In: Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA \u201925. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2025)https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3706599.3719889","DOI":"10.1145\/3706599.3719889"},{"key":"1333_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al-Sa\u2019di, A., McPhee, C.C.A.: User-centred design in educational applications: A systematic literature review. In: 2021 International Conference Engineering Technologies and Computer Science (EnT), pp. 105\u2013111 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EnT52731.2021.00025","DOI":"10.1109\/EnT52731.2021.00025"},{"issue":"1","key":"1333_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13370","volume":"55","author":"L Yan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yan, L., Sha, L., Zhao, L., Li, Y., Martinez-Maldonado, R., Chen, G., Li, X., Jin, Y., Ga\u0161evi\u0107, D.: Practical and ethical challenges of large language models in education: a systematic scoping review. Br. J. Edu. Technol. 55(1), 90\u2013112 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.13370","journal-title":"Br. J. Edu. Technol."}],"container-title":["Universal Access in the Information Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10209-026-01333-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10209-026-01333-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10209-026-01333-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:03:36Z","timestamp":1781647416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10209-026-01333-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10209-026-01333-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1615-5289","1615-5297"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1615-5289","type":"print"},{"value":"1615-5297","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"67"}}