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Nevertheless, some CIOs have been successful in their position for a long time. In this study, we use tenure as a proxy for success as a CIO. The goal of this paper is to examine factors that are critical to the success of long-term CIOs. For this purpose, we created and analyzed resumes of 384 CIOs. Out of these 384, we conducted 19 interviews with CIOs from top-tier companies and collected and analyzed both qualitative and quantitative data. In the process, we were able to identify nine factors that are critical for the success (CSF) of CIOs. These factors fall into three categories. Category \u201cPersonality\u201d includes \u201cAccepting and embracing change\u201d (CSF #1), \u201cBeing perseverant to pursue long-term goals\u201d (CSF #2), \u201cAnticipating the future through visionary thinking\u201d (CSF #3), and \u201cBeing empathetic to deal with uncertainty felt by co-workers\u201d (CSF #4). The \u201cRole Fulfilment\u201d category includes \u201cCross-functional involvement and integration of the IT organization\u201d (CSF #5), \u201cPositioning and restructuring of the IT organization\u201d (CSF #6), and \u201cWell-connected and communicative leadership\u201d (CSF #7). The \u201cOrganizational Environment\u201d category consists of \u201cAvailability of skilled workforce\u201d (CSF #8) and \u201cReporting line to the CEO\u201d (CSF #9). CSFs 1, 2, and 3 were perceived as most important by the participating CIOs. The results may be of particular interest both to aspiring CIOs and equally their employing organizations, as they reflect what long-term CIOs value during their time in office.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10257-021-00546-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T13:02:49Z","timestamp":1640005369000},"page":"79-122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Success factors of long-term CIOs"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Patrick","family":"Hillebrand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6623-880X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Westner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"546_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.10.4.304","volume":"10","author":"CP Armstrong","year":"1999","unstructured":"Armstrong CP, Sambamurthy V (1999) Information technology assimilation in firms: the influence of senior leadership and IT infrastructures. 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