{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T15:28:49Z","timestamp":1783610929480,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002957","name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Inf Syst E-Bus Manage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conceptualize the new phenomenon of the Fractional Chief Information Officer (CIO) as a part-time executive who usually works for more than one primarily small- to medium-sized enterprise (SME) and develop promising avenues for future research on Fractional CIOs. We conduct an empirical study by drawing on semi-structured interviews with 40 individuals from 10 different countries who occupy a Fractional CIO role. We derive a definition for the Fractional CIO, distinguish it from other forms of employment, and compare it with existing research on CIO roles. Further, we find four salient engagement types of Fractional CIOs offering value for SMEs in various situations: Strategic IT management, Restructuring, Rapid scaling, and Hands-on support. The results reveal similarities with existing CIO roles as well as novel insights concerning the different engagement types. Lastly, we propose a research agenda for the Fractional CIO field, based on four research themes derived from existing CIO research and insights from the interviews.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10257-022-00557-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T17:03:27Z","timestamp":1655658207000},"page":"581-611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Fractional CIO in SMEs: conceptualization and research agenda"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3961-6956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Kratzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7026-0241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Drechsler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6623-880X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Westner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9465-9679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Strahringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"557_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2009.0188","volume":"36","author":"M Alvesson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alvesson M, Sandberg J (2011) Generating research questions through problematization. Acad Manag Rev 36:247\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/amr.2009.0188","journal-title":"Acad Manag Rev"},{"key":"557_CR29","first-page":"66","volume":"18","author":"T Arnitz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arnitz T, H\u00fctter A, Riedl R (2017) Mutual trust between the Chief Information Officer and Chief Executive Officer: insights from an exploratory interview study. J Inf Technol Theory Appl 18:66\u201399","journal-title":"J Inf Technol Theory Appl"},{"key":"557_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.2307\/249732","volume":"16","author":"LM Applegate","year":"1992","unstructured":"Applegate LM, Elam JJ (1992) New information systems leaders: a changing role in a changing world. MIS Q 16:469\u2013490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/249732","journal-title":"MIS Q"},{"key":"557_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijis.2017.10.005","volume":"1","author":"C Bandera","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bandera C, Keshtkar F, Bartolacci MR, Neerudu S, Passerini K (2017) Knowledge management and the entrepreneur: insights from Ikujiro Nonaka\u2019s dynamic knowledge creation model (SECI). Int J Innov Stud 1:163\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijis.2017.10.005","journal-title":"Int J Innov Stud"},{"key":"557_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2017\/41.3.04","volume":"41","author":"M Benaroch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Benaroch M, Chernobai A (2017) Operational IT failures, IT value destruction, and board-level IT governance changes. MIS Q 41:729\u2013762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25300\/MISQ\/2017\/41.3.04","journal-title":"MIS Q"},{"key":"557_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2307\/248947","volume":"9","author":"RI Benjamin","year":"1985","unstructured":"Benjamin RI, Dickinson C Jr, Rockart JF (1985) Changing role of the corporate information systems officer. MIS Q 9:177\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/248947","journal-title":"MIS Q"},{"key":"557_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.5771\/0935-9915-2005-4-512","volume":"16","author":"J Bruns","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bruns J, Kabst R (2005) Interim-management: a paradox for leadership research? Manag Revue 16:512\u2013524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5771\/0935-9915-2005-4-512","journal-title":"Manag Revue"},{"key":"557_CR8","unstructured":"Bullen CV, Rockart JF (1981) A primer on critical success factors. CISR No. 69, Sloan WP No. 1220-81"},{"key":"557_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2575.2002.00119.x","volume":"12","author":"M Caldeira","year":"2002","unstructured":"Caldeira M, Ward J (2002) Understanding the successful adoption and use of IS\/IT in SMEs: an explanation from Portuguese manufacturing industries. Inf Syst J 12:121\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2575.2002.00119.x","journal-title":"Inf Syst J"},{"key":"557_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2011.04.001","volume":"48","author":"Y-C Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen Y-C, Wu J-H (2011) IT management capability and its impact on the performance of a CIO. Inf Manag 48:145\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.im.2011.04.001","journal-title":"Inf Manag"},{"key":"557_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2009.05.005","volume":"46","author":"M Chun","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chun M, Mooney J (2009) CIO roles and responsibilities: twenty-five years of evolution and change. Inf Manag 46:323\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.im.2009.05.005","journal-title":"Inf Manag"},{"key":"557_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/014920639101700109","volume":"17","author":"KR Conner","year":"1991","unstructured":"Conner KR (1991) A historical comparison of resource-based theory and five schools of thought within industrial organization economics: do we have a new theory of the firm? J Manag 17:121\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/014920639101700109","journal-title":"J Manag"},{"key":"557_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.ejis.3000430","volume":"11","author":"P Cragg","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cragg P (2002) Benchmarking information technology practices in small firms. Eur J Inf Syst 11:267\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/palgrave.ejis.3000430","journal-title":"Eur J Inf Syst"},{"key":"557_CR14","first-page":"27","volume":"13","author":"P Cragg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cragg P, Mills A, Suraweera T (2010) Understanding IT management in SMEs. Electron J Inf Syst Eval 13:27\u201334","journal-title":"Electron J Inf Syst Eval"},{"key":"557_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/jsbm.12001","volume":"51","author":"P Cragg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cragg P, Mills A, Suraweera T (2013) The influence of IT management sophistication and IT support on IT success in small and medium-sized enterprises. J Small Bus Manag 51:617\u2013636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsbm.12001","journal-title":"J Small Bus Manag"},{"key":"557_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s10257-017-0342-2","volume":"16","author":"A Drechsler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Drechsler A, Wei\u00dfsch\u00e4del S (2018) An IT strategy development framework for small and medium enterprises. Inf Syst e-Bus Manag 16:93\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10257-017-0342-2","journal-title":"Inf Syst e-Bus Manag"},{"key":"557_CR2","unstructured":"Drechsler A, H\u00f6nigsberg S, Watkowski L (2022) What's in an SME? Considerations for scoping research on small and medium enterprises and other organisations in the IS discipline. ECIS 2022 research papers. 50"},{"key":"557_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1989.4279003","volume":"14","author":"KM Eisenhardt","year":"1989","unstructured":"Eisenhardt KM (1989a) Agency theory: an assessment and review. AMR 14:57\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/amr.1989.4279003","journal-title":"AMR"},{"key":"557_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1989.4308385","volume":"14","author":"KM Eisenhardt","year":"1989","unstructured":"Eisenhardt KM (1989b) Building theories from case study research. Acad Manag Rev 14:532\u2013550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/amr.1989.4308385","journal-title":"Acad Manag Rev"},{"key":"557_CR19","unstructured":"Elder D (2011a) Fractional management may be the answer to your growing pain. http:\/\/bgaccelerators.com\/newspapercolumns\/Fractional-Managers-Maybe-the-answer-to-your-business-growing-pains-part-1-of-4.PDF. Business in Savannah: available at http:\/\/bgaccelerators.com\/newspapercolumns\/Fractional-Managers-Maybe-the-answer-to-your-business-growing-pains-part-1-of-4.PDF"},{"key":"557_CR20","unstructured":"Elder D (2011b) Fractional management versus part-timers, consultants. http:\/\/bgaccelerators.com\/newspapercolumns\/Fractional-Managers-vs-part-timers-consultants-part-4-of-4.PDF. Business in Savannah: available at http:\/\/bgaccelerators.com\/newspapercolumns\/Fractional-Managers-vs-part-timers-consultants-part-4-of-4.PDF"},{"key":"557_CR21","unstructured":"Elder D (2011c) How a fractional manager might benefit your business. http:\/\/bgaccelerators.com\/newspapercolumns\/Fractional-Managers-How-they-might-benefit-your-business-part-2-of-4.PDF. Business in Savannah: available at http:\/\/bgaccelerators.com\/newspapercolumns\/Fractional-Managers-How-they-might-benefit-your-business-part-2-of-4.PDF"},{"key":"557_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3991\/ijac.v7i4.4018","volume":"7","author":"HF El-Sofany","year":"2014","unstructured":"El-Sofany HF, Alwadani HM, Alwadani A (2014) Managing virtual team work in IT projects: survey. Int J Adv Corp Learn (iJAC) 7:28\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3991\/ijac.v7i4.4018","journal-title":"Int J Adv Corp Learn (iJAC)"},{"key":"557_CR23","first-page":"15","volume":"9","author":"F Farhoomand","year":"1985","unstructured":"Farhoomand F, Hrycyk GP (1985) The feasibility of computers in the small business environment. Am J Small Bus 9:15\u201322","journal-title":"Am J Small Bus"},{"key":"557_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.1993.11518002","volume":"10","author":"V Grover","year":"1993","unstructured":"Grover V, Jeong S-R, Kettinger WJ, Lee CC (1993) The Chief Information Officer: a study of managerial roles. J Manag Inf Syst 10:107\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07421222.1993.11518002","journal-title":"J Manag Inf Syst"},{"key":"557_CR25","first-page":"245","volume-title":"Perspectives on marketing management","author":"KG Grunert","year":"1993","unstructured":"Grunert KG, Ellegaard C (1993) The concept of key success factors: theory and method. In: Baker MJ (ed) Perspectives on marketing management. Wiley, Chichester, pp 245\u2013274"},{"key":"557_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2020.0986","volume":"32","author":"J Haislip","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haislip J, Lim J-H, Pinsker R (2021) The impact of executives\u2019 IT expertise on reported data security breaches. Inf Syst Res 32:318\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/isre.2020.0986","journal-title":"Inf Syst Res"},{"key":"557_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-019-09959-1","volume":"21","author":"M Heidt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heidt M, Gerlach JP, Buxmann P (2019) Investigating the security divide between SME and large companies: how SME characteristics influence organizational IT security investments. Inf Syst Front 21:1285\u20131305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10796-019-09959-1","journal-title":"Inf Syst Front"},{"key":"557_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-54753-4_1","volume-title":"Chief Information Officer role effectiveness","author":"A H\u00fctter","year":"2017","unstructured":"H\u00fctter A, Riedl R (2017) Chief Information Officer role effectiveness: literature review and implications for research and practice. In: H\u00fctter A, Riedl R (eds) Chief Information Officer role effectiveness. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 1\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-54753-4_1"},{"key":"557_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1177\/0018726701543001","volume":"54","author":"K Inkson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Inkson K, Heising A, Rousseau DM (2001) The interim manager: prototype of the 21st-century worker? Hum Relat 54:259\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018726701543001","journal-title":"Hum Relat"},{"key":"557_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2307\/249327","volume":"5","author":"B Ives","year":"1981","unstructured":"Ives B, Olson MH (1981) Manager or technician? The nature of the information systems manager\u2019s job. MIS Q 5:49\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/249327","journal-title":"MIS Q"},{"key":"557_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-405X(76)90026-X","volume":"3","author":"MC Jensen","year":"1976","unstructured":"Jensen MC, Meckling WH (1976) Theory of the firm: managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. J Financ Econ 3:305\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0304-405X(76)90026-X","journal-title":"J Financ Econ"},{"key":"557_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/10580530601038246","volume":"24","author":"AM Johnson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Johnson AM, Lederer AL (2007) The impact of communication between CEOs and CIOs on their shared views of the current and future role of IT. Inf Syst Manag 24:85\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10580530601038246","journal-title":"Inf Syst Manag"},{"key":"557_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2010.01.002","volume":"47","author":"AM Johnson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johnson AM, Lederer AL (2010) CEO\/CIO mutual understanding, strategic alignment, and the contribution of IS to the organization. Inf Manag 47:138\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.im.2010.01.002","journal-title":"Inf Manag"},{"key":"557_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10580530.2021.1996661","author":"S Klotz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Klotz S, Kratzer S, Westner M, Strahringer S (2021) Literary sketches in information systems research: conceptualization and guidance for using vignettes as a narrative form. Inf Syst Manag. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10580530.2021.1996661","journal-title":"Inf Syst Manag"},{"key":"557_CR03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kratzer S, Westner M, Strahringer S (2022) Four decades of Chief Information Officer research: a literature review and research agenda based on main path analysis. Data Base Adv Inf Syst (forthcoming)","DOI":"10.1145\/3614178.3614182"},{"key":"557_CR36","first-page":"17","volume":"6","author":"DE Leidner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Leidner DE, Mackay JM (2007) How incoming CIOs transition into their new jobs. MIS Q Exec 6:17\u201328","journal-title":"MIS Q Exec"},{"key":"557_CR37","unstructured":"Li D, Ding F, Wu J (2012) Innovative usage of information systems: does CIO role effectiveness matter? In: Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia conference on information systems"},{"key":"557_CR38","unstructured":"Moise D (2021) Part-time CIOs can help with digital transformations. Forbes: available at www.forbes.com\/sites\/forbestechcouncil\/2021\/02\/03\/part-time-cios-can-help-with-digital-transformations"},{"key":"557_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infoandorg.2006.11.001","volume":"17","author":"MD Myers","year":"2007","unstructured":"Myers MD, Newman M (2007) The qualitative interview in IS research: examining the craft. Inf Organ 17:2\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.infoandorg.2006.11.001","journal-title":"Inf Organ"},{"key":"557_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195092691.001.0001","volume-title":"The knowledge-creating company: how Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation","author":"I Nonaka","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nonaka I, Takeuchi H (1995) The knowledge-creating company: how Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"557_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1525\/cmr.2010.52.4.73","volume":"52","author":"J Peppard","year":"2010","unstructured":"Peppard J (2010) Unlocking the performance of the Chief Information Officer (CIO). Calif Manag Rev 52:73\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/cmr.2010.52.4.73","journal-title":"Calif Manag Rev"},{"key":"557_CR42","first-page":"31","volume":"10","author":"J Peppard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Peppard J, Edwards C, Lambert R (2011) Clarifying the ambiguous role of the CIO. MIS Q Exec 10:31\u201344","journal-title":"MIS Q Exec"},{"key":"557_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1057\/kmrp.2008.21","volume":"6","author":"RK Pillania","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pillania RK (2008) Strategic issues in knowledge management in small and medium enterprises. Knowl Manag Res Pract 6:334\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/kmrp.2008.21","journal-title":"Knowl Manag Res Pract"},{"key":"557_CR44","unstructured":"Pratt M (2022) CIOs for hire: the rise of the contract CIO. CIO: available at https:\/\/www.cio.com\/article\/304999\/cios-for-hire-the-rise-of-the-contract-cio.html"},{"key":"557_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327744JOCE1302_2","volume":"13","author":"G Premkumar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Premkumar G (2003) A meta-analysis of research on information technology implementation in small business. J Organ Comput Electron Commer 13:91\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327744JOCE1302_2","journal-title":"J Organ Comput Electron Commer"},{"key":"557_CR47","unstructured":"Preston DS (2004) Mechanisms for the development of shared mental models between the CIO and the top management team. In: Proceedings of the 25th international conference on information systems"},{"key":"557_CR46","first-page":"57","volume":"7","author":"DS Preston","year":"2008","unstructured":"Preston DS, Leidner DE, Chen D (2008) CIO leadership profiles: implications of matching CIO authority and leadership capability on IT impact. MIS Q Exec 7:57\u201369","journal-title":"MIS Q Exec"},{"key":"557_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2307\/249272","volume":"9","author":"L Raymond","year":"1985","unstructured":"Raymond L (1985) Organizational characteristics and MIS success in the context of small business. MIS Q 9:37\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/249272","journal-title":"MIS Q"},{"key":"557_CR49","first-page":"81","volume":"57","author":"JF Rockart","year":"1979","unstructured":"Rockart JF (1979) Chief executives define their own data needs. Harv Bus Rev 57:81\u201393","journal-title":"Harv Bus Rev"},{"key":"557_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/248989","volume":"6","author":"JF Rockart","year":"1982","unstructured":"Rockart JF, Ball L, Bullen CV (1982) Future role of the information systems executive. MIS Q 6:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/248989","journal-title":"MIS Q"},{"key":"557_CR51","first-page":"134","volume":"63","author":"SA Ross","year":"1973","unstructured":"Ross SA (1973) The economic theory of agency: the principal\u2019s problem. Am Econ Rev 63:134\u2013139","journal-title":"Am Econ Rev"},{"key":"#cr-split#-557_CR02.1","unstructured":"Ross JW, Feeny DF (1999) The evolving role of the CIO. In: Zmud RW"},{"key":"#cr-split#-557_CR02.2","unstructured":"(ed) Framing the domains of IT management: projecting the future through the past. Pinnaflex Press, Cincinnati (2000). CISR working paper No. 308 (August 1999), pp 385-402"},{"key":"557_CR52","volume-title":"The coding manual for qualitative researchers","author":"J Salda\u00f1a","year":"2015","unstructured":"Salda\u00f1a J (2015) The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Sage, London"},{"key":"557_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1109\/tem.2006.872248","volume":"53","author":"DH Smaltz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Smaltz DH, Sambamurthy V, Agarwal R (2006) The antecedents of CIO role effectiveness in organizations: an empirical study in the healthcare sector. IEEE Trans Eng Manag 53:207\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tem.2006.872248","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Eng Manag"},{"key":"557_CR54","volume-title":"User guide to the SME definition: European Commission","author":"SME User Guide","year":"2016","unstructured":"SME User Guide (2016) User guide to the SME definition: European Commission. Enterprise and Industry Publications, Brussels"},{"key":"557_CR55","volume-title":"What makes an excellent virtual manager?","author":"A Smith","year":"2003","unstructured":"Smith A, Sinclair A (2003) What makes an excellent virtual manager? Roffey Park, Horsham"},{"key":"557_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.7.2.248","volume":"7","author":"JYL Thong","year":"1996","unstructured":"Thong JYL, Yap C-S, Raman KS (1996) Top management support, external expertise and information systems implementation in small businesses. Inf Syst Res 7:248\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/isre.7.2.248","journal-title":"Inf Syst Res"},{"key":"557_CR56","unstructured":"VERBI Software (2019) MAXQDA 2020, Berlin, Germany. VERBI Software. Available from https:\/\/www.maxqda.com"},{"key":"557_CR58","first-page":"65","volume":"12","author":"P Weill","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weill P, Woerner SL (2013) The future of the CIO in a digital economy. MIS Q Exec 12:65\u201375","journal-title":"MIS Q Exec"},{"key":"557_CR59","volume-title":"The economic institutions of capitalism","author":"OE Williamson","year":"1985","unstructured":"Williamson OE (1985) The economic institutions of capitalism. Sage Free Press, New York"},{"key":"557_CR60","volume-title":"Case study research: design and methods","author":"RK Yin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yin RK (2013) Case study research: design and methods, 5th edn. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks","edition":"5"}],"container-title":["Information Systems and e-Business Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10257-022-00557-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10257-022-00557-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10257-022-00557-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T11:32:28Z","timestamp":1700739148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10257-022-00557-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["557"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10257-022-00557-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1617-9846","1617-9854"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1617-9846","type":"print"},{"value":"1617-9854","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 January 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 March 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 April 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 June 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}