{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T03:19:58Z","timestamp":1771298398448,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Softw Syst Model"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Software systems start to include other types of interfaces beyond the \u201ctraditional\u201d Graphical-User Interfaces (GUIs). In particular, Conversational User Interfaces (CUIs) such as chat and voice are becoming more and more popular. These new types of interfaces embed smart natural language processing components to understand user requests and respond to them. To provide an integrated user experience all the user interfaces in the system should be aware of each other and be able to collaborate. This is what is known as a <jats:italic>multiexperience<\/jats:italic> User Interface. Despite their many benefits, multiexperience UIs are challenging to build. So far CUIs are created as standalone components using a platform-dependent set of libraries and technologies. This raises significant integration, evolution and maintenance issues. This paper explores the application of model-driven techniques to the development of software applications embedding a multiexperience User Interface. We will discuss how raising the abstraction level at which these interfaces are defined enables a faster development and a better deployment and integration of each interface with the rest of the software system and the other interfaces with whom it may need to collaborate. In particular, we propose a new Domain Specific Language (DSL) for specifying several types of CUIs and show how this DSL can be part of an integrated modeling environment able to describe the interactions between the modeled CUIs and the other models of the system (including the models of the GUI). We will use the standard Interaction Flow Modeling Language (IFML) as an example \u201chost\u201d language.\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10270-021-00904-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T14:07:03Z","timestamp":1627913223000},"page":"997-1009","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Towards a model-driven approach for multiexperience AI-based user interfaces"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Planas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gwendal","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Brambilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Cabot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"904_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acerbis, R., Bongio, A., Brambilla, M., Butti, S.: Model-driven development based on omg\u2019s IFML with webratio web and mobile platform. In: Engineering the Web in the Big Data Era - 15th International Conference, ICWE Proceedings, pp. 605\u2013608 (2015)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19890-3_39"},{"issue":"1","key":"904_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s10270-008-0108-x","volume":"9","author":"M Albert","year":"2010","unstructured":"Albert, M., Cabot, J., G\u00f3mez, C., Pelechano, V.: Automatic generation of basic behavior schemas from UML class diagrams. Softw. Syst. Model. 9(1), 47\u201367 (2010)","journal-title":"Softw. Syst. Model."},{"key":"904_CR3","unstructured":"Amazon: Amazon Lex Website (2018). https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/lex\/"},{"key":"904_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baresi, L., Garzotto, F., Paolini, P.: From web sites to web applications: New issues for conceptual modeling. In: Conceptual Modeling for E-Business and the Web, ER Workshops, LNCS, vol. 1921, pp. 89\u2013100. Springer (2000)","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45394-6_9"},{"key":"904_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baudart, G., Hirzel, M., Mandel, L., Shinnar, A., Sim\u00e9on, J.: Reactive chatbot programming. In: Proceedings of the 5th ACM SIGPLAN International Workshop on Reactive and Event-Based Languages and Systems, REBLS@SPLASH, pp. 21\u201330. ACM (2018)","DOI":"10.1145\/3281278.3281282"},{"key":"904_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernaschina, C., Comai, S., Fraternali, P.: Ifmledit.org: model driven rapid prototyping of mobile apps. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Mobile Software Engineering and Systems, pp. 207\u2013208. IEEE Press (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/MOBILESoft.2017.15"},{"key":"904_CR7","unstructured":"Berti, S., Correani, F., Mori, G., Patern\u00f2, F., Santoro, C.: TERESA: a transformation-based environment for designing and developing multi-device interfaces. In: Extended abstracts of the 2004 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI, pp. 793\u2013794. ACM (2004)"},{"key":"904_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brambilla, M., Cabot, J., Wimmer, M.: Model-Driven Software Engineering in Practice. Synthesis Lectures on Software Engineering, 2nd edn. Morgan & Claypool Publishers (2017)","DOI":"10.2200\/S00751ED2V01Y201701SWE004"},{"key":"904_CR9","unstructured":"Brambilla, M., Fraternali, P.: Interaction flow modeling language: Model-driven UI engineering of web and mobile apps with IFML. Morgan Kaufmann (2014)"},{"key":"904_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brambilla, M., Mauri, A., Umuhoza, E.: Extending the interaction flow modeling language (IFML) for model driven development of mobile applications front end. In: Mobile Web Information Systems\u201411th International Conference, MobiWIS, LNCS, vol. 8640, pp. 176\u2013191. Springer (2014)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10359-4_15"},{"key":"904_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bravo-Santos, S., Guerra, E., de\u00a0Lara, J.: Testing chatbots with charm. In: International Conference on the Quality of Information and Communications Technology, pp. 426\u2013438. Springer (2020)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58793-2_34"},{"key":"904_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabot, J.: Positioning of the low-code movement within the field of model-driven engineering. In: MODELS \u201920: ACM\/IEEE 23rd International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems, pp. 76:1\u201376:3. ACM (2020)","DOI":"10.1145\/3417990.3420210"},{"key":"904_CR13","unstructured":"Cabot, J., Burgue\u00f1o, L., Claris\u00f3, R., Daniel, G., Perianez-Pascual, J., Rodr\u00edguez-Echeverr\u00eda, R.: Testing nlp-intensive bots: challenges and roadmap. In: 3rd International Workshop on Bots in Software Engineering (BotSE\u201921), vol. to appear (2021)"},{"issue":"4","key":"904_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1145\/1232743.1232748","volume":"50","author":"S Ceri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ceri, S., Matera, M., Rizzo, F., Demald\u00e9, V.: Designing data-intensive web applications for content accessibility using web marts. Commun. ACM 50(4), 55\u201361 (2007)","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"904_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chitt\u00f2, P., B\u00e1ez, M., Daniel, F., Benatallah, B.: Automatic generation of chatbots for conversational web browsing. In: Conceptual Modeling\u201439th International Conference, ER 2020, Vienna, Austria, November 3\u20136, 2020, Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 12400, pp. 239\u2013249. Springer (2020)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-62522-1_17"},{"key":"904_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniel, G., Cabot, J., Deruelle, L., Derras, M.: Multi-platform chatbot modeling and deployment with the jarvis framework. In: Advanced Information Systems Engineering\u201431st International Conference, CAiSE 2019 Proceedings, pp. 177\u2013193 (2019)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-21290-2_12"},{"key":"904_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15332","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2966919","volume":"8","author":"G Daniel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Daniel, G., Cabot, J., Deruelle, L., Derras, M.: Xatkit: a multimodal low-code chatbot development framework. IEEE Access 8, 15332\u201315346 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"904_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ed-Douibi, H., Izquierdo, J.L.C., Daniel, G., Cabot, J.: A model-based chatbot generation approach to converse with open data sources. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Web Engineering, to appear (2021)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-74296-6_33"},{"key":"904_CR19","volume-title":"Elements of User Experience","author":"JJ Garrett","year":"2010","unstructured":"Garrett, J.J.: Elements of User Experience. User-Centered Design for the Web and Beyond. Pearson Education, The (2010)"},{"issue":"2","key":"904_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1109\/93.917969","volume":"8","author":"J G\u00f3mez","year":"2001","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez, J., Cachero, C., Pastor, O.: Conceptual modeling of device-independent web applications. IEEE Multim. 8(2), 26\u201339 (2001)","journal-title":"IEEE Multim."},{"key":"904_CR21","unstructured":"Google: DialogFlow Website (2018). https:\/\/dialogflow.com\/"},{"key":"904_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Groenewegen, D.M., Hemel, Z., Kats, L.C.L., Visser, E.: Webdsl: a domain-specific language for dynamic web applications. In: Companion to the 23rd Annual ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications, OOPSLA, pp. 779\u2013780. ACM (2008)","DOI":"10.1145\/1449814.1449858"},{"key":"904_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, A., Pan, M., Zhang, T., Li, X.: Static extraction of IFML models for android apps. In: Proceedings of the 21st ACM\/IEEE Int. Conf. on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems: Companion Proceedings, MODELS, pp. 53\u201354. ACM (2018)","DOI":"10.1145\/3270112.3278185"},{"key":"904_CR24","unstructured":"IBM: Watson Assistant Website (2018). url: https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/watson\/ai-assistant\/"},{"issue":"11","key":"904_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2017.2754374","volume":"44","author":"M Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim, M., Zimmermann, T., DeLine, R., Begel, A.: Data scientists in software teams: state of the art and challenges. IEEE Trans. Software Eng. 44(11), 1024\u20131038 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."},{"key":"904_CR26","unstructured":"Kleppe, A.: Software Language Engineering: Creating Domain-Specific Languages Using Metamodels. Pearson Education (2008)"},{"key":"904_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klopfenstein, L.C., Delpriori, S., Malatini, S., Bogliolo, A.: The rise of bots: A survey of conversational interfaces, patterns, and paradigms. In: Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems, DIS, pp. 555\u2013565. ACM (2017)","DOI":"10.1145\/3064663.3064672"},{"issue":"1","key":"904_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1145\/505282.505285","volume":"34","author":"MF McTear","year":"2002","unstructured":"McTear, M.F.: Spoken dialogue technology: enabling the conversational user interface. ACM Comput. Surv. 34(1), 90\u2013169 (2002)","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"904_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-14562-9_1","volume":"340","author":"G Meixner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meixner, G., Seissler, M., Breiner, K.: Model-driven useware engineering. Model-Driven Develop Adv User Interfaces Stud Comput Intell 340, 1\u201326 (2011)","journal-title":"Model-Driven Develop Adv User Interfaces Stud Comput Intell"},{"key":"904_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mouelhi, T., Fleurey, F., Baudry, B., Le\u00a0Traon, Y.: A model-based framework for security policy specification, deployment and testing. In: International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems, pp. 537\u2013552. Springer (2008)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-87875-9_38"},{"key":"904_CR31","unstructured":"OMG: Interaction Flow Modeling Language (IFML) specification. Version 1.0 (2015). https:\/\/www.omg.org\/spec\/IFML\/About-IFML\/"},{"key":"904_CR32","unstructured":"OMG: Unified Modeling Language (UML) specification. Version 2.5.1 (2017). https:\/\/www.omg.org\/spec\/UML\/About-UML\/"},{"key":"904_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, M., Lu, Y., Pei, Y., Zhang, T., Zhai, J., Li, X.: Effective testing of android apps using extended IFML models. J. Syst. Softw. 159,(2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2019.110433"},{"key":"904_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patern\u00f2, F., Santoro, C., Spano, L.D.: MARIA:a universal, declarative, multiple abstraction-level language for service-oriented applications in ubiquitous environments. ACM Trans. Comput. Hum. Interact 16(4), 19:1\u201319:30 (2009)","DOI":"10.1145\/1614390.1614394"},{"key":"904_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Soler, S., Daniel, G., Cabot, J., Guerra, E., de\u00a0Lara, J.: Towards automating the synthesis of chatbots for conversational model query. In: Enterprise, Business-Process and Information Systems Modeling - 21st International Conference, BPMDS 2020, 25th International Conference, EMMSAD 2020, Held at CAiSE 2020, Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, vol. 387, pp. 257\u2013265. Springer (2020)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49418-6_17"},{"key":"904_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Soler, S., Guerra, E., de\u00a0Lara, J.: Model-driven chatbot development. In: 39th Int. Conf. on Conceptual Modeling, ER, LNCS, vol. 12400, pp. 207\u2013222. Springer (2020)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-62522-1_15"},{"key":"904_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahimi, M., Guo, J.L.C., Kokaly, S., Chechik, M.: Toward requirements specification for machine-learned components. In: 27th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops, RE, pp. 241\u2013244. IEEE (2019)","DOI":"10.1109\/REW.2019.00049"},{"key":"904_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-14562-9_6","volume":"340","author":"D Raneburger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Raneburger, D., Popp, R., Kavaldjian, S., Kaindl, H., Falb, J.: Optimized GUI generation for small screens. Model-Driven Develop Adv User Interfaces StudComput Intell 340, 107\u2013122 (2011)","journal-title":"Model-Driven Develop Adv User Interfaces StudComput Intell"},{"issue":"6","key":"904_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-020-09881-0","volume":"25","author":"V Riccio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Riccio, V., Jahangirova, G., Stocco, A., Humbatova, N., Weiss, M., Tonella, P.: Testing machine learning based systems: a systematic mapping. Empir. Softw. Eng. 25(6), 5193\u20135254 (2020)","journal-title":"Empir. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"904_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwabe, D., Rossi, G., Barbosa, S.D.J.: Systematic hypermedia application design with OOHDM. In: The Seventh ACM Conference on Hypertext, pp. 116\u2013128. ACM (1996)","DOI":"10.1145\/234828.234840"},{"issue":"3","key":"904_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocx132","volume":"25","author":"E Soysal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soysal, E., Wang, J., Jiang, M., Wu, Y., Pakhomov, S., Liu, H., Xu, H.: Clamp-a toolkit for efficiently building customized clinical natural language processing pipelines. J Am Med Inf Assoc 25(3), 331\u2013336 (2018)","journal-title":"J Am Med Inf Assoc"},{"key":"904_CR42","unstructured":"Trigueros, M.L., Preciado, J.C., S\u00e1nchez-Figueroa, F.: A method for model based design of rich internet application interactive user interfaces. In: Web Engineering, 7th International Conference, ICWE, LNCS, vol. 4607, pp. 226\u2013241. Springer (2007)"},{"key":"904_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanderdonckt, J.: A MDA-compliant environment for developing user interfaces of information systems. In: Advanced Information Systems Engineering, 17th International Conference, CAiSE, LNCS, vol. 3520, pp. 16\u201331. Springer (2005)","DOI":"10.1007\/11431855_2"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"904_CR44","first-page":"3","volume":"2","author":"R Vdovjak","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vdovjak, R., Frasincar, F., Houben, G., Barna, P.: Engineering semantic web information systems in hera. J. Web Eng. 2(1\u20132), 3\u201326 (2003)","journal-title":"J. Web Eng."},{"key":"904_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00f6lkel, S.T., Schneegass, C., Eiband, M., Buschek, D.: What is \u201cintelligent\u201d in intelligent user interfaces?: a meta-analysis of 25 years of IUI. In: 25th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, pp. 477\u2013487. ACM (2020)","DOI":"10.1145\/3377325.3377500"}],"container-title":["Software and Systems Modeling"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10270-021-00904-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10270-021-00904-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10270-021-00904-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T15:12:47Z","timestamp":1636470767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10270-021-00904-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10270-021-00904-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1619-1366","1619-1374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1619-1366","type":"print"},{"value":"1619-1374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 June 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 June 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 August 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}