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However, the diversity of domains in which MDE is currently applied to DTs, as well as the diverse landscape of DTs and MDE applications to DTs, makes it challenging for researchers and practitioners to get an overview of what techniques and artifacts are already applied in this context. In this paper, we shed light on the aforementioned aspects by performing a systematic mapping study on the application of MDE automation techniques, i.e., model-to-model\u00a0transformation, code\u00a0generation, and model\u00a0interpretation, in the context of DTs as well as on the characteristics of DTs including the twinned systems to which these techniques are applied in different domains. We systematically retrieved a set of 189 unique publications, of which 66 were selected for further investigation in this paper. Our results indicate that the distribution of employed MDE techniques (136 applications of automation techniques) is balanced between the different techniques, but there are significant variations for different DT types. With respect to the different domains, we found that even though applications are available in many domains, a small number of domains currently dominate applications of MDE to DTs, i.e., more than half of included papers are in the manufacturing and transportation domains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10270-025-01264-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T23:03:20Z","timestamp":1742857400000},"page":"1339-1377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Model-driven engineering for digital twins: a systematic mapping study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8840-8040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Lehner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jingxi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Pfeiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Sint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ann-Kathrin","family":"Splettst\u00f6\u00dfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Wimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Wortmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"1264_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Ara\u00fajo Silva, E., Valentin, E., Carvalho, J.R.H., da Silva Barreto, R.: A survey of model driven engineering in robotics. 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