{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T16:50:52Z","timestamp":1772470252209,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]],"date-time":"2019-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549238400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Digit Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-019-00181-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]],"date-time":"2019-02-04T12:53:22Z","timestamp":1549284802000},"page":"702-712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Computer-Assisted Nuclear Atypia Scoring of Breast Cancer: a Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6480-3572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziba","family":"Gandomkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick C.","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Mello-Thoms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"181_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70254-2","volume":"10","author":"S Mook","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mook S, Schmidt MK, Rutgers EJ, van de Velde AO, Visser O, Rutgers SM, Armstrong N, van\u2019t Veer LJ, Ravdin PM: Calibration and discriminatory accuracy of prognosis calculation for breast cancer with the online adjuvant! Program: A hospital-based retrospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol 10(11):1070\u20131076, 2009","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"181_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1991.tb00229.x","volume":"19","author":"CW Elston","year":"1991","unstructured":"Elston CW, Ellis IO: Pathological prognostic factors in breast cancer. I. The value of histological grade in breast cancer: Experience from a large study with long-term follow-up. Histopathology 19(5):403\u2013410, 1991","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"181_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdp273","volume":"21","author":"JM Bueno-de-Mesquita","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bueno-de-Mesquita JM, Nuyten D, Wesseling J, van Tinteren H, Linn S, van De Vijver M: The impact of inter-observer variation in pathological assessment of node-negative breast cancer on clinical risk assessment and patient selection for adjuvant systemic treatment. Ann Oncol 21(1):40\u201347, 2009","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"181_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/103.2.195","volume":"103","author":"HF Frierson Jr","year":"1995","unstructured":"Frierson, Jr HF, Wolber RA, Berean KW, Franquemont DW, Gaffey MJ, Boyd JC, Wilbur DC: Interobserver reproducibility of the Nottingham modification of the bloom and Richardson histologic grading scheme for infiltrating ductal carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 103(2):195\u2013198, 1995","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"181_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3109\/00313029209063625","volume":"24","author":"JM Harvey","year":"1992","unstructured":"Harvey JM, de Klerk NH, Sterrett GF: Histological grading in breast cancer: Interobserver agreement, and relation to other prognostic factors including ploidy. Pathology 24(2):63\u201368, 1992","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"issue":"2","key":"181_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800496","volume":"19","author":"TA Longacre","year":"2006","unstructured":"Longacre TA, Ennis M, Quenneville LA, Bane AL, Bleiweiss IJ, Carter BA, Catelano E, Hendrickson MR, Hibshoosh H, Layfield LJ: Interobserver agreement and reproducibility in classification of invasive breast carcinoma: An NCI breast cancer family registry study. Mod Pathol 19(2):195\u2013207, 2006","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"8","key":"181_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800388","volume":"18","author":"JS Meyer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Meyer JS, Alvarez C, Milikowski C, Olson N, Russo I, Russo J, Glass A, Zehnbauer BA, Lister K, Parwaresch R: Breast carcinoma malignancy grading by Bloom\u2013Richardson system vs proliferation index: Reproducibility of grade and advantages of proliferation index. Mod Pathol 18(8):1067\u20131078, 2005","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"181_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2008.061036","volume":"62","author":"A Paradiso","year":"2009","unstructured":"Paradiso A, Ellis I, Zito F, Marubini E, Pizzamiglio S, Verderio P: Short-and long-term effects of a training session on pathologists\u2019 performance: The INQAT experience for histological grading in breast cancer. J Clin Pathol 62(3):279\u2013281, 2009","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"181_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2009.03.004","volume":"13","author":"AL Adams","year":"2009","unstructured":"Adams AL, Chhieng DC, Bell WC, Winokur T, Hameed O: Histologic grading of invasive lobular carcinoma: Does use of a 2-tiered nuclear grading system improve interobserver variability? Ann Diagn Pathol 13(4):223\u2013225, 2009","journal-title":"Ann Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"181_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4103\/2153-3539.192814","volume":"7","author":"Z Gandomkar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gandomkar Z, Brennan PC, Mello-Thoms C: Computer-based image analysis in breast pathology. J Pathol Inform 7:43, 2016","journal-title":"J Pathol Inform"},{"key":"181_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cosatto E, Miller M, Graf HP, Meyer JS. Grading nuclear pleomorphism on histological micrographs. InPattern Recognition, 2008. ICPR 2008. 19th International Conference on 2008 Dec 8 (pp. 1-4). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2008.4761112"},{"issue":"5","key":"181_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2015.2447008","volume":"19","author":"AM Khan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khan AM, Sirinukunwattana K, Rajpoot N: A global covariance descriptor for nuclear atypia scoring in breast histopathology images. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 19(5):1637\u20131647, 2015","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform"},{"issue":"3","key":"181_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.2001.01220.x","volume":"39","author":"B Dunne","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dunne B, Going J: Scoring nuclear pleomorphism in breast cancer. Histopathology 39(3):259\u2013265, 2001","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"15","key":"181_CR14","first-page":"1976","volume":"123","author":"R Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang R, Chen H-j, Wei B, Zhang H-y, Pang Z-g, Zhu H, Zhang Z, Fu J, Bu H: Reproducibility of the Nottingham modification of the Scarff-Bloom-Richardson histological grading system and the complementary value of Ki-67 to this system. Chin Med J (Engl Ed) 123(15):1976, 2010","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl Ed)"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"181_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1159\/000443964","volume":"83","author":"D Racoceanu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Racoceanu D, Capron F: Semantic integrative digital pathology: Insights into microsemiological semantics and image analysis scalability. Pathobiology 83(2\u20133):148\u2013155, 2016","journal-title":"Pathobiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"181_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9371.112647","volume":"30","author":"K Saha","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saha K, Raychaudhuri G, Chattopadhyay BK, Das I: Comparative evaluation of six cytological grading systems in breast carcinoma. J Cytol 30(2):87\u201393, 2013","journal-title":"J Cytol"},{"issue":"2","key":"181_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0339(199808)19:2<153::AID-DC20>3.0.CO;2-D","volume":"19","author":"A Abati","year":"1998","unstructured":"Abati A, McKee G: Grading of breast carcinoma in fine-needle aspiration cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 19(2):153\u2013154, 1998","journal-title":"Diagn Cytopathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"181_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.2840130315","volume":"13","author":"I Robinson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Robinson I, McKee G, Kissin M: Typing and grading breast carcinoma on fine-needle aspiration: Is this clinically useful information? Diagn Cytopathol 13(3):260\u2013265, 1995","journal-title":"Diagn Cytopathol"},{"key":"181_CR19","unstructured":"Macenko M, Niethammer M, Marron JS, Borland D, Woosley JT, Guan X, Schmitt C, and Thomas NE, A method for normalizing histology slides for quantitative analysis. pp. 1107\u20131110"},{"issue":"4","key":"181_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2009.2035102","volume":"57","author":"Y Al-Kofahi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Al-Kofahi Y, Lassoued W, Lee W, Roysam B: Improved automatic detection and segmentation of cell nuclei in histopathology images. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 57(4):841\u2013852, 2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"181_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4103\/2153-3539.112695","volume":"4","author":"H Irshad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Irshad H: Automated mitosis detection in histopathology using morphological and multi-channel statistics features. J Pathol Inform 4:10, 2013","journal-title":"J Pathol Inform"},{"key":"181_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4103\/jpi.jpi_22_17","volume":"8","author":"Z Gandomkar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gandomkar Z, Brennan PC, Mello-Thoms C: Determining image processing features describing the appearance of challenging mitotic figures and miscounted nonmitotic objects. J Pathol Inform 8:34, 2017","journal-title":"J Pathol Inform"},{"issue":"1","key":"181_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2015.2494218","volume":"104","author":"B Shahriari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shahriari B, Swersky K, Wang Z, Adams RP, De Freitas N: Taking the human out of the loop: A review of Bayesian optimization. Proc IEEE 104(1):148\u2013175, 2016","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"key":"181_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.953","volume":"16","author":"NV Chawla","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chawla NV, Bowyer KW, Hall LO, Kegelmeyer WP: SMOTE: Synthetic minority over-sampling technique. J Artif Intell Res 16:321\u2013357, 2002","journal-title":"J Artif Intell Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"181_CR25","first-page":"360","volume":"37","author":"AJ Viera","year":"2005","unstructured":"Viera AJ, Garrett JM: Understanding interobserver agreement: The kappa statistic. Fam Med 37(5):360\u2013363, 2005","journal-title":"Fam Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"181_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.143.1.7063747","volume":"143","author":"JA Hanley","year":"1982","unstructured":"Hanley JA, McNeil BJ: The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology 143(1):29\u201336, 1982","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"181_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200201000-00003","volume":"235","author":"AN Mirza","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mirza AN, Mirza NQ, Vlastos G, Singletary SE: Prognostic factors in node-negative breast cancer: A review of studies with sample size more than 200 and follow-up more than 5\u00a0years. Ann Surg 235(1):10\u201326, 2002","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"181_CR28","unstructured":"Gandomkar Z, Brennan PC, Mello-Thoms C. A framework for distinguishing benign from malignant breast histopathological images using deep residual networks. In14th International Workshop on Breast Imaging (IWBI 2018), International Society for Optics and Photonics, Vol. 10718, p. 107180U, 2018."},{"key":"181_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cire\u015fan DC, Giusti A, Gambardella LM, and Schmidhuber J, Mitosis detection in breast cancer histology images with deep neural networks. pp. 411\u2013418","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40763-5_51"},{"key":"181_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.005","volume":"88","author":"Z Gandomkar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gandomkar Z, Brennan PC, Mello-Thoms C: MuDeRN: Multi-category classification of breast histopathological image using deep residual networks. Artif Intell Med 88:14\u201324, 2018","journal-title":"Artif Intell Med"},{"key":"181_CR31","unstructured":"Gandomkar Z, Tay K, Brennan PC, and Mello-Thoms C, A model based on temporal dynamics of fixations for distinguishing expert radiologists\u2019 scanpaths. p. 1013606"},{"key":"181_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3052","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12935","volume":"45","author":"Z Gandomkar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gandomkar Z, Tay K, Brennan PC, Mello-Thoms C: Recurrence quantification analysis of radiologists\u2019 scanpaths when interpreting mammograms. Med Phys 45:3052\u20133062, 2018","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"181_CR33","unstructured":"Gandomkar Z, Tay K, Ryder W, Brennan PC, and Mello-Thoms C, Predicting radiologists\u2019 true and false positive decisions in reading mammograms by using gaze parameters and image-based features. p. 978715"},{"issue":"5","key":"181_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2016.2645881","volume":"36","author":"Z Gandomkar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gandomkar Z, Tay K, Ryder W, Brennan PC, Mello-Thoms C: iCAP: An individualized model combining gaze parameters and image-based features to predict radiologists\u2019 decisions while Reading mammograms. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 36(5):1066\u20131075, 2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"}],"container-title":["Journal of Digital Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10278-019-00181-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10278-019-00181-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10278-019-00181-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]],"date-time":"2020-02-03T19:20:16Z","timestamp":1580757616000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10278-019-00181-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10278-019-00181-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-1889","1618-727X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-1889","type":"print"},{"value":"1618-727X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 February 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}