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Applications of deep learning and other AI approaches must be guided by sound medical knowledge to assure that they are developed successfully and that they address important problems in biomedical research or patient care. To date, AI has been applied to a limited number of real-world radiology applications. As AI systems become more pervasive and are applied more broadly, they will benefit from medical knowledge on a larger scale, such as that available through computer-based approaches. A key approach to represent computer-based knowledge in a particular domain is an ontology. As defined in informatics, an ontology defines a domain\u2019s terms through their relationships with other terms in the ontology. Those relationships, then, define the terms\u2019 semantics, or \u201cmeaning.\u201d Biomedical ontologies commonly define the relationships between terms and more general terms, and can express causal, part-whole, and anatomic relationships. Ontologies express knowledge in a form that is both human-readable and machine-computable. Some ontologies, such as RSNA\u2019s RadLex radiology lexicon, have been applied to applications in clinical practice and research, and may be familiar to many radiologists. This article describes how ontologies can support research and guide emerging applications of AI in radiology, including natural language processing, image\u2013based machine learning, radiomics, and planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-021-00527-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T14:02:36Z","timestamp":1635775356000},"page":"1331-1341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Biomedical Ontologies to Guide AI Development in Radiology"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1142-3338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ross W.","family":"Filice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6654-7434","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Charles E.","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"527_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-018-0069-8","volume":"31","author":"KC Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang KC: Standard lexicons, coding systems and ontologies for interoperability and semantic computation in imaging. 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This review did not entail human or nonhuman animal subjects.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}