{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T10:05:03Z","timestamp":1780394703540,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002389"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002389"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KL2TR002387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2TR002387"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TL1TR00238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TL1TR00238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75N92020D00021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N92020D00021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100023015","name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100023015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Digit Imaging. Inform. med."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Interoperability between data sources, one of the FAIR (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability) principles for scientific data management, can enable multi-modality research. The purpose of our study was to investigate the potential for interoperability between an imaging resource, the Medical Imaging and Data Resource Center (MIDRC), and a clinical record resource, the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C). The use case was the prediction of COVID-19 severity, defined as evidence for invasive ventilatory support, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, death, or discharge to hospice in the N3C clinical record. Patient-level matching between MIDRC and N3C was identified using Privacy Preserving Record Linking via an honest broker. We identified positive COVID-19 tests and chest radiograph procedures in N3C and used the interval between them to identify images with matching intervals in MIDRC. Of the 236 patients (306 unique images) meeting initial inclusion criteria in MIDRC, 117 patients (and 139 unique images) remained after date interval matching between repositories and exclusion of patients with multiple potential matches. The Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) and the minimum mean arterial pressure (MAP) on the day of the chest radiograph were used as clinical indicators. The AUC in the task of predicting severe COVID-19 was evaluated using the computer-extracted imaging index alone (MIDRC), clinical indicators alone (N3C), and both together. Our model combining imaging and clinical indicators (CCI over 2 and MAP below 70) to predict severe COVID had an AUC of 0.73 (95% CI 0.62\u20130.84), and the models including imaging or clinical indicators alone were 0.67 (95% CI 0.56\u20130.79) and 0.69 (95% CI 0.59\u20130.80), respectively. This study highlights the potential for cross-platform data sharing to facilitate future multi-modality research and broader collaborative studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-025-01605-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T20:42:49Z","timestamp":1755204169000},"page":"2062-2071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Demonstration of Interoperability Between MIDRC and N3C: A COVID-19 Severity Prediction Use Case"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7258-1102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather M.","family":"Whitney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Baccile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Drukker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas P.","family":"Gruszauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane S.","family":"Lauderdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandy","family":"Napel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed","family":"Kahaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui Carlos","family":"S\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Beesley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandy","family":"Phalora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Michael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Grossman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Gersing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryellen L.","family":"Giger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"and on Behalf of the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam B.","family":"Wilcox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam M.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Graves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Anzalone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Manna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Olex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew E.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Southerland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew T.","family":"Girvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Walden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjali A.","family":"Sharathkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Amor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Hendricks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brijesh","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caleb","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Bramante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cavin","family":"Ward-Caviness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charisse","family":"MadlockBrown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Suver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Chute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Dillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunlei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cliff","family":"Takemoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Housman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davera","family":"Gabriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Eichmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Mazzotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Don","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eilis","family":"Boudreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily Carlson","family":"Marti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily R.","family":"Pfaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"French","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farrukh M.","family":"Koraishy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Mariona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Prior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Sokos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harold","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Spratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemalkumar","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. W. Awori","family":"Hayanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jami","family":"Pincavitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaylyn","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy Richard","family":"Harper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Gagnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Loomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Buse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jomol","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joni L.","family":"Rutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"McMurry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Guinney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Starren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Crowley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie Rebecca","family":"Bradwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kellie M.","family":"Walters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Wilkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth R.","family":"Gersing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenrick Dwain","family":"Cato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Kostka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lavance","family":"Northington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee Allan","family":"Pyles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lesley","family":"Cottrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Portilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariam","family":"Deacy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark M.","family":"Bissell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marshall","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Emmett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matvey B.","family":"Palchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Haendel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith","family":"Temple-O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Kurilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasia","family":"Safdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Garbarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noha","family":"Sharafeldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ofer","family":"Sadan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penny Wung","family":"Burgoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip R. O.","family":"Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randeep","family":"Jawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Erwin-Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rena","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Moffitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard L.","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rishi","family":"Kamaleswaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Hurley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert T.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saiju","family":"Pyarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam G.","family":"Michael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Bozzette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Mallipattu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satyanarayana","family":"Vedula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn T.","family":"O\u2019Neil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soko","family":"Setoguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie S.","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tellen D.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Callahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umit","family":"Topaloglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valery","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vignesh","family":"Subbian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warren A.","family":"Kibbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenndy","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Will","family":"Beasley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Will","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Hillegass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohan Tanner","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"1605_CR1","unstructured":"MIDRC [Internet]. [cited 2023 Jun 1]. The Medical Imaging and Data Resource Center. Available from: https:\/\/www.midrc.org"},{"key":"1605_CR2","unstructured":"National Covid Cohort Collaborative [Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 29]. Available from: https:\/\/covid.cd2h.org\/"},{"issue":"7","key":"1605_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17934","volume":"9","author":"W Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen W, S\u00e1 RC, Bai Y, Napel S, Gevaert O, Lauderdale DS, et al. Machine learning with multimodal data for COVID-19. Heliyon. 2023 Jul 1;9(7):e17934.","journal-title":"Heliyon."},{"issue":"16","key":"1605_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.12337","volume":"316","author":"JB Perlin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Perlin JB. Health Information Technology Interoperability and Use for Better Care and Evidence. JAMA. 2016 Oct 25;316(16):1667\u20138.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"1","key":"1605_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0158-1","volume":"2","author":"M Lehne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lehne M, Sass J, Essenwanger A, Schepers J, Thun S. Why digital medicine depends on interoperability. npj Digit Med. 2019 Aug 20;2(1):1\u20135.","journal-title":"npj Digit Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1605_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160018","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2016.18","volume":"3","author":"MD Wilkinson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wilkinson MD, Dumontier M, Aalbersberg IjJ, Appleton G, Axton M, Baak A, et al. The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Sci Data. 2016 Mar 15;3(1):160018.","journal-title":"Sci Data."},{"issue":"4","key":"1605_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13892","volume":"68","author":"DC Bauer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bauer DC, Metke-Jimenez A, Maurer-Stroh S, Tiruvayipati S, Wilson LOW, Jain Y, et al. Interoperable medical data: The missing link for understanding COVID-19. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021;68(4):1753\u201360.","journal-title":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases."},{"issue":"1","key":"1605_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3390\/biomed2010007","volume":"2","author":"A Bernasconi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bernasconi A, Ceri S. Interoperability of COVID-19 Clinical Phenotype Data with Host and Viral Genetics Data. BioMed. 2022 Mar;2(1):69\u201381.","journal-title":"BioMed."},{"key":"1605_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365590","DOI":"10.2196\/65590","volume":"13","author":"S Malik","year":"2025","unstructured":"Malik S, Pana Dorothea Z, Argyropoulos CD, Themistocleous S, Macken AJ, Valdenmaiier O, et al. Data Interoperability in COVID-19 Vaccine Trials: Methodological Approach in the VACCELERATE Project. JMIR Medical Informatics. 2025;13:365590.","journal-title":"JMIR Medical Informatics."},{"issue":"10","key":"1605_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e712","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(23)00129-2","volume":"5","author":"L Maxwell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maxwell L, Shreedhar P, Dauga D, McQuilton P, Terry RF, Denisiuk A, et al. FAIR, ethical, and coordinated data sharing for COVID-19 response: a scoping review and cross-sectional survey of COVID-19 data sharing platforms and registries. The Lancet Digital Health. 2023 Oct 1;5(10):e712\u201336.","journal-title":"The Lancet Digital Health."},{"key":"1605_CR11","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. Protecting Personal Health Information in Research: Understanding the HIPAA Privacy Rule [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2024 Oct 30]. Available from: https:\/\/privacyruleandresearch.nih.gov\/pr_02.asp"},{"key":"1605_CR12","unstructured":"Other requirements relating to uses and disclosures of protected health information. [Internet]. [cited 2024 Oct 30]. 164.514(e). Available from: https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-45\/part-164\/section-164.514"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"1605_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2006.09.004","volume":"76","author":"AD Boyd","year":"2007","unstructured":"Boyd AD, Hosner C, Hunscher DA, Athey BD, Clauw DJ, Green LA. An \u201cHonest Broker\u201d mechanism to maintain privacy for patient care and academic medical research. Int J Med Inform. 2007 Jun;76(5\u20136):407\u201311.","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform."},{"key":"1605_CR14","unstructured":"Regenstrief Institute [Internet]. [cited 2024 Sep 9]. Regenstrief Institute - Research to transform health systems and communities for a healthier, more equitable world. Available from: https:\/\/www.regenstrief.org\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"1605_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-024-03041-5","volume":"11","author":"RL Grossman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grossman RL, Boyles RR, Davis-Dusenbery BN, Haddock A, Heath AP, O\u2019Connor BD, et al. A Framework for the Interoperability of Cloud Platforms: Towards FAIR Data in SAFE Environments. Sci Data. 2024 Feb 26;11(1):241.","journal-title":"Sci Data."},{"issue":"4","key":"1605_CR16","first-page":"044504","volume":"10","author":"H Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li H, Drukker K, Hu Q, Whitney HM, Fuhrman JD, Giger ML. Predicting intensive care need for COVID-19 patients using deep learning on chest radiography. JMI. 2023 Aug;10(4):044504.","journal-title":"JMI."},{"issue":"5","key":"1605_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","volume":"40","author":"ME Charlson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: Development and validation. Journal of Chronic Diseases. 1987 Jan 1;40(5):373\u201383.","journal-title":"Journal of Chronic Diseases."},{"issue":"11","key":"1605_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(94)90129-5","volume":"47","author":"M Charlson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Charlson M, Szatrowski TP, Peterson J, Gold J. Validation of a combined comorbidity index. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1994 Nov 1;47(11):1245\u201351.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology."},{"key":"1605_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang S, Loomba J, Zhou A, Sharma S, Sengupta S, Brown DE. A Bayesian Hierarchical Analysis on the Disparity of Emergency Department Visits for COVID-19: A Cohort Study Using National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) Data. In: 2023 International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA) [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Oct 29]. p. 144\u201351. Available from: https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10459884","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLA58977.2023.00028"},{"key":"1605_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadley E, Yoo YJ, Patel S, Zhou A, Laraway B, Wong R, et al. Insights from an N3C RECOVER EHR-based cohort study characterizing SARS-CoV-2 reinfections and Long COVID | Communications Medicine. Communications Medicine [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Oct 29];4(129). Available from: https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-024-00539-2","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00539-2"},{"issue":"20","key":"1605_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01074","volume":"39","author":"N Sharafeldin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharafeldin N, Bates B, Song Q, Madhira V, Yan Y, Dong S, et al. Outcomes of COVID-19 in Patients With Cancer: Report From the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C). JCO. 2021 Jul 10;39(20):2232\u201346.","journal-title":"JCO."},{"issue":"7","key":"1605_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2116901","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.16901","volume":"4","author":"TD Bennett","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bennett TD, Moffitt RA, Hajagos JG, Amor B, Anand A, Bissell MM, et al. Clinical Characterization and Prediction of Clinical Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among US Adults Using Data From the US National COVID Cohort Collaborative. JAMA Network Open. 2021 Jul 13;4(7):e2116901.","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open."},{"issue":"7","key":"1605_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01709751","volume":"22","author":"JL Vincent","year":"1996","unstructured":"Vincent JL, Moreno R, Takala J, Willatts S, De Mendon\u00e7a A, Bruining H, et al. The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction\/failure. Intensive Care Med. 1996 Jul 1;22(7):707\u201310.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"1605_CR24","unstructured":"Zeileis A, Hothorn T. Diagnostic Checking in Regression Relationships. R News. 2002;2(3)."},{"issue":"4","key":"1605_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-2998(78)80014-2","volume":"8","author":"CE Metz","year":"1978","unstructured":"Metz CE. Basic principles of ROC analysis. Seminars in Nuclear Medicine. 1978 Oct;8(4):283\u201398.","journal-title":"Seminars in Nuclear Medicine."},{"issue":"1","key":"1605_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-77","volume":"12","author":"X Robin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Robin X, Turck N, Hainard A, Tiberti N, Lisacek F, Sanchez JC, et al. pROC: an open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves. BMC Bioinformatics. 2011 Mar 17;12(1):77.","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics."},{"issue":"15","key":"1605_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.50007","volume":"17","author":"W Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou W, Qin X, Hu X, Lu Y, Pan J. Prognosis models for severe and critical COVID-19 based on the Charlson and Elixhauser comorbidity indices. Int J Med Sci. 2020;17(15):2257\u201363.","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"1605_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-05999-5","volume":"21","author":"N Sharma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharma N, Schwendimann R, Endrich O, Ausserhofer D, Simon M. Comparing Charlson and Elixhauser comorbidity indices with different weightings to predict in-hospital mortality: an analysis of national inpatient data. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021 Jan 6;21(1):13.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"1605_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq433","volume":"173","author":"H Quan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Quan H, Li B, Couris CM, Fushimi K, Graham P, Hider P, et al. Updating and validating the Charlson comorbidity index and score for risk adjustment in hospital discharge abstracts using data from 6 countries. Am J Epidemiol. 2011 Mar 15;173(6):676\u201382.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10278-025-01605-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10278-025-01605-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10278-025-01605-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T09:04:11Z","timestamp":1780391051000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10278-025-01605-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1605"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10278-025-01605-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2948-2933"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2948-2933","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 June 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 June 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 August 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}