{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T06:27:43Z","timestamp":1774333663252,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,13]],"date-time":"2007-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1194912000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cogn Process"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-007-0199-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,12]],"date-time":"2007-11-12T11:45:58Z","timestamp":1194867958000},"page":"249-267","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":223,"title":["On the assessment of landmark salience for human navigation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Caduff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Timpf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"199_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1167\/5.3.3","volume":"5","author":"MP Aivar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aivar MP, Hayhoe MM, Chizk CL, Mruczek REB (2005) Spatial memory and saccadic targeting in a natural task. J Vis 5(3):177\u2013193","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"199_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-63623-4_61","volume-title":"Spatial information theory: a theoretical basis for GIS, international conference COSIT \u201897","author":"GL Allen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Allen GL (1997) From knowledge to words to wayfinding: issues in the preduiction and comprehension of route directions. In: Hirtle SC, Frank AU (eds) Spatial information theory: a theoretical basis for GIS, international conference COSIT \u201897. Springer, Laurel Highlands, pp 363\u2013372"},{"issue":"1","key":"199_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(03)00054-7","volume":"149","author":"ML Anderson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Anderson ML (2003) Embodied cognition: a field guide. Artif Intell 149(1):91\u2013130","journal-title":"Artif Intell"},{"issue":"2","key":"199_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1177\/001391656900100202","volume":"1","author":"D Appleyard","year":"1969","unstructured":"Appleyard D (1969) Why buildings are known\u2014predictive tool for architects and planners. Environ Behav 1(2):131\u2013156","journal-title":"Environ Behav"},{"key":"199_CR5","first-page":"3110","volume":"34","author":"K Ball","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ball K, Owsley C et al (1993) Visual attention problems as a predictor of vehicle crashes in older drivers. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 34:3110\u20133123","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4043","key":"199_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1126\/science.177.4043.77","volume":"177","author":"I Biederman","year":"1972","unstructured":"Biederman I (1972) Perceiving real-world scenes. Science 177(4043):77\u201380","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"199_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463300001028","volume":"53","author":"G Burnett","year":"2000","unstructured":"Burnett G (2000) \u201cTurn right at the traffic lights\u201d: the requirement for landmarks in vehicle navigation systems. J Navig 53(3):499\u2013510","journal-title":"J Navig"},{"key":"199_CR8","first-page":"195","volume":"9","author":"D Busquets","year":"2002","unstructured":"Busquets D, Sierra C, De M\u00e0ntaras RL (2002) A multi-agent approach to fuzzy landmark-based navigation. J Multivalued Log Soft Comput 9:195\u2013220","journal-title":"J Multivalued Log Soft Comput"},{"key":"199_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025536924463","volume":"15","author":"D Busquets","year":"2003","unstructured":"Busquets D, Sierra C, De M\u00e0ntaras RL (2003) A multi-agent approach to qualitative landmark-based navigation. Auton Robots 15:129\u2013154","journal-title":"Auton Robots"},{"key":"199_CR10","unstructured":"Caduff D, Timpf S (2005a) The landmark spider: representing landmark knowledge for wayfinding tasks. AAAI 2005 Spring Symposium. AAAI Press, Stanford"},{"key":"199_CR11","unstructured":"Caduff D, Timpf S (2005b) The landmark spider: weaving the landmark web. STRC\u201905\u20145th Swiss Transport Research Conference. Monte Verit\u00e0, Switzerland, ETH, CD-ROM"},{"issue":"7","key":"199_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.05.007","volume":"10","author":"N Chater","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chater N, Tenenbaum JB, Yuille A (2006) Probabilistic Models of Cognition: Conceptual foundations. Trends Cogn Sci 10(7):287\u2013291","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"199_CR13","volume-title":"Urban cognition","author":"H Couclelis","year":"1995","unstructured":"Couclelis H, Golledge RG, Gale N, Tobler W (1995) Exploring the anchor-point hypothesis of spatial cognition. In: Gaerling T (ed) Urban cognition. Academic, London"},{"issue":"1","key":"199_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.941","volume":"18","author":"MP Daniel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Daniel MP, Denis M (2004) The production of route directions: investigating conditions that favour conciseness in spatial discourse. Appl Cogn Psychol 18(1):57\u201375","journal-title":"Appl Cogn Psychol"},{"key":"199_CR15","unstructured":"De Graef P, Lauwereyns J, Verfaillie K (2000) Attentional Orienting and Scene Semantics. Psychological Reports Nr.268. Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, University of Leuven, Belgium"},{"key":"199_CR16","first-page":"145","volume":"13","author":"M Denis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Denis M, Pazzaglia F, Cornoldi C, Bertolo L (1999) Spatial discourse and navigation: an analysis of route directions in the city of Venice. Appl Cogn Sci 13:145\u2013174","journal-title":"Appl Cogn Sci"},{"key":"199_CR17","first-page":"284","volume-title":"Maps in minds:reflections on cognitive mapping","author":"RM Downs","year":"1977","unstructured":"Downs RM, Stea D (1977) Maps in minds:reflections on cognitive mapping. Harper & Row Publishers, New York, p 284"},{"key":"199_CR18","unstructured":"Elias B (2003a) Determination of landmarks and reliability criteria for landmarks. Fifth Workshop on Progress in Automated Map Generalization. ICA Commission on Map Generalization, IGN, Paris"},{"key":"199_CR19","first-page":"375","volume-title":"International conference on spatial information theory, COSIT 2003","author":"B Elias","year":"2003","unstructured":"Elias B (2003b) Extracting landmarks with data mining methods. In: Kuhn W, Worboys M, Timpf S (eds) International conference on spatial information theory, COSIT 2003. Springer, Kartause Ittingen, pp 375\u2013389"},{"issue":"4","key":"199_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211502","volume":"40","author":"CW Eriksen","year":"1986","unstructured":"Eriksen CW, St James JD (1986) Visual attention within and around the field of focal attention: a zoom lens model. Percept Psychophys 40(4):225\u2013240","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"199_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.11.5.583","volume":"11","author":"CW Eriksen","year":"1985","unstructured":"Eriksen CW, Yeh YY (1985) Allocation of attention in the visual field. Exp Psychol Human Percept Perform 11:583\u2013597","journal-title":"Exp Psychol Human Percept Perform"},{"issue":"3","key":"199_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-111X(200003)15:3<165::AID-INT3>3.0.CO;2-X","volume":"15","author":"MT Escrig","year":"2000","unstructured":"Escrig MT, Toledo F (2000) Autonomous robot navigation using human spatial concepts. Int J Intell Syst 15(3):165\u2013196","journal-title":"Int J Intell Syst"},{"key":"199_CR23","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Spatial information theory: cognitive and computational foundations of geographic information science, International Conference COSIT \u201899","author":"S Fontaine","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fontaine S, Denis M (1999) The production of route instructions in underground and urban environments. In: Freksa C, Mark DM (eds) Spatial information theory: cognitive and computational foundations of geographic information science, International Conference COSIT \u201899. Springer, Stade, pp 83\u201394"},{"issue":"2","key":"199_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-004-0038-7","volume":"6","author":"MJ Funes","year":"2005","unstructured":"Funes MJ, Lupianez J, Milliken B (2005) The role of spatial attention and other processes on the magnitude and time course of cueing effects. Cogn Process 6(2):98\u2013116","journal-title":"Cogn Process"},{"key":"199_CR25","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Wayfinding behavior: cognitive mapping and other spatial processes","author":"T G\u00e4rling","year":"1999","unstructured":"G\u00e4rling T (1999) Human information processing in sequential spatial choice. In: Golledge RG (ed) Wayfinding behavior: cognitive mapping and other spatial processes. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 89\u201398"},{"key":"199_CR26","first-page":"55","volume":"3","author":"T G\u00e4rling","year":"1986","unstructured":"G\u00e4rling T, B\u00f6\u00f6k A, Lindberg E (1986) Spatial orientation and wayfinding in the designed environment: a conceptual analysis and some suggestions for postoccupancy evaluations. J Archit Plann Res 3:55\u201364","journal-title":"J Archit Plann Res"},{"key":"199_CR27","unstructured":"Galler I (2002) Identifikation von Landmarken in 3D-Stadtmodellen. Institut f\u00fcr Kartographie und Geoinformation. Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t Bonn, Diplomarbeit"},{"key":"199_CR28","volume-title":"Cognition as intuitive statistics","author":"G Gigerenzer","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gigerenzer G, Murray DJ (1987) Cognition as intuitive statistics. Erlbaum, Hillsdale"},{"key":"199_CR29","volume-title":"Environment, cognition and action: an integrated approach","author":"RG Golledge","year":"1991","unstructured":"Golledge RG (1991) Cognition of physical and built environments. In: Gaerling T, Evans GW (eds) Environment, cognition and action: an integrated approach. Oxford University Press, New York"},{"key":"199_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7185(92)90017-X","volume":"23","author":"RG Golledge","year":"1992","unstructured":"Golledge RG (1992) Place recognition and wayfinding\u2014making sense of space. Geoforum 23:199\u2013214","journal-title":"Geoforum"},{"key":"199_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801859939","volume-title":"Wayfinding behavior: cognitive mapping and other spatial processes","author":"RG Golledge","year":"1999","unstructured":"Golledge RG (1999a) Human wayfinding and cognitive maps. In: Golledge RG (ed) Wayfinding behavior: cognitive mapping and other spatial processes. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 5\u201345"},{"key":"199_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801859939","volume-title":"Wayfinding behavior: cognitive mapping and other spatial processes","author":"RG Golledge","year":"1999","unstructured":"Golledge RG (1999b) Wayfinding behavior: cognitive mapping and other spatial processes. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, p 428"},{"issue":"4","key":"199_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-4944(03)00003-3","volume":"23","author":"H Haken","year":"2003","unstructured":"Haken H, Portugali J (2003) The face of the city is its information. J Environ Psychol 23(4):385\u2013408","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"key":"199_CR34","first-page":"422","volume":"41","author":"MM Hayhoe","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hayhoe MM, Shinoda H, Shrivastava A (2000) Attention in Natural Environments. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:422\u2013422","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"199_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.50.1.243","volume":"50","author":"JM Henderson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Henderson JM, Hollingworth A (1999) High-level Scene Perception. Annu Rev Psychol 50:243\u2013271","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"199_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-001-0983-7","volume":"143","author":"MA Hollands","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hollands MA, Patla AE, Vickers JN (2002) \u201cLook where you\u2019re going!\u201d Gaze Behaviour associated with maintaining and changing the direction of locomotion. Exp Brain Res 143(2):221\u2013230","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"199_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1109\/34.730558","volume":"20","author":"L Itti","year":"1998","unstructured":"Itti L, Koch C, Niebur E (1998) A Model of Saliency-based Visual Attention for Rapid Scene Analysis. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 20(11):1254\u20131259","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"199_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/11059-000","volume-title":"The principles of psychology","author":"W James","year":"1890","unstructured":"James W (1890) The principles of psychology. Henry Holt & Co, New York"},{"issue":"6","key":"199_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1257","volume":"7","author":"G Janzen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Janzen G, Turennout MV (2004) Selective neural representation of objects relevant for navigation. Nat Neurosci 7(6):673\u2013677","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"199_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3502-4","volume-title":"Bayesian networks and decision graphs","author":"FV Jensen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jensen FV (2001) Bayesian networks and decision graphs. Springer, New York"},{"key":"199_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-36181-2_21","volume-title":"Biologically motivated computer vision second international workshop Lecture Notes in Computer Science,","author":"D Kersten","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kersten D (2002) Object perception: generative image models and bayesian inference. In: B\u00fclthoff HH et al (eds) Biologically motivated computer vision second international workshop Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 2525. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 207\u2013218","edition":"vol 2525"},{"key":"199_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.55.090902.142005","volume":"55","author":"D Kersten","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kersten D, Mamassian P, Yuille A (2004) Object Perception as Bayesian inference. Annu Rev Psychol 55:271\u2013304","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"199_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(03)00042-4","volume":"13","author":"D Kersten","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kersten D, Yuille A (2003) Bayesian models of object perception. Curr Opin Neurobiol 13(2):150\u2013158","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"199_CR44","first-page":"63","volume":"18","author":"A Klippel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Klippel A (2004) Wayfinding choremes\u2014conceptualizing wayfinding and route direction elements. KI 18(1):63\u201364","journal-title":"KI"},{"key":"199_CR45","first-page":"94","volume-title":"Visual information and information systems, 8th international conference, VISUAL 2005","author":"Klippel A","year":"2005","unstructured":"Klippel A, Richter K-F, Hansen S (2005) Wayfinding choreme maps. In: Bres S, Laurini R (eds) Visual information and information systems, 8th international conference, VISUAL 2005. Springer, Amsterdam, pp 94\u2013108"},{"key":"199_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/11556114_22","volume-title":"Spatial information theory\u2014COSIT05","author":"A Klippel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Klippel A, Winter S (2005) Structural salience of landmarks for route directions. In: Cohn AG, Mark DM (eds) Spatial information theory\u2014COSIT05. Springer, Ellicottville, pp 347\u2013362"},{"issue":"4","key":"199_CR47","first-page":"219","volume":"4","author":"C Koch","year":"1985","unstructured":"Koch C, Ullman S (1985) Shifts in selective visual-attention\u2014towards the underlying neural circuitry. Human Neurobiol 4(4):219\u2013227","journal-title":"Human Neurobiol"},{"key":"199_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-46014-4_36","volume-title":"Definition and extraction of visual landmarks for indoor robot. Methods and applications of artificial intelligence: second hellenic conference on AI, SETN 2002","author":"DI Kosmopoulos","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kosmopoulos DI, Chandrinos KV (2002) Definition and extraction of visual landmarks for indoor robot. Methods and applications of artificial intelligence: second hellenic conference on AI, SETN 2002. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 401\u2013412"},{"key":"199_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.2350030302","volume":"3","author":"SM Kosslyn","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kosslyn SM (1989) Understanding Charts and Graphs. Appl Cogn Psychol 3:185\u2013226","journal-title":"Appl Cogn Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"199_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212326","volume":"6","author":"M Kubovy","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kubovy M, Cohen DJ, Hollier J (1999) Feature integration that routinely occurs without focal attention. Psychon Bull Rev 6(2):183\u2013203","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"199_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916584142005","volume":"14","author":"BJ Kuipers","year":"1982","unstructured":"Kuipers BJ (1982) The \u201cMap in the Head\u2019\u2019 Metaphor. Environ Behav 14(2):202\u2013220","journal-title":"Environ Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"199_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0000_48","volume":"30","author":"JPW Lacroix","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lacroix JPW, Murre JMJ, Postma EO, van den Herik HJ (2006) Modeling recognition memory using the similarity structue of natural input. J Cogn Sci Soc 30(1):121\u2013145","journal-title":"J Cogn Sci Soc"},{"key":"199_CR53","unstructured":"Lee PU, Tappe H, Klippel A (2002) Acquisition of landmark knowledge from static and dynamic presentation of route maps. In: Gray W, Schunn C (eds) Twenty-fourth annual conference of the cognitive science society"},{"issue":"4","key":"199_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007X215791","volume":"49","author":"Y-C Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee Y-C, Lee JD et al (2007) Visual attention in driving: the effects of cognitive load and visual disruption. Hum Factors 49(4):721\u2013733(13)","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"199_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis D (1973) Causality. J Philos 556\u2013567","DOI":"10.2307\/2025310"},{"key":"199_CR56","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Spatial information theory: cognitive and computational foundations of geographic information science, international conference COSIT \u201899","author":"KL Lovelace","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lovelace KL, Hegarty M, Montello DR (1999) Elements of good route directions in familiar and unfamiliar environments. In: Freksa C, Mark DM (eds) Spatial information theory: cognitive and computational foundations of geographic information science, international conference COSIT \u201899. Springer, Stade, pp 65\u201382"},{"key":"199_CR57","volume-title":"The image of the city","author":"K Lynch","year":"1960","unstructured":"Lynch K (1960) The image of the city. MIT, Boston"},{"issue":"5","key":"199_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1068\/p5183","volume":"34","author":"A Marcel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marcel A, Dobel C (2005) Structured perceptual input imposes an egocentric frame of reference\u2014pointing, imagery, and spatial self-consciousness. Perception 34(5):429\u2013451","journal-title":"Perception"},{"issue":"1","key":"199_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463302002114","volume":"56","author":"AJ May","year":"2003","unstructured":"May AJ, Ross T, Bayer SH (2003a) Drivers\u2019 information requirements when navigating in an urban environment. J Navig 56(1):89\u2013100","journal-title":"J Navig"},{"issue":"6","key":"199_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-003-0248-5","volume":"7","author":"AJ May","year":"2003","unstructured":"May AJ, Ross T, Bayer SH, Tarkiainen MJ (2003b) Pedestrian navigation aids: information requirements and design principles. Personal Ubiquitous Comput 7(6):331\u2013338","journal-title":"Personal Ubiquitous Comput"},{"key":"199_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1037\/h0043158","volume":"63","author":"GA Miller","year":"1956","unstructured":"Miller GA (1956) The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychol Rev 63:81\u201397","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"199_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-63623-4_57","volume-title":"Conference on spatial information theory: a theoretical basis for GIS, COSIT\u201997","author":"DR Montello","year":"1997","unstructured":"Montello DR (1997) The perception and cognition of environmental distance: direct sources of information. In: Hirtle SC, Frank AU (eds) Conference on spatial information theory: a theoretical basis for GIS, COSIT\u201997. Springer, Laurel Highlands, pp 297\u2013312"},{"key":"199_CR63","first-page":"257","volume-title":"Handbook of visuospatial cognition","author":"DR Montello","year":"2003","unstructured":"Montello DR (2003) Navigation. In: Shah P, Miyake A (eds) Handbook of visuospatial cognition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 257\u2013294"},{"key":"199_CR64","volume-title":"A research agenda for geographic information science","author":"DR Montello","year":"2005","unstructured":"Montello DR, Freundschuh S (2005) Cognition of geographic information. In: Mcmaster RB, Usery EL (eds) A research agenda for geographic information science. CRC Press, Boca Raton"},{"issue":"3","key":"199_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010045617505","volume":"1","author":"B Moulin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Moulin B, Kettani D (1999) Route generation and description using the notion of object\u2019s influence area and spatial conceptual map. Spatial Cogn Comput 1(3):227\u2013259","journal-title":"Spatial Cogn Comput"},{"key":"199_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9812","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-30-09812.2003","volume":"23","author":"NG M\u00fcller","year":"2003","unstructured":"M\u00fcller NG, Kleinschmid A (2003) Dynamic interaction of object- and space-based attention in retinotopic visual areas. J Neurosci 23:9812\u20139816","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"199_CR67","volume-title":"Human problem-solving","author":"A Newell","year":"1972","unstructured":"Newell A, Simon HA (1972) Human problem-solving. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs"},{"key":"199_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newman EL, Caplan JB, Kirschen MP, Korolev IO, Sekuler R, Kahana MJ (2007) Learning your way around town: how virtual taxicab drivers learn to use both layout and landmark information. Cognition (in press)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.05.013"},{"key":"199_CR69","unstructured":"Nothegger C (2003) Automatic selection of landmarks. Institute for geoinformation. Technical University of Vienna"},{"key":"199_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1207\/s15427633scc0402_1","volume":"4","author":"C Nothegger","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nothegger C, Winter S, Raubal M (2004) Computation of the salience of features. Spat Cogn Comput 4:113\u2013136","journal-title":"Spat Cogn Comput"},{"key":"199_CR71","first-page":"1263","volume":"33","author":"BA Olshausen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Olshausen BA, Anderson CH, Vanessen DC (1992) Computer-simulation of a dynamic routing model of visual-attention. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 33:1263\u20131263","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"199_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1163\/15685680360511645","volume":"16","author":"DJ Parkhurst","year":"2003","unstructured":"Parkhurst DJ, Niebur E (2003) Scene content selected by active vision. Spat Vis 16(2):125\u2013154","journal-title":"Spat Vis"},{"key":"199_CR73","volume-title":"Foundations of cognitive science","author":"MI Posner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Posner MI (1998) Foundations of cognitive science. MIT, New York"},{"issue":"4","key":"199_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-835X.1988.tb01113.x","volume":"6","author":"CC Presson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Presson CC, Montello DR (1988) Points of reference in spatial cognition\u2014stalking the elusive landmark. Br J Dev Psychol 6(4):378\u2013381","journal-title":"Br J Dev Psychol"},{"key":"199_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45799-2_17","volume-title":"Geographic information science","author":"M Raubal","year":"2002","unstructured":"Raubal M, Winter S (2002) Enriching wayfinding instructions with local landmarks. In: Egenhofer MJ, Mark DM (eds) Geographic information science. Springer, Berlin, pp 243\u2013259"},{"key":"199_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0540","volume":"46","author":"J Roge","year":"2005","unstructured":"Roge J, Pebayle T et al (2005) Useful visual field reduction as a function of age and risk of accident in simulated car driving. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46:1774\u20131779","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"199_CR77","first-page":"283","volume":"23","author":"M Ruz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ruz M, Lupianez J (2002) A review of attentional capture: on its automaticity and sensitivity to endogenous control. Psicologica 23(1):283\u2013309","journal-title":"Psicologica"},{"key":"199_CR78","unstructured":"R\u00fcetschi U-J, Caduff D, Schulz F, Wolff A, Timpf S (2006) Routing by landmarks. STRC\u201906\u2014sixth Swiss transport research conference. Monte Verita, Switzerland, ETH, CD-ROM"},{"key":"199_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.1.1","volume":"84","author":"W Schneider","year":"1977","unstructured":"Schneider W, Shiffrin RM (1977) Controlled and automatic human information-processing.1. Detection, search, and attention. Psychol Rev 84:1\u201366","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"199_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(00)00152-9","volume":"80","author":"BJ Scholl","year":"2001","unstructured":"Scholl BJ (2001) Objects and attention: the state of the art. Cognition 80(1):1\u201346","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"8","key":"199_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01506-0","volume":"4","author":"BJ Scholl","year":"2000","unstructured":"Scholl BJ, Tremoulet PD (2000) Perceptual causality and animacy. Trends Cogn Sci 4(8):299\u2013309","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"199_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh095","volume":"14","author":"JT Serences","year":"2004","unstructured":"Serences JT, Schwarzbach J, Courtney SM, Golay X, Yantis S (2004) Control of object-based attention in human cortex. Cereb Cortex 14(12):1346\u20131357","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"199_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shannon CE (1948) A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst Tech J 27:379\u2013423, 623\u2013656","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x"},{"key":"199_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.2.127","volume":"84","author":"RM Shiffrin","year":"1977","unstructured":"Shiffrin RM, Schneider W (1977) Controlled and automatic human information-processing.2. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychol Rev 84:127\u2013190","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"199_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(01)00199-7","volume":"41","author":"H Shinoda","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shinoda H, Hayhoe MM, Shrivastava A (2001) What controls attention in natural environments? Vis Res 41:3535\u20133545","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"199_CR86","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Advances in child development and behavior","author":"AW Siegel","year":"1975","unstructured":"Siegel AW, White SH (1975) The development of spatial representations of large-scale environments. In: Reese HW (ed) Advances in child development and behavior. Academic, London, pp 9\u201355"},{"issue":"1","key":"199_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1163\/156856806775009223","volume":"19","author":"MM Silva","year":"2006","unstructured":"Silva MM, Groeger JA, Bradshaw MF (2006) Attention-memory interactions in scene perception. Spat Vis 19(1):9\u201319","journal-title":"Spat Vis"},{"key":"199_CR88","unstructured":"Sorrows ME, Hirtle SC (1999) The nature of landmarks for real and electronic spaces. In: Freksa C, Mark DM (eds) Spatial information theory: cognitive and computational foundations of geographic information science, international conference COSIT \u201899. Springer, Stade, pp, 37\u201350"},{"issue":"1","key":"199_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2003.08.013","volume":"44","author":"D Soto","year":"2004","unstructured":"Soto D, Blanco MJ (2004) Spatial attention and object-based attention: a comparison within a single task. Vis Res 44(1):69\u201381","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"199_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1401_3","volume":"14","author":"ES Spelke","year":"1990","unstructured":"Spelke ES (1990) Principles of object perception. Cogn Sci 14(1):29\u201356","journal-title":"Cogn Sci"},{"key":"199_CR91","unstructured":"Staal MA (2004) Stress, cognition, and human performance: a literature review and conceptual framework. Moffett Field, California 94035, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center"},{"key":"199_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45004-1_4","volume-title":"Spatial Cognition III, LNAI 2685","author":"SD Steck","year":"2003","unstructured":"Steck SD, Mochnatzki HF, Mallot HA (2003) The role of geographic slant in virtual environment navigation. In: Freksa C, Brauer W, Habel C, Wender KF (eds) Spatial Cognition III, LNAI 2685, Springer, Heidelberg, pp 62\u201376"},{"issue":"6","key":"199_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1068\/b32043","volume":"33","author":"Q Stevens","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stevens Q (2006) The shape of urban experience: a reevaluation of Lynch\u2019s five elements. Environ Plann B Plann Des 33(6):803\u2013823","journal-title":"Environ Plann B Plann Des"},{"issue":"1","key":"199_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1202_4","volume":"12","author":"J Sweller","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sweller J (1988) Cognitive load during problem solving: effects on learning. Cogn Sci 12(1):257\u2013285","journal-title":"Cogn Sci"},{"key":"199_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/11556114_24","volume-title":"Spatial information theory\u2014COSIT05","author":"T Tezuka","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tezuka T, Tanaka K (2005) Landmark extraction: a web mining approach. In: Mark DM (ed) Spatial information theory\u2014COSIT05. Springer, Ellicottville, pp 379\u2013398"},{"key":"199_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1037\/h0061626","volume":"55","author":"EC Tolman","year":"1948","unstructured":"Tolman EC (1948) Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychol Rev 55:189\u2013208","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"199_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1045","volume":"18","author":"A Tom","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tom A, Denis M (2004) Language and spatial cognition: comparing the roles of landmarks and street names in route instructions. Appl Cogn Psychol 18(9):1213\u20131230","journal-title":"Appl Cogn Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"199_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008910100968","volume":"7","author":"PE Trahanias","year":"1999","unstructured":"Trahanias PE, Velissaris S, Orphanoudakis SC (1999) Visual recognition of workspace landmarks for topological navigation. Auton Robots 7(2):143\u2013158","journal-title":"Auton Robots"},{"issue":"1","key":"199_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.95.1.15","volume":"95","author":"A Treisman","year":"1988","unstructured":"Treisman A, Gormican S (1988) Feature analysis in early vision: evidence from search asymmetries. Psychol Rev 95(1):15\u201348","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"199_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.2307\/1423032","volume":"105","author":"A Treisman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Treisman A, Vieira A, Hayes A (1992) Automaticity and preattentive processing. Am J Psychol 105(2):341\u2013362","journal-title":"Am J Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"199_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(80)90005-5","volume":"12","author":"AM Treisman","year":"1980","unstructured":"Treisman AM, Gelade G (1980) Feature-integration theory of attention. Cogn Psychol 12(1):97\u2013136","journal-title":"Cogn Psychol"},{"key":"199_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2004.12.001","volume":"96","author":"M Turatto","year":"2005","unstructured":"Turatto M, Mazza V, Umilta` C (2005) Crossmodal object-based attention: auditory objects affect visual processing. Cognition 96:B55\u2013B64","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"199_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tversky B (1993) Cognitive maps, cognitive collages, and spatial mental models. In: Frank AU, Campari I (eds) Conference on spatial information theory: COSIT\u201993. Elba Island, Italy, Springer, Berlin, pp 14\u201324","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-57207-4_2"},{"key":"199_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weissensteiner E, Winter S (2004) Landmarks in the Communication of route directions. In: Egenhofer MJ, Miller H, Freksa C (eds) Geographic information science 2004. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 3234. Springer, Berlin, pp 313\u2013326","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30231-5_21"},{"key":"199_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Werner S, Krieg-Br\u00fcckner B, Mallot HA, Schweizer K, Freksa C (1997) Spatial cognition: the role of landmark, route, and survey knowledge in human and robot navigation. In: Jarke M, Pasedach K, Pohl K (eds) Informatik aktuell, Springer, Berlin, pp 41\u201350","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-60831-5_8"},{"issue":"2","key":"199_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2307\/1422833","volume":"101","author":"LJ Williams","year":"1988","unstructured":"Williams LJ (1988) Tunnel vision or general interference? cognitive load and attentional bias are both important. Am J Psychol 101(2):171\u2013191","journal-title":"Am J Psychol"},{"key":"199_CR107","first-page":"320","volume-title":"COSIT\u201903\u2014spatial information theory: foundations of geographic information science","author":"S Winter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Winter S (2003) Route adaptive selection of salient features. In: Kuhn W, Worboys M, Timpf S (eds) COSIT\u201903\u2014spatial information theory: foundations of geographic information science. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 320\u2013334"},{"key":"199_CR108","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Map-based mobile services\u2014theories, methods and design implementations","author":"S Winter","year":"2004","unstructured":"Winter S, Raubal M, Nothegger C (2004) Focalizing measures of salience for route directions. In: Meng L, Zipf A, Reichenbacher T (eds) Map-based mobile services\u2014theories, methods and design implementations. Springer Geosciences, Berlin, pp 127\u2013142"},{"issue":"2","key":"199_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200774","volume":"1","author":"JM Wolfe","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wolfe JM (1994) Guided Search 2.0\u2014a revised model of visual-search. Psychon Bull Rev 1(2):202\u2013238","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"199_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2005.12.007","volume":"22","author":"S Wood","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wood S, Cox R, Cheng P (2006) Attention design: eight issues to consider. Comput Hum Behav 22(4):588\u2013602","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"199_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193704","volume":"68","author":"YX Xu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xu YX (2006) Understanding the object benefit in visual short-term memory: the roles of feature proximity and connectedness. Percept Psychophys 68(5):815\u2013828","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"}],"container-title":["Cognitive Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10339-007-0199-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10339-007-0199-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10339-007-0199-2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]],"date-time":"2023-05-14T17:49:10Z","timestamp":1684086550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10339-007-0199-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,13]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]}},"alternative-id":["199"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10339-007-0199-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1612-4782","1612-4790"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1612-4782","type":"print"},{"value":"1612-4790","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,13]]}}}