{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T12:03:55Z","timestamp":1740139435806,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]],"date-time":"2021-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617580800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]],"date-time":"2021-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Alanus Hochschule gGmbH"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cogn Process"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Counting objects, especially moving ones, is an important capacity that has been intensively explored in experimental psychology and related disciplines. The common approach is to trace the three counting principles (estimating, subitizing, serial counting) back to functional constructs like the Approximate Number System and the Object Tracking System. While usually attempts are made to explain these competing models by computational processes at the neural level, their first-person dimensions have been hardly investigated so far. However, explanatory gaps in both psychological and philosophical terms may suggest a methodologically complementary approach that systematically incorporates introspective data. For example, the mental-action debate raises the question of whether mental activity plays only a marginal role in otherwise automatic cognitive processes or if it can be developed in such a way that it can count as genuine mental action. To address this question not only theoretically, we conducted an exploratory study with a moving-dots task and analyze the self-report data qualitatively and quantitatively on different levels. Building on this, a multi-layered, consciousness-immanent model of counting is presented, which integrates the various counting principles and concretizes mental agency as developing from pre-reflective to increasingly conscious mental activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-021-01020-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]],"date-time":"2021-04-05T12:02:27Z","timestamp":1617624147000},"page":"453-473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["First-person dimensions of mental agency in visual counting of moving objects"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9552-9975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Wagemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Raggatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1020_CR2","first-page":"1008","volume":"1","author":"M Ask","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ask M, Reza M (2016) Computational models in neuroscience: how real are they? A critical review of status and suggestions. Austin Neurol Neurosci 1(2):1008","journal-title":"Austin Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"1020_CR3","volume-title":"A cognitive theory of consciousness","author":"BJ Baars","year":"1988","unstructured":"Baars BJ (1988) A cognitive theory of consciousness. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"issue":"4","key":"1020_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01663995","volume":"1","author":"A Bandura","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bandura A, Adams NE (1977) Analysis of self-efficacy theory of behavioral change. Cogn Ther Res 1(4):287\u2013310","journal-title":"Cogn Ther Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"1020_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.54.7.462","volume":"54","author":"JA Bargh","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bargh JA, Chartrand TL (1999) The unbearable automaticity of being. Am Psychol 54(7):462\u2013479","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"1020_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000917000058","volume":"44","author":"D Barner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barner D (2017) Language, procedures, and the non-perceptual origin of number word meanings. J Child Lang 44:553\u2013590","journal-title":"J Child Lang"},{"key":"1020_CR7","volume-title":"Philosophical foundations of neuroscience","author":"M Bennett","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bennett M, Hacker P (2003) Philosophical foundations of neuroscience. Blackwell, Oxford"},{"key":"1020_CR8","first-page":"779","volume-title":"Oxford handbook of philosophy of science","author":"J Bogen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bogen J (2016) Empiricism and after. In: Humphreys P (ed) Oxford handbook of philosophy of science. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 779\u2013795"},{"key":"1020_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1037\/h0090793","volume":"50","author":"EG Boring","year":"1953","unstructured":"Boring EG (1953) A history of introspection. Psychol Bull 50:169\u2013189","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"1020_CR10","volume-title":"The ideal problem solver: a guide for improving thinking, learning, and creativity","author":"JD Bransford","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bransford JD, Stein BS (1993) The ideal problem solver: a guide for improving thinking, learning, and creativity, 2nd edn. W. H. Freeman, New York","edition":"2"},{"issue":"1","key":"1020_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/1386979042000328846","volume":"8","author":"AA Buckareff","year":"2005","unstructured":"Buckareff AA (2005) How (not) to think about mental action. Philos Explor 8(1):83\u201389","journal-title":"Philos Explor"},{"key":"1020_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butterworth B (2016) Foreword. In: Berch DB, Geary DC, Mann Koepke K (eds) Mathematical cognition and learning: Vol. 2. Development of mathematical cognition: neural substrates and genetic influences. Elsevier Academic Press, New York, pp xiii\u2013xxiv","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801871-2.09997-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"1020_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/03033910.1989.10557739","volume":"10","author":"G Casey","year":"1989","unstructured":"Casey G, Moran AP (1989) The computational metaphor and cognitive psychology. Ir J Psychol 10(2):143\u2013161","journal-title":"Ir J Psychol"},{"key":"1020_CR14","first-page":"200","volume":"2","author":"D Chalmers","year":"1995","unstructured":"Chalmers D (1995) Facing up the problem of consciousness. J Conscious Stud 2:200\u2013219","journal-title":"J Conscious Stud"},{"key":"1020_CR15","volume-title":"Constructing grounded theory. A practical guide through qualitative analysis","author":"K Charmaz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Charmaz K (2006) Constructing grounded theory. A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Sage Publications, London"},{"issue":"36","key":"1020_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17729","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1819956116","volume":"116","author":"SJ Cheyette","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cheyette SJ, Piantadosi ST (2019) A primarily serial, foveal accumulator underlies approximate numerical estimation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 116(36):17729\u201317734","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"1020_CR17","first-page":"445","volume-title":"Animal cognition","author":"RM Church","year":"1984","unstructured":"Church RM, Meck WH (1984) The numerical attribute of stimuli. In: Roitblatt HL, Bever TG, Terrace HS (eds) Animal cognition. Lawrence Erlbaum Assocs, Hillsdale, pp 445\u2013464"},{"key":"1020_CR18","first-page":"341","volume-title":"Handbook of research methodologies for science and mathematics education","author":"J Clement","year":"2000","unstructured":"Clement J (2000) Analysis of clinical interviews: foundations and model viability. In: Lesh R, Kelly A (eds) Handbook of research methodologies for science and mathematics education. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp 341\u2013385"},{"key":"1020_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00988593","volume":"13","author":"J Corbin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Corbin J, Strauss A (1990) Grounded theory research: procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qual Sociol 13:3\u201321","journal-title":"Qual Sociol"},{"key":"1020_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X01003922","volume":"24","author":"N Cowan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cowan N (2001) The magical number 4 in short-term memory: a reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behav Brain Sci 24:87\u2013185","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"1020_CR21","volume-title":"Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches","author":"JW Creswell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Creswell JW, Creswell JD (2018) Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, 5th edn. Sage Publications, Los Angeles","edition":"5"},{"key":"1020_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6696(198007)16:3<241::AID-JHBS2300160306>3.0.CO;2-O","volume":"16","author":"K Danziger","year":"1980","unstructured":"Danziger K (1980) The history of introspection reconsidered. J Hist Behav Sci 16:241\u2013262","journal-title":"J Hist Behav Sci"},{"key":"1020_CR23","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Computational neuroscience","author":"JG Daugman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Daugman JG (1990) Brain metaphor and brain theory. In: Schwartz EL (ed) Computational neuroscience. M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, pp 9\u201318"},{"key":"1020_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511615771","volume-title":"The psychology of problem solving","author":"JE Davidson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Davidson JE, Sternberg RJ (2003) The psychology of problem solving. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1020_CR24","volume-title":"Basic and clinical biostatistics","author":"B Dawson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dawson B, Trapp RG (2004) Basic and clinical biostatistics, 4th edn. Lange Medical Books, New York","edition":"4"},{"key":"1020_CR25","volume-title":"The number sense","author":"S Dehaene","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dehaene S (1997) The number sense. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"1020_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1993.5.4.390","volume":"5","author":"S Dehaene","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dehaene S, Changeux J-P (1993) Development of elementary numerical abilities: a neuronal model. J Cogn Neurosci 5:390\u2013407","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"1020_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.20.5.958","volume":"20","author":"S Dehaene","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dehaene S, Cohen L (1994) Dissociable mechanisms of subitizing and counting: neuropsychological evidence from simultagnosic patients. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 20:958\u2013975","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"key":"1020_CR28","unstructured":"Dennett DC (2001) The fantasy of first-person science. https:\/\/ase.tufts.edu\/cogstud\/dennett\/papers\/chalmersdeb3dft.htm"},{"key":"1020_CR29","volume-title":"Grounding grounded theory: guidelines for qualitative inquiry","author":"I Dey","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dey I (1999) Grounding grounded theory: guidelines for qualitative inquiry. Academic Press, San Diego"},{"key":"1020_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.05.002","volume":"8","author":"L Feigenson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Feigenson L, Dehaene S, Spelke E (2004) Core systems of number. Trends Cogn Sci 8:307\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2004.05.002","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"1020_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s13164-015-0289-5","volume":"6","author":"A Fiebich","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fiebich A, Michael J (2015) Mental actions and mental agency. Rev Philos Psychol 6:683\u2013693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13164-015-0289-5","journal-title":"Rev Philos Psychol"},{"key":"1020_CR32","volume-title":"Entstehung und Entwicklung einer wissenschaftlichen Tatsache [Genesis and development of a scientifc fact]","author":"L Fleck","year":"1980","unstructured":"Fleck L (1980) Entstehung und Entwicklung einer wissenschaftlichen Tatsache [Genesis and development of a scientifc fact]. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main"},{"key":"1020_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.newideapsych.2010.03.003","volume":"30","author":"S Gallagher","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gallagher S (2012) Multiple aspects in the sense of agency. New Ideas Psychol 30:15\u201331","journal-title":"New Ideas Psychol"},{"key":"1020_CR34","first-page":"559","volume-title":"The Cambridge handbook of thinking and reasoning","author":"CR Gallistel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gallistel CR, Gelman R (2005) Mathematical cognition. In: Holyoak K, Morrison R (eds) The Cambridge handbook of thinking and reasoning. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 559\u2013588"},{"key":"1020_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(99)01424-2","volume":"4","author":"CR Gallistel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gallistel CR, Gelman R (2000) Non-verbal numerical cognition: from reals to integers. Trends Cogn Sci 4:59\u201365","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"1020_CR36","volume-title":"The organization of learning","author":"CR Gallistel","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gallistel CR (1990) The organization of learning. MIT Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1020_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(92)90050-R","volume":"44","author":"R Gelman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gelman R, Gallistel CR (1992) Preverbal and verbal counting and computation. Cognition 44:43\u201374","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"1020_CR39","volume-title":"Doing quantitative grounded theory","author":"B Glaser","year":"2008","unstructured":"Glaser B (2008) Doing quantitative grounded theory. Sociology Press, Mill Valley"},{"key":"1020_CR40","volume-title":"The discovery of grounded theory","author":"B Glaser","year":"1967","unstructured":"Glaser B, Strauss A (1967) The discovery of grounded theory. Aldine de Gruyter, New York"},{"key":"1020_CR41","first-page":"517","volume-title":"Handbook of research methodologies for science and mathematics education","author":"GA Goldin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Goldin GA (2000) A scientific perspective on structured, task-based interviews in mathematics education research. In: Lesh R, Kelly A (eds) Handbook of research methodologies for science and mathematics education. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp 517\u2013545"},{"key":"1020_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1037\/h0040755","volume":"53","author":"JP Guilford","year":"1956","unstructured":"Guilford JP (1956) The structure of intellect. Psychol Bull 53:267\u2013293","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"1020_CR43","volume-title":"Patterns of discovery","author":"NR Hanson","year":"1958","unstructured":"Hanson NR (1958) Patterns of discovery. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1020_CR44","first-page":"v","volume":"10","author":"AI Jack","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jack AI, Roepstorff A (2003) Why trust the subject? J Conscious Stud 10:v\u2013xx","journal-title":"J Conscious Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"1020_CR45","first-page":"20","volume":"6","author":"F J\u00e4kel","year":"2013","unstructured":"J\u00e4kel F, Schreiber C (2013) Introspection in problem solving. J Probl Solving 6(1):20\u201333","journal-title":"J Probl Solving"},{"key":"1020_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(92)90007-O","volume":"24","author":"D Kahneman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kahneman D, Treisman A, Gibbs BJ (1992) The reviewing of object files: object-specific integration of information. Cogn Psychol 24:174\u2013219","journal-title":"Cogn Psychol"},{"key":"1020_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511977244.023","volume-title":"The Cambridge handbook of intelligence","author":"SB Kaufman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kaufman SB (2011) Intelligence and the cognitive unconscious. In: Sternberg RJ, Kaufman SB (eds) The Cambridge handbook of intelligence. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 442\u2013467"},{"key":"1020_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.2307\/1418556","volume":"62","author":"EL Kaufman","year":"1949","unstructured":"Kaufman EL, Lord MW, Reese TW, Volkmann J (1949) The discrimination of visual number. Am J Psychol 62:498\u2013525","journal-title":"Am J Psychol"},{"key":"1020_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelle U (2015) Mixed methods and the problems of theory building and theory testing in the social sciences. In: Johnson B, Hesse-Biber S (eds) Oxford handbook of multi and mixed methods research inquiry, pp 594\u2013605","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199933624.013.36"},{"key":"1020_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(73)90016-9","volume":"4","author":"D Klahr","year":"1973","unstructured":"Klahr D, Wallace JG (1973) The role of quantification operators in the development of conservation of quantity. Cogn Psychol 4:301\u2013327","journal-title":"Cogn Psychol"},{"key":"1020_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2003.09.004","volume":"91","author":"T Kobayashi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kobayashi T, Hiraki K, Mugitani R, Hasegawa T (2004) Baby arithmetic: one object plus one tone. Cognition 91:B23\u2013B34","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"1020_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00051","author":"J Kornmeier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kornmeier J, Bach M (2012) Ambiguous fgures\u2014what happens in the brain when perception changes but not the stimulus? Front Hum Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00051","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"1020_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1027\/1618-3169\/a000191","volume":"60","author":"A Krajcsi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Krajcsi A, Szab\u00f3 E, M\u00f3rocz IA (2013) Subitizing is sensitive to the arrangement of objects. Exp Psychol 60:227\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1618-3169\/a000191","journal-title":"Exp Psychol"},{"key":"1020_CR55","volume-title":"The structure of scientific revolutions","author":"TS Kuhn","year":"1970","unstructured":"Kuhn TS (1970) The structure of scientific revolutions, 2nd edn. University of Chicago Press, Chicago","edition":"2"},{"key":"1020_CR56","unstructured":"Kusch M (2020) Psychologism. In: Zalta EN (ed) The stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Spring 2020 Edition). https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/spr2020\/entries\/psychologism\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"1020_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.34.4.319","volume":"34","author":"DA Lieberman","year":"1979","unstructured":"Lieberman DA (1979) Behaviorism and the mind. A (limited) call for a return to introspection. Am Psychol 34(4):319\u2013333","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1020_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2009.01090.x","volume":"4","author":"EA Locke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Locke EA (2009) It\u2019s time we brought introspection out of the closet. Perspect Psychol Sci 4(1):24\u201325","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1020_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.01.005","volume":"12","author":"A Lutz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lutz A, Slagter H, Dunne J, Davidson R (2008) Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends Cogn Sci 12(4):163\u2013169","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"1020_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610371339","volume":"21","author":"KA MacLean","year":"2010","unstructured":"MacLean KA, Ferrer E, Aichele SR, Bridwell DA, Zanesco AP, Jacobs TL, King BG, Rosenberg EL, Sahdra BK, Shaver PR, Wallace BA, Mangun GR, Saron CD (2010) Intensive meditation training improves perceptual discrimination and sustained attention. Psychol Sci 21(6):829\u2013839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797610371339","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1020_CR62","first-page":"121","volume":"19","author":"MB Majorek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Majorek MB (2012) Does the brain cause conscious experience? J Conscious Stud 19(3\u20134):121\u2013144","journal-title":"J Conscious Stud"},{"key":"1020_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00162","volume":"9","author":"V Mazza","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mazza V, Caramazza A (2015) Multiple object individuation and subitizing in enumeration: a view from electrophysiology. Front Hum Neurosci 9:162","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1020_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031","volume":"22","author":"ML McHugh","year":"2012","unstructured":"McHugh ML (2012) Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica 22(3):276\u2013282","journal-title":"Biochemia Medica"},{"key":"1020_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.9.3.320","volume":"9","author":"WH Meck","year":"1983","unstructured":"Meck WH, Church RM (1983) A mode control model of counting and timing processes. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 9:320\u2013334","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process"},{"key":"1020_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195071146.001.0001","volume-title":"Springs of action","author":"AR Mele","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mele AR (1992) Springs of action. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"1020_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199225989.003.0002","volume-title":"Mental actions","author":"A Mele","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mele A (2009) Mental action: a case study. In: O\u2019Brien L, Soteriou M (eds) Mental actions. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 17\u201337"},{"issue":"1","key":"1020_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.11.005","volume":"9","author":"BR Newell","year":"2005","unstructured":"Newell BR (2005) Re-visions of rationality? Trends Cogn Sci 9(1):11\u201315","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"1020_CR69","volume-title":"Human problem solving","author":"A Newell","year":"1972","unstructured":"Newell A, Simon HA (1972) Human problem solving. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs"},{"volume-title":"Constructing number. Merging perspectives from psychology and mathematics education","year":"2019","key":"1020_CR71","unstructured":"Norton A, Alibali MW (eds) (2019) Constructing number. Merging perspectives from psychology and mathematics education. Springer, Cham"},{"key":"1020_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199225989.001.0001","volume-title":"Mental actions","author":"L O\u2019Brien","year":"2009","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien L, Soteriou M (2009) Mental actions. Oxford University Press, New York"},{"key":"1020_CR73","volume-title":"Consciousness and the world","author":"B O\u2019Shaughnessy","year":"2000","unstructured":"O\u2019Shaughnessy B (2000) Consciousness and the world. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"issue":"1","key":"1020_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2007.09.003","volume":"107","author":"E Pacherie","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pacherie E (2008) The phenomenology of action: a conceptual framework. Cognition 107(1):179\u2013217","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"1020_CR75","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Bounded rationality: the adaptive toolbox","author":"JW Payne","year":"2001","unstructured":"Payne JW, Bettman JR (2001) Preferential choice and adaptive strategy use. In: Gigerenzer G, Selten R (eds) Bounded rationality: the adaptive toolbox. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 123\u2013145"},{"key":"1020_CR76","first-page":"358","volume-title":"Contemporary debates in philosophy of mind","author":"C Peacocke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Peacocke C (2007) Mental action and self-awareness. In: McLaughlin B, Cohen JD (eds) Contemporary debates in philosophy of mind. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 358\u2013376"},{"key":"1020_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2005.04.010","volume":"15","author":"F Perels","year":"2005","unstructured":"Perels F, G\u00fcrtler T, Schmitz B (2005) Training of self-regulatory and problem-solving competence. Learn Instr 15:123\u2013139","journal-title":"Learn Instr"},{"key":"1020_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2013.02.004","volume":"22","author":"C Petitmengin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Petitmengin C, Remillieux A, Cahour B, Carter-Thomas S (2013) A gap in Nisbett and Wilson\u2019s findings? A first-person access to our cognitive processes. Conscious Cogn 22:654\u2013669","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"1020_CR79","volume-title":"The logic of scientific discovery","author":"K Popper","year":"1959","unstructured":"Popper K (1959) The logic of scientific discovery. Basic Books, New York"},{"key":"1020_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325","volume":"13","author":"MI Posner","year":"1990","unstructured":"Posner MI, Petersen SE (1990) The attention system of the human brain. Annu Rev Neurosci 13:25\u201342","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1020_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01335","volume":"8","author":"S Prezenski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Prezenski S, Brechmann A, Wolff S, Russwinkel N (2017) A cognitive modeling approach to strategy formation in dynamic decision making. Front Psychol 8:1335","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1020_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199602162.001.0001","volume-title":"The philosophy of metacognition. Mental agency and self-awareness","author":"J Proust","year":"2013","unstructured":"Proust J (2013) The philosophy of metacognition. Mental agency and self-awareness. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"1020_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012651308747","volume":"129","author":"J Proust","year":"2001","unstructured":"Proust J (2001) A plea for mental acts. Synthese 129:105\u2013128","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"1020_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/8135.003.0004","volume-title":"Computation, cognition, and pylyshyn","author":"Z Pylyshyn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pylyshyn Z (2009) Perception, representation, and the world: the FINST that binds. In: Dedrick D, Trick L (eds) Computation, cognition, and pylyshyn. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 3\u201348"},{"key":"1020_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(00)00156-6","volume":"80","author":"ZW Pylyshyn","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pylyshyn ZW (2001) Visual indexes, preconceptual objects, and situated vision. Cognition 80:127\u2013158","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"3","key":"1020_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1163\/156856888X00122","volume":"3","author":"ZW Pylyshyn","year":"1988","unstructured":"Pylyshyn ZW, Storm RW (1988) Tracking multiple independent targets: evidence for a parallel tracking mechanism. Spat Vis 3(3):179\u2013197","journal-title":"Spat Vis"},{"key":"1020_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.858","volume":"17","author":"D Reisberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Reisberg D, Pearson DG, Kosslyn SM (2003) Intuitions and introspections about imagery: the role of imagery experience in shaping an investigator\u2019s theoretical views. Appl Cogn Psychol 17:147\u2013160","journal-title":"Appl Cogn Psychol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1020_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1177\/1747021817738951","volume":"71","author":"G Reyes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reyes G, Sackur J (2018) Introspection during short-term memory scanning. Q J Exp Psychol 71(10):2088\u20132100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1747021817738951","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"1020_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X08005566","volume":"31","author":"LJ Rips","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rips LJ, Bloomfield A, Asmuth J (2008) From numerical concepts to concepts of number. Behav Brain Sci 31:623\u2013687","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"1020_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00261","volume":"12","author":"V Sarathy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sarathy V (2018) Real world problem-solving. Front Hum Neurosci 12:261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00261","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"1020_CR93","unstructured":"Schwitzgebel E (2016) Introspection. The stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Winter 2016 Edition). In: Zalta EN (ed). https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/win2016\/entries\/introspection\/"},{"key":"1020_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3045969","volume":"241","author":"TJ Sejnowski","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sejnowski TJ, Koch C, Churchland PS (1988) Computational neuroscience. Science 241:1299\u20131306","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1020_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2011.00017","volume":"5","author":"H Slagter","year":"2011","unstructured":"Slagter H, Davidson RJ, Lutz A (2011) Mental training as a tool in the neuroscientifc study of brain and cognitive plasticity. Front Hum Neurosci 5:17","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"1020_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050138","author":"H Slagter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Slagter H, Lutz A, Greischar L, Francis A, Nieuwenhuis S, Davis J, Davidson RJ (2007) Mental training affects distribution of limited brain resources. PLoS Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050138","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"1020_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199678457.001.0001","volume-title":"The mind\u2019s construction. The ontology of mind and mental action","author":"M Soteriou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Soteriou M (2013) The mind\u2019s construction. The ontology of mind and mental action. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"issue":"1","key":"1020_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/13546783.2014.885464","volume":"21","author":"PT Sowden","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sowden PT, Pringle A, Gabora L (2015) The shifting sands of creative thinking: Connections to dual-process theory. Think Reason 21(1):40\u201360","journal-title":"Think Reason"},{"key":"1020_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2017.03.004","volume":"62","author":"G Sprugnoli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sprugnoli G, Rossi S, Emmendorfer A, Rossi A, Liew S-L, Tatti E et al (2017) Neural correlates of Eureka moment. Intelligence 62:99\u2013118","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"1020_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410603432","volume-title":"Who is rational? Studies of individual differences in reasoning","author":"KE Stanovich","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stanovich KE (1999) Who is rational? Studies of individual differences in reasoning. Erlbaum, Mahwah"},{"key":"1020_CR102","volume-title":"The philosophy of freedom","author":"R Steiner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Steiner R (2011) The philosophy of freedom. Rudolf Steiner Press, Forest Row"},{"key":"1020_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9264.00135","volume":"103","author":"G Strawson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Strawson G (2003) Mental ballistics or the involuntariness of spontaneity. Proc Aristot Soc 103:227\u2013256","journal-title":"Proc Aristot Soc"},{"key":"1020_CR104","first-page":"776","volume-title":"The handbook of evolutionary psychology","author":"PM Todd","year":"2005","unstructured":"Todd PM, Hertwig R, Hoffrage U (2005) Evolutionary cognitive psychology. In: Buss DM (ed) The handbook of evolutionary psychology. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 776\u2013802"},{"key":"1020_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.newideapsych.2019.100753","author":"R Trnka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trnka R, Smelik S (2020) Elimination of bias in introspection: methodological advances, refinements, and recommendations. New Ideas Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.newideapsych.2019.100753","journal-title":"New Ideas Psychol"},{"key":"1020_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.19.2.331","volume":"19","author":"LM Trick","year":"1993","unstructured":"Trick LM, Pylyshyn ZW (1993) What enumeration studies can show us about spatial attention: evidence for limited capacity preattentive processing. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 19:331\u2013351","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"key":"1020_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.101.1.80","volume":"101","author":"LM Trick","year":"1994","unstructured":"Trick LM, Pylyshyn ZW (1994) Why are small and large number enumerated differently? A limited-capacity preattentive stage in vision. Psychol Rev 101:80\u2013102","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1020_CR108","first-page":"47","volume":"2019","author":"C Ulrich","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ulrich C, Norton A (2019) Discerning a progression in conceptions of magnitude during children\u2019s construction of number. Norton Alibali 2019:47\u201367","journal-title":"Norton Alibali"},{"issue":"1","key":"1020_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/09515089.2018.1514491","volume":"32","author":"CL Upton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Upton CL, Brent M (2018) Meditation and the scope of mental action. Philos Psychol 32(1):52\u201371","journal-title":"Philos Psychol"},{"key":"1020_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-420133-0.00007-7","volume-title":"Mathematical cognition and learning. Evolutionary origins and early development of number processing","author":"K VanMarle","year":"2015","unstructured":"VanMarle K (2015) Foundations of the formal number concept: how preverbal mechanisms contribute to the development of cardinal knowledge. In: Berch DB, Geary DC, Mann Koepke K (eds) Mathematical cognition and learning. Evolutionary origins and early development of number processing, vol 1. Elsevier Academic Press, New York, pp 175\u2013199"},{"issue":"9","key":"1020_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3269","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003269","volume":"3","author":"P Vetter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vetter P, Butterworth B, Bahrami B (2008) Modulating attentional load affects numerosity estimation: evidence against a pre-attentive subitizing mechanism. PLoS ONE 3(9):e3269","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1020_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.newideapsych.2019.100747","author":"J Wagemann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wagemann J (2020) Mental action and emotion\u2014what happens in the mind when the stimulus changes but not the perceptual intention. New Ideas Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.newideapsych.2019.100747","journal-title":"New Ideas Psychol"},{"key":"1020_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.5709\/acp-0248-2","volume":"14","author":"J Wagemann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wagemann J, Edelh\u00e4user F, Weger U (2018) Outer and inner dimensions of brain and consciousness\u2014refining and integrating the phenomenal layers. Adv Cogn Psychol 14:167\u2013185","journal-title":"Adv Cogn Psychol"},{"key":"1020_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.02313","volume":"8","author":"J Wagemann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wagemann J (2018) The confluence of perceiving and thinking in consciousness phenomenology. Front Psychol 8:2313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.02313","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1020_CR117","first-page":"185","volume":"9","author":"J Wagemann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wagemann J (2011a) The structure-phenomenological concept of brain-consciousness correlation. Mind Matter 9:185\u2013204","journal-title":"Mind Matter"},{"issue":"2","key":"1020_CR118","first-page":"35","volume":"2","author":"J Wagemann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wagemann J (2011b) Meditation\u2014research as development. Res Steiner Educ 2(2):35\u201349","journal-title":"Res Steiner Educ"},{"key":"1020_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02196","volume":"10","author":"U Weger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weger U, Wagemann J, Tewes C (2019) Editorial: the challenges and opportunities of introspection in psychology: theory and method. Front Psychol 10:2196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02196","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1020_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-018-0057-7","author":"U Weger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weger U, Wagemann J (2018) Towards a conceptual clarification of awe and wonder. A first person phenomenological enquiry. Curr Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-018-0057-7","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"1020_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.newideapsych.2014.09.001","volume":"36","author":"U Weger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weger U, Wagemann J (2015a) The challenges and opportunities of first-person inquiry in experimental psychology. New Ideas Psychol 36:38\u201349","journal-title":"New Ideas Psychol"},{"key":"1020_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.newideapsych.2015.07.002","volume":"39","author":"U Weger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weger U, Wagemann J (2015b) The behavioral, experiential and conceptual dimensions of psychological phenomena: body, soul and spirit. New Ideas Psychol 39:23\u201333","journal-title":"New Ideas Psychol"},{"key":"1020_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780199688906.001.0001","volume-title":"The psychology of meditation. Research and practice","author":"MA West","year":"2016","unstructured":"West MA (2016) The psychology of meditation. Research and practice. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"1020_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3064","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.03064","volume":"10","author":"U Winter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Winter U, LeVan P, Borghardt TL, Akin B, Wittmann M, Leyens Y, Schmidt S (2020) Content-free awareness: EEG-fcMRI correlates of consciousness as such in an expert meditator. Front Psychol 10:3064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.03064","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1020_CR125","volume-title":"Strukturph\u00e4nomenologie. Vorbewusstes Gestaltbilden im erkennenden Wirklichkeitenth\u00fcllen","author":"H Witzenmann","year":"1983","unstructured":"Witzenmann H (1983) Strukturph\u00e4nomenologie. Vorbewusstes Gestaltbilden im erkennenden Wirklichkeitenth\u00fcllen. Gideon Spicker, Dornach"},{"key":"1020_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199746996.003.0013","volume-title":"Decomposing the will","author":"W Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu W (2013) Mental action and the threat of automaticity. In: Clark A, Kiverstein J, Vierkant T (eds) Decomposing the will. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 244\u2013261"},{"key":"1020_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00350.x","volume":"7","author":"K Wynn","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wynn K (1996) Infants\u2019 individuation and enumeration of actions. Psychol Sci 7:164\u2013169","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"1020_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(99)00066-9","volume":"74","author":"F Xu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Xu F, Spelke ES (2000) Large number discrimination in 6-month-old infants. Cognition 74:B1\u2013B11","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"1020_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511615771.009","volume-title":"The psychology of problem solving","author":"BJ Zimmerman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zimmerman BJ, Campillo M (2003) Motivating self-regulated problem solvers. In: Davidson JE, Sternberg RJ (eds) The psychology of problem solving. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 233\u2013262"}],"container-title":["Cognitive Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10339-021-01020-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10339-021-01020-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10339-021-01020-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T15:24:24Z","timestamp":1724772264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10339-021-01020-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10339-021-01020-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1612-4782","1612-4790"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1612-4782"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1612-4790"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"On behalf of both authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study has been approved by the Institutional Board of the Institute for Waldorf Education, Inclusion and Interculturalism, Alanus University\/Campus Mannheim. Participants in this research received information about the study and its purpose and participated voluntarily. They agreed to the publication of the experimental data in anonymous form. Participation in this project involved no risks that went beyond the risks of normal life.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical statement"}}]}}