{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T02:13:47Z","timestamp":1768270427574,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008349","name":"Universit\u00e4t Duisburg-Essen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cogn Process"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In several studies, individuals who reported to frequently multitask with different media displayed reduced cognitive performance, for example in fluid intelligence and executive functioning. These cognitive functions are relevant for making advantageous decisions under both objective risk (requiring reflection and strategical planning) and ambiguous risk (requiring learning from feedback). Thus, compared to low media multitaskers (LMMs), high media multitaskers (HMMs) may perform worse in both types of decision situations. The current study investigated HMMs and LMMs in a laboratory setting with the Game of Dice Task (GDT; objective risk), the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT; ambiguous risk), various tests quantifying cognitive functions (logical reasoning, working memory, information processing, general executive functions), and self-report measures of impulsivity, media multitasking expectancies, and problematic Internet use. From 182 participants, 25 HMMs and 19 LMMs were identified using the Media Multitasking Index. Results show that HMMs compared to LMMs performed weaker on the IGT but not on the GDT. Furthermore, HMMs had slightly decreased performance in tests of logical reasoning and working memory capacity. HMMs tended to increased information processing speed but this difference was not significant. Furthermore, HMMs have more positive expectancies regarding media multitasking and reported higher tendencies toward problematic Internet use. HMMs and LMMs did not differ significantly with respect to impulsivity and executive functions. The results give a first hint that HMMs may have difficulties in decision-making under ambiguous but not under objective risk. HMMs may be more prone to errors in tasks that require feedback processing. However, HMMs appear not to be impaired in aspects of long-term strategic decision-making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-021-01029-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T02:03:28Z","timestamp":1622167408000},"page":"593-607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Decision-making, cognitive functions, impulsivity, and media multitasking expectancies in high versus low media multitaskers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Silke M.","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Schiebener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Liebherr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1029_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031208","volume":"39","author":"R Alzahabi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alzahabi R, Becker MW (2013) The association between media multitasking, task-switching, and dual-task performance. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 39:1485\u20131495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0031208","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"key":"1029_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.11.029","volume":"68","author":"AH Bargeron","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bargeron AH, Hormes JM (2017) Psychosocial correlates of internet gaming disorder: psychopathology, life satisfaction, and impulsivity. Comput Hum Behav 68:388\u2013394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2016.11.029","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"1029_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.06.013","volume":"190","author":"S Bayard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bayard S, Raffard S, Gely-Nargeot M-C (2011) Do facets of self-reported impulsivity predict decision-making under ambiguity and risk? Evidence from a community sample. Psychiatry Res 190:322\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.06.013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1029_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(94)90018-3","volume":"50","author":"A Bechara","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bechara A, Damasio AR, Damasio H, Anderson SW (1994) Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition 50:7\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0010-0277(94)90018-3","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"1029_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5304.1293","volume":"275","author":"A Bechara","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bechara A, Damasio H, Tranel D, Damasio AR (1997) Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy. Science 275:1293\u20131295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.275.5304.1293","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1029_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.11.2189","volume":"123","author":"A Bechara","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bechara A, Tranel D, Damasio H (2000) Characterization of the decision-making deficit of patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions. Brain 123:2189\u20132202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/123.11.2189","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1029_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bertrams A, Dickh\u00e4user O (2009) Messung dispositioneller Selbstkontroll-Kapazit\u00e4t [Measuring dispositional self-control capacities]. Diagnostica 55:2\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1026\/0012-1924.55.1.2","DOI":"10.1026\/0012-1924.55.1.2"},{"key":"1029_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1155\/2004\/578354","volume":"15","author":"M Brand","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brand M et al (2004) Decision-making impairments in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Behav Neurol 15:77\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2004\/578354","journal-title":"Behav Neurol"},{"key":"1029_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.19.3.267","volume":"19","author":"M Brand","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brand M, Fujiwara E, Borsutzky S, Kalbe E, Kessler J, Markowitsch HJ (2005) Decision-making deficits of Korsakoff patients in a new gambling task with explicit rules: associations with executive functions. Neuropsychology 19:267\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0894-4105.19.3.267","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"1029_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2006.03.001","volume":"19","author":"M Brand","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brand M, Labudda K, Markowitsch HJ (2006) Neuropsychological correlates of decision-making in ambiguous and risky situations. Neural Netw 19:1266\u20131276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neunet.2006.03.001","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"key":"1029_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.09.021","volume":"45","author":"M Brand","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brand M, Grabenhorst F, Starcke K, Vandekerckhove MMP, Markowitsch HJ (2007a) Role of the amygdala in decisions under ambiguity and decisions under risk: evidence from patients with Urbach\u2013Wiethe disease. Neuropsychologia 45:1305\u20131317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.09.021","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1029_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390500507196","volume":"29","author":"M Brand","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brand M, Recknor EC, Grabenhorst F, Bechara A (2007b) Decisions under ambiguity and decisions under risk: correlations with executive functions and comparisons of two different gambling tasks with implicit and explicit rules. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 29:86\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803390500507196","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"1029_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390902776860","volume":"31","author":"M Brand","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brand M, Laier C, Pawlikowski M, Markowitsch HJ (2009) Decision making with and without feedback: the role of intelligence, strategies, executive functions, and cognitive styles. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 31:984\u2013998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803390902776860","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"1029_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01256","volume":"5","author":"M Brand","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brand M, Laier C, Young KS (2014a) Internet addiction: coping styles, expectancies, and treatment implications. Front Psychol 5:1256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01256","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1029_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00375","volume":"8","author":"M Brand","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brand M, Young KS, Laier C (2014b) Prefrontal control and Internet addiction: a theoretical model and review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings. Front Hum Neurosci 8:375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00375","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"1029_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033","volume":"71","author":"M Brand","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brand M, Young KS, Laier C, W\u00f6lfling K, Potenza MN (2016) Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: an interaction of person-affect-cognition-execution (I-PACE) model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 71:252\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"1029_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032","volume":"104","author":"M Brand","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brand M, Wegmann E, Stark R, M\u00fcller A, W\u00f6lfling K, Robbins TW, Potenza MN (2019) The interaction of person-affect-cognition-execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 104:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"1029_CR18","first-page":"197","volume":"23","author":"MJ Breiner","year":"1999","unstructured":"Breiner MJ, Stritzke WG, Lang AR (1999) Approaching avoidance: a step essential to the understanding of craving. Alcohol Res Health 23:197\u2013206","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health"},{"key":"1029_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1027\/\/1618-3169.49.2.109","volume":"49","author":"R Br\u00fcnken","year":"2002","unstructured":"Br\u00fcnken R, Steinbacher S, Plass JL, Leutner D (2002) Assessment of cognitive load in multimedia learning using dual-task methodology. Exp Psychol 49:109\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/\/1618-3169.49.2.109","journal-title":"Exp Psychol"},{"key":"1029_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-009-9083-4","volume":"19","author":"MT Buelow","year":"2009","unstructured":"Buelow MT, Suhr JA (2009) Construct validity of the Iowa gambling task. Neuropsychol Rev 19:102\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11065-009-9083-4","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"1029_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2012.11.019","volume":"54","author":"MT Buelow","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buelow MT, Suhr JA (2013) Personality characteristics and state mood influence individual deck selections on the Iowa Gambling Task. Pers Individ Diff 54:593\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2012.11.019","journal-title":"Pers Individ Diff"},{"key":"1029_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327043hup1903_4","volume":"19","author":"M B\u00fchner","year":"2006","unstructured":"B\u00fchner M, K\u00f6nig CJ, Pick M, Krumm S (2006) Working memory dimensions as differential predictors of the speed and error aspect of multitasking performance. Hum Perform 19:253\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327043hup1903_4","journal-title":"Hum Perform"},{"key":"1029_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1068\/p7017","volume":"40","author":"MS Cain","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cain MS, Mitroff SR (2011) Distractor filtering in media multitaskers. Perception 40:1183\u20131192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1068\/p7017","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"1029_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-016-1036-3","volume":"23","author":"MS Cain","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cain MS, Leonard JA, Gabrieli JD, Finn AS (2016) Media multitasking in adolescence. Psychon B Rev 23:1932\u20131941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13423-016-1036-3","journal-title":"Psychon B Rev"},{"key":"1029_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2014.12.005","volume":"35","author":"LM Carrier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carrier LM, Rosen LD, Cheever NA, Lim AF (2015) Causes, effects, and practicalities of everyday multitasking. Dev Rev 35:64\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dr.2014.12.005","journal-title":"Dev Rev"},{"key":"1029_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2005.11.009","volume":"15","author":"JA Cheyne","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cheyne JA, Carriere JSA, Smilek D (2006) Absent-mindedness: lapses of conscious awareness and everyday cognitive failures. Conscious Cogn 15:578\u2013592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.concog.2005.11.009","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"1029_CR27","volume-title":"Descartes\u2019 error: emotion, reason, and the human brain","author":"AR Damasio","year":"1994","unstructured":"Damasio AR (1994) Descartes\u2019 error: emotion, reason, and the human brain. Grosset\/Putnam, New York"},{"key":"1029_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.01.006","volume":"45","author":"M Delazer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Delazer M, Sinz H, Zamarian L, Benke T (2007) Decision-making with explicit and stable rules in mild Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neuropsychologia 45:1632\u20131641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.01.006","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1029_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2626(00)91277-6","volume":"47","author":"NL Denburg","year":"2001","unstructured":"Denburg NL, Tranel D, Bechara A, Damasio AR (2001) Normal aging may compromise the ability to decide advantageously. Brain Cogn 47:156\u2013159","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"1029_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1401.031","volume":"1121","author":"NL Denburg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Denburg NL, Cole CA, Hernandez M, Yamada TH, Tranel D, Bechara A, Wallace RB (2007) The orbitofrontal cortex, real-world decision making, and normal aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1121:480\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1401.031","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"1029_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dickman SJ (1993) Impulsivity and information processing. In: McCown WG, Johnson JL, Shure MB (eds) The impulsive client: theory, research, and treatment. American Psychological Association, pp 151\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/10500-010","DOI":"10.1037\/10500-010"},{"key":"1029_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(99)00120-8","volume":"28","author":"SJ Dickman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dickman SJ (2000) Impulsivity, arousal and attention. Pers Individ Differ 28:563\u2013581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0191-8869(99)00120-8","journal-title":"Pers Individ Differ"},{"key":"1029_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.09.002","volume":"485","author":"G Dong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dong G, Lu Q, Zhou H, Zhao X (2010) Impulse inhibition in people with Internet addiction disorder: electrophysiological evidence from a Go\/NoGo study. Neurosci Lett 485:138\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.09.002","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"1029_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003227","author":"J-C Dreher","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dreher J-C, Koechlin E, Tierney M, Grafman J (2008) Damage to the fronto-polar cortex is associated with impaired multitasking. PLoS ONE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0003227","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1029_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.07.001","volume":"30","author":"BD Dunn","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dunn BD, Dalgleish T, Lawrence AD (2006) The somatic marker hypothesis: a critical evaluation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 30:239\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.07.001","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"1029_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.06.014","volume":"47","author":"F Euteneuer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Euteneuer F et al (2009) Dissociation of decision-making under ambiguity and decision-making under risk in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a neuropsychological and psychophysiological study. Neuropsychologia 47:2882\u20132890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.06.014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1029_CR37","volume-title":"Generation M: media in the lives of 8\u201318 year-olds","author":"UG Foehr","year":"2005","unstructured":"Foehr UG, Rideout V, Roberts DF (2005) Generation M: media in the lives of 8\u201318 year-olds. HJKF Foundation, Menlo Park, CA"},{"key":"1029_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2019.04.010","volume":"189","author":"SA Himi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Himi SA, B\u00fchner M, Schwaighofer M, Klapetek A, Hilbert S (2019) Multitasking behavior and its related constructs: executive functions, working memory capacity, relational integration, and divided attention. Cognition 189:275\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cognition.2019.04.010","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"1029_CR39","volume-title":"Leistungspr\u00fcfsystem [German Intelligence Test Battery]","author":"W Horn","year":"1983","unstructured":"Horn W (1983) Leistungspr\u00fcfsystem [German Intelligence Test Battery]. Hogrefe, G\u00f6ttingen"},{"key":"1029_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.04.040","volume":"36","author":"Y Hwang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hwang Y, Kim HJ, Jeong S-H (2014) Why do media users multitask?: Motives for general, medium-specific, and content-specific types of multitasking. Comput Human Behav 36:542\u2013548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2014.04.040","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"key":"1029_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ioannidis K, Hook R, Goudriaan AE, Vlies S, Fineberg NA, Grant JE, Chamberlain SR (2019) Cognitive deficits in problematic Internet use: a meta-analysis of 40 studies. Br J Psychiatry 1\u20138","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2019.3"},{"key":"1029_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/hcre.12089","volume":"42","author":"S-H Jeong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jeong S-H, Hwang Y (2016) Media multitasking effects on cognitive vs. attitudinal outcomes: a meta-analysis. Hum Commun Res 42:599\u2013618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hcre.12089","journal-title":"Hum Commun Res"},{"key":"1029_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1086\/268109","volume":"37","author":"E Katz","year":"1973","unstructured":"Katz E, Blumler JG, Gurevitch M (1973) Uses and gratifications research. Public Opin Quarterly 37:509\u2013523","journal-title":"Public Opin Quarterly"},{"key":"1029_CR44","first-page":"343","volume":"26","author":"J Kessler","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kessler J, Calabrese P, Kalbe E, Berger F (2000) DemTect: Ein neues Screening-Verfahren zur Unterst\u00fctzung der Demenzdiagnostik. Psycho 26:343\u2013347","journal-title":"Psycho"},{"key":"1029_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.05.003","volume":"190","author":"Y-T Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim Y-T, Sohn H, Jeong J (2011) Delayed transition from ambiguous to risky decision making in alcohol dependence during Iowa Gambling Task. Psychiatry Res 190:297\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.05.003","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1029_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0159788","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159788","volume":"11","author":"Y Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim Y et al (2016) Personality factors predicting smartphone addiction predisposition: behavioral inhibition and activation systems, impulsivity, and self-control. PLoS ONE 11:e0159788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0159788","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1029_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD, Karila M, Billieux J (2014) Internet addiction: A systematic review of epidemiological research for the last decade. Curr Pharm Des 20","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113199990617"},{"key":"1029_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/23808985.2015.11679173","volume":"39","author":"A Lang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lang A, Chrzan J (2015) Media multitasking: good, bad, or ugly? Ann Int Commun Assoc 39:99\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23808985.2015.11679173","journal-title":"Ann Int Commun Assoc"},{"key":"1029_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2012.0063","volume":"15","author":"HW Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee HW, Choi J-S, Shin Y-C, Lee J-Y, Jung HY, Kwon JS (2012) Impulsivity in internet addiction: a comparison with pathological gambling. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 15:373\u2013377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2012.0063","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"key":"1029_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-012-0245-7","volume":"19","author":"KF Lui","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lui KF, Wong AC-N (2012) Does media multitasking always hurt? A positive correlation between multitasking and multisensory integration. Psychon B Rev 19:647\u2013653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13423-012-0245-7","journal-title":"Psychon B Rev"},{"key":"1029_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16075","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406666101","volume":"101","author":"TV Maia","year":"2004","unstructured":"Maia TV, McClelland JL (2004) A reexamination of the evidence for the somatic marker hypothesis: what participants really know in the Iowa gambling task. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:16075\u201316080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0406666101","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1029_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-018-0096-z","volume":"15","author":"KE May","year":"2018","unstructured":"May KE, Elder AD (2018) Efficient, helpful, or distracting? A literature review of media multitasking in relation to academic performance. Int J Educ Technol High Educ 15:13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41239-018-0096-z","journal-title":"Int J Educ Technol High Educ"},{"key":"1029_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1026\/0012-1924\/a000042","volume":"57","author":"A Meule","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meule A, V\u00f6gele C, K\u00fcbler A (2011) Psychometrische evaluation der deutschen barratt impulsiveness Scale-Kurzversion (BIS-15) [Psychometric evaluation of the German Barrat Impulsiveness Scale-Short version (BIS-15)]. Diagnostica 57:126\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1026\/0012-1924\/a000042","journal-title":"Diagnostica"},{"key":"1029_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-013-0456-6","volume":"20","author":"M Minear","year":"2013","unstructured":"Minear M, Brasher F, McCurdy M, Lewis J, Younggren A (2013) Working memory, fluid intelligence, and impulsiveness in heavy media multitaskers. Psychon Bull Rev 20:1274\u20131281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13423-013-0456-6","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"1029_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411429458","volume":"21","author":"A Miyake","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miyake A, Friedman NP (2012) The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions: four general conclusions. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 21:8\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0963721411429458","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"1029_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1999.0734","volume":"41","author":"A Miyake","year":"2000","unstructured":"Miyake A, Friedman NP, Emerson MJ, Witzki AH, Howerter A, Wager TD (2000) The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex \u201cFrontal Lobe\u201d tasks: a latent variable analysis. Cogn Psychol 41:49\u2013100","journal-title":"Cogn Psychol"},{"key":"1029_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.04.011","volume":"134","author":"M Moisala","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moisala M et al (2016) Media multitasking is associated with distractibility and increased prefrontal activity in adolescents and young adults. Neuroimage 134:113\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.04.011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1029_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/20445911.2016.1245660","volume":"29","author":"SM Mueller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mueller SM, Schiebener J, St\u00f6ckigt G, Brand M (2017) Short-and long-term consequences in decision-making under risk: immediate feedback about long-term prospects benefits people tending to impulsive processing. J Cogn Psychol 29:217\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20445911.2016.1245660","journal-title":"J Cogn Psychol"},{"key":"1029_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/s0010-9452(76)80035-4","volume":"12","author":"HE Nelson","year":"1976","unstructured":"Nelson HE (1976) A modified card sorting test sensitive to frontal lobe defects. Cortex 12:313\u2013324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0010-9452(76)80035-4","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"1029_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15583","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903620106","volume":"106","author":"E Ophir","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ophir E, Nass C, Wagner AD (2009) Cognitive control in media multitaskers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:15583\u201315587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0903620106","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"1029_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::AID-JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2-1","volume":"51","author":"JH Patton","year":"1995","unstructured":"Patton JH, Stanford MS, Barratt ES (1995) Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. J Clin Psychol 51:768\u2013774","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"1029_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.05.017","volume":"188","author":"M Pawlikowski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pawlikowski M, Brand M (2011) Excessive Internet gaming and decision making: do excessive World of Warcraft-players have problems in decision making under risky conditions? Psychiatry Res 188:428\u2013433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.05.017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1029_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.10.014","volume":"29","author":"M Pawlikowski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pawlikowski M, Altst\u00f6tter-Gleich C, Brand M (2013) Validation and psychometric properties of a short version of Young\u2019s Internet Addiction Test. Comput Hum Behav 29:1212\u20131223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2012.10.014","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"1029_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-013-0523-7","volume":"78","author":"BCW Ralph","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ralph BCW, Thomson DR, Cheyne JA, Smilek D (2014) Media multitasking and failures of attention in everyday life. Psychol Res 78:661\u2013669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00426-013-0523-7","journal-title":"Psychol Res"},{"key":"1029_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-014-0771-7","volume":"77","author":"BC Ralph","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ralph BC, Thomson DR, Seli P, Carriere JS, Smilek D (2015) Media multitasking and behavioral measures of sustained attention. Atten Percept Psychophys 77:390\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13414-014-0771-7","journal-title":"Atten Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"1029_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000219","volume":"145","author":"TS Redick","year":"2016","unstructured":"Redick TS et al (2016) Cognitive predictors of a common multitasking ability: contributions from working memory, attention control, and fluid intelligence. J Exp Psychol Gen 145:1473\u20131492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/xge0000219","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"key":"1029_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1958.8.3.271","volume":"8","author":"RM Reitan","year":"1958","unstructured":"Reitan RM (1958) Validity of the trail making test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Percept Mot Skills 8:271\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pms.1958.8.3.271","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"1029_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54402","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054402","volume":"8","author":"DM Sanbonmatsu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sanbonmatsu DM, Strayer DL, Medeiros-Ward N, Watson JM (2013) Who multi-tasks and why? Multi-tasking ability, perceived multi-tasking ability, impulsivity, and sensation seeking. PLoS ONE 8:e54402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0054402","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1029_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-015-9285-x","volume":"25","author":"J Schiebener","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schiebener J, Brand M (2015a) Decision making under objective risk conditions-a review of cognitive and emotional correlates, strategies, feedback processing, and external influences. Neuropsychol Rev 25:171\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11065-015-9285-x","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"1029_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-015-9285-x","volume":"25","author":"J Schiebener","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schiebener J, Brand M (2015b) Decision making under objective risk conditions\u2014a review of cognitive and emotional correlates, strategies, feedback processing, and external influences. Neuropsychol Rev 25:1\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11065-015-9285-x","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"1029_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2016.1159944","author":"J Schiebener","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schiebener J, Brand M (2016) Age-related variance in decisions under ambiguity is explained by changes in reasoning, executive functions and decision-making under risk. Cogn Emot EPub. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699931.2016.1159944","journal-title":"Cogn Emot EPub"},{"key":"1029_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2011.595702","volume":"33","author":"J Schiebener","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schiebener J, Zamarian L, Delazer M, Brand M (2011) Executive functions, categorization of probabilities, and learning from feedback: what does really matter for decision making under explicit risk conditions? J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 33:1025\u20131039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803395.2011.595702","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"1029_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01386","volume":"5","author":"J Schiebener","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schiebener J, Wegmann E, Gathmann B, Laier C, Pawlikowski M, Brand M (2014) Among three different executive functions, general executive control ability is a key predictor of decision making under objective risk. Front Psychol 5:1386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01386","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1029_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.11.018","volume":"92","author":"M Shin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shin M, Webb A, Kemps E (2019) Media multitasking, impulsivity and dual task ability. Comput Hum Behav 92:160\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2018.11.018","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"1029_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-010-0387-3","volume":"12","author":"K Starcke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Starcke K, Pawlikowski M, Wolf OT, Altst\u00f6tter-Gleich C, Brand M (2011) Decision making under risk conditions is susceptible to interference by a secondary executive task. Cogn Process 12:177\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10339-010-0387-3","journal-title":"Cogn Process"},{"key":"1029_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029929","volume":"25","author":"H Steingroever","year":"2013","unstructured":"Steingroever H, Wetzels R, Horstmann A, Neumann J, Wagenmakers E-J (2013) Performance of healthy participants on the Iowa Gambling Task. Psychol Assess 25:180\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0029929","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"1029_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1037\/h0054651","volume":"18","author":"JR Stroop","year":"1935","unstructured":"Stroop JR (1935) Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. J Exp Psychol 18:643\u2013662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0054651","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"1029_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x","volume":"72","author":"JP Tangney","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tangney JP, Baumeister RF, Boone AL (2004) High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. J Pers 72:271\u2013324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x","journal-title":"J Pers"},{"key":"1029_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.04.002","volume":"30","author":"ME Toplak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Toplak ME, Sorge GB, Benoit A, West RF, Stanovich KE (2010) Decision-making and cognitive abilities: a review of associations between Iowa Gambling Task performance, executive functions, and intelligence. Clin Psychol Rev 30:562\u2013581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.04.002","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1029_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-015-0907-3","volume":"23","author":"MR Uncapher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Uncapher MR, Thieu MK, Wagner AD (2016) Media multitasking and memory: differences in working memory and long-term memory. Psychon B Rev 23:483\u2013490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13423-015-0907-3","journal-title":"Psychon B Rev"},{"key":"1029_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1758D","volume":"140","author":"MR Uncapher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Uncapher MR et al (2017) Media multitasking and cognitive, psychological, neural, and learning differences. Pediatrics 140:S62\u2013S66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2016-1758D","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"1029_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.06.035","volume":"53","author":"WA van der Schuur","year":"2015","unstructured":"van der Schuur WA, Baumgartner SE, Sumter SR, Valkenburg PM (2015) The consequences of media multitasking for youth: a review. Comput Human Behav 53:204\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2015.06.035","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"key":"1029_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2012.01641.x","volume":"62","author":"Z Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang Z, Tchernev JM (2012) The \u201cMyth\u201d of media multitasking: reciprocal dynamics of media multitasking, personal needs, and gratifications. J Commun 62:493\u2013513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2012.01641.x","journal-title":"J Commun"},{"key":"1029_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2496","volume":"30","author":"MA Wetherell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wetherell MA, Carter K (2014) The multitasking framework: the effects of increasing workload on acute psychobiological stress reactivity. Stress Health 30:103\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smi.2496","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"1029_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E119","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13010119","volume":"13","author":"M Wood","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wood M, Black S, Gilpin A (2016) The effects of age, priming, and working memory on decision-making. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13:E119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph13010119","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1029_CR86","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019) International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision. https:\/\/icd.who.int. Accessed August 24th 2019"},{"key":"1029_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-019-01870-4","volume":"224","author":"B Worringer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Worringer B, Langner R, Koch I, Eickhoff SB, Eickhoff CR, Binkofski FC (2019) Common and distinct neural correlates of dual-tasking and task-switching: a meta-analytic review and a neuro-cognitive processing model of human multitasking. Brain Struct Funct 224:1845\u20131869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00429-019-01870-4","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"1029_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1556\/JBA.2.2013.006","volume":"2","author":"AMS Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu AMS, Cheung VI, Ku L, Hung EPW (2013) Psychological risk factors of addiction to social networking sites among Chinese smartphone users. J Behav Addict 2:160\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/JBA.2.2013.006","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"key":"1029_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.12187","volume":"51","author":"X Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang X, Zhu L (2016) Predictors of media multitasking in Chinese adolescents. Int J Psychol 51:430\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijop.12187","journal-title":"Int J Psychol"},{"key":"1029_CR90","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Risk-taking behavior","author":"JF Yates","year":"1992","unstructured":"Yates JF, Stone ER (1992) The risk construct. In: Yates JF (ed) Risk-taking behavior. Wiley series in human performance and cognition, Wiley, Oxford, England, pp 1\u201325"},{"key":"1029_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2004.01290.x","volume":"58","author":"HJ Yoo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yoo HJ et al (2004) Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and internet addiction. Psychiat Clin Neuros 58:487\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2004.01290.x","journal-title":"Psychiat Clin Neuros"},{"key":"1029_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.1998.1.237","volume":"3","author":"KS Young","year":"1998","unstructured":"Young KS (1998) Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychol Behav 3:237\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cpb.1998.1.237","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav"},{"key":"1029_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.05.006","volume":"28","author":"W Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang W, Zhang L (2012) Explicating multitasking with computers: gratifications and situations. Comput Human Behav 28:1883\u20131891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2012.05.006","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"}],"container-title":["Cognitive Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10339-021-01029-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10339-021-01029-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10339-021-01029-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T13:25:29Z","timestamp":1635168329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10339-021-01029-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["1029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10339-021-01029-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1612-4782","1612-4790"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1612-4782","type":"print"},{"value":"1612-4790","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 January 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in the current study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional ethics committee (ethics committee of the division of Computer Science and Applied Cognitive Sciences at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Duisburg-Essen) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}