{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T17:22:28Z","timestamp":1778520148619,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ES\/M009254\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/M009254\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministry of University and Research","award":["use-inspired basic research"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["use-inspired basic research"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cogn Process"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many older people, both with and without dementia, eventually move from their familiar home environments into unfamiliar surroundings, such as sheltered housing or care homes. Age-related declines in wayfinding skills can make it difficult to learn to navigate in these new, unfamiliar environments. To facilitate the transition to their new accommodation, it is therefore important to develop retirement complexes and care homes specifically designed to reduce the wayfinding difficulties of older people and those with Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). Residential complexes that are designed to support spatial orientation and that compensate for impaired navigation abilities would make it easier for people with dementia to adapt to their new living environment. This would improve the independence, quality of life and well-being of residents, and reduce the caregivers\u2019 workload. Based on these premises, this opinion paper considers how evidence from cognitive psychology, neuropsychology and environmental psychology can contribute to ageing- and dementia-friendly design with a view to minimising spatial disorientation. After an introduction of the cognitive mechanisms and processes involved in spatial navigation, and the changes that occur in typical and atypical ageing, research from the field of environmental psychology is considered, highlighting design factors likely to facilitate (or impair) indoor wayfinding in complex buildings. Finally, psychological theories and design knowledge are combined to suggest ageing- and dementia-friendly design guidelines that aim to minimise spatial disorientation by focusing on residual navigation skills.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-021-01031-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T06:03:28Z","timestamp":1622181808000},"page":"715-730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Ageing- and dementia-friendly design: theory and evidence from cognitive psychology, neuropsychology and environmental psychology can contribute to design guidelines that minimise spatial disorientation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Jan M.","family":"Wiener","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Pazzaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1031_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1006\/jevp.1996.0026","volume":"16","author":"TM Abu-Ghazzeh","year":"1996","unstructured":"Abu-Ghazzeh TM (1996) Movement and wayfinding in the King Saud University built environment: a look at freshman orientation and environmental information. J Environ Psychol 16:303\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jevp.1996.0026","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"key":"1031_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1006\/jevp.1997.0070","volume":"17","author":"V Aginsky","year":"1997","unstructured":"Aginsky V, Harris C, Rensink R, Beusmans J (1997) Two strategies for learning a route in a driving simulator. J Environ Psychol 17:317\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jevp.1997.0070","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1031_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2008.00147.x","volume":"18","author":"I Alafuzoff","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alafuzoff I, Arzberger T, Al-Sarraj S, Bodi I, Bogdanovic N, Braak H et al (2008) Staging of neurofibrillary pathology in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a study of the BrainNet Europe consortium. Brain Pathol 18(4):484\u2013496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2008.00147.x","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"1031_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-016-9703-5","volume":"82","author":"VJA Anacta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anacta VJA, Schwering A, Li R, Muenzer S (2017) Orientation information in wayfinding instructions: evidences from human verbal and visual instructions. GeoJournal 82:567\u2013583","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"key":"1031_CR5","volume-title":"Wayfinding: people, signs, and architecture","author":"P Arthur","year":"1992","unstructured":"Arthur P, Passini R (1992) Wayfinding: people, signs, and architecture. McGraw-Hill Book Co, New York"},{"key":"1031_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916504265445","volume":"36","author":"A Baskaya","year":"2004","unstructured":"Baskaya A, Wilson C, \u00d6zcan YZ (2004) Wayfinding in an unfamiliar environment: different spatial settings of two polyclinics. Environ Behav 36:839\u2013867. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013916504265445","journal-title":"Environ Behav"},{"key":"1031_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199310000-00005","volume":"70","author":"CJ Bassi","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bassi CJ, Solomon K, Og Young D (1993) Vision in aging and dementia. Optom vis Sci 70:809\u2013813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006324-199310000-00005","journal-title":"Optom vis Sci"},{"key":"1031_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000009","volume":"28","author":"T Benke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Benke T, Karner E, Petermichl S, Prantner V, Kemmler G (2014) Neuropsychological deficits associated with route learning in Alzheimer disease, MCI, and normal aging. Alz Dis Assoc 28:162\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000009","journal-title":"Alz Dis Assoc"},{"key":"1031_CR9","first-page":"72","volume":"1","author":"EP Berkeley","year":"1973","unstructured":"Berkeley EP (1973) More than you want to know about the Boston City All. Archit plus 1:72\u201377","journal-title":"Archit plus"},{"key":"1031_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.05.024","volume":"138","author":"MJ Betts","year":"2016","unstructured":"Betts MJ, Acosta-Cabronero J, Cardenas-Blanco A, Nestor PJ, D\u00fczel E (2016) High-resolution characterisation of the aging brain using simultaneous quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and R2* measurements at 7 T. Neuroimage 138:43\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.05.024","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"10","key":"1031_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20715","volume":"20","author":"CM Bird","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bird CM, Chan D, Hartley T, Pijnenburg YA, Rossor MN, Burgess N (2010) Topographical short-term memory differentiates Alzheimer\u2019s disease from frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Hippocampus 20(10):1154\u20131169","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"1031_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1515\/REVNEURO.2006.17.1-2.239","volume":"17","author":"N Burgess","year":"2006","unstructured":"Burgess N, Trinkler I, King J, Kennedy A, Cipolotti L (2006) Impaired allocentric spatial memory underlying topographical disorientation. Rev Neurosci 17:239\u2013251","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1031_CR13","volume-title":"Psychology for architects","author":"DV Canter","year":"1974","unstructured":"Canter DV (1974) Psychology for architects. Applied Science Publisher, London"},{"key":"1031_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721410383243","volume":"19","author":"LA Carlson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carlson LA, H\u00f6lscher C, Shipley TF, Dalton RC (2010) Getting lost in buildings. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 19:284\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0963721410383243","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"1031_CR15","first-page":"427","volume-title":"Handbook of environmental psychology","author":"JR Carpman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Carpman JR, Grant MA (2002) Wayfinding: a broad view. In: Bechtel RB, Churchman A (eds) Handbook of environmental psychology. Wiley, New York, pp 427\u2013442"},{"key":"1031_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1177\/1471301214535134","volume":"13","author":"E Caspi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Caspi E (2014) Wayfinding difficulties among elders with dementia in an assisted living residence. Dementia 13:429\u2013450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1471301214535134","journal-title":"Dementia"},{"key":"1031_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1076\/anec.10.4.255.28971","volume":"10","author":"PA Cernin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cernin PA, Keller BK, Stoner JA (2003) Color vision in Alzheimer\u2019s patients: can we improve object recognition with color cues? Aging Neuropsychol C 10:255\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/anec.10.4.255.28971","journal-title":"Aging Neuropsychol C"},{"key":"1031_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00304","volume":"3","author":"E Chan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chan E, Baumann O, Bellgrove MA, Mattingley JB (2012) From objects to landmarks: the function of visual location information in spatial navigation. Front Psychol 3:304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00304","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1031_CR19","first-page":"27","volume":"23","author":"R Cooper","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cooper R (2010) Successful signage: how hospitals have solved wayfinding challenges. Health Facil Manag 23:27\u201330","journal-title":"Health Facil Manag"},{"issue":"116","key":"1031_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9285","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1901600116","volume":"2019","author":"G Coughlan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Coughlan G, Coutrot A, Khondoker M, Minihane AM, Spiers H, Hornberger M (2019) Toward personalized cognitive diagnostics of at-genetic-risk Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2019(116):9285\u20139292","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1031_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410290110","volume":"29","author":"A Cronin-Golomb","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cronin-Golomb A, Corkin S, Rizzo JF, Cohen J, Growdon JH, Banks KS (1991) Visual dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: relation to normal aging. Ann Neurol 29:41\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.410290110","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1031_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.01-1101","volume":"44","author":"RW Crow","year":"2003","unstructured":"Crow RW, Levin LB, LaBree L, Rubin R, Feldon SE (2003) Sweep visual evoked potential evaluation of contrast sensitivity in Alzheimer\u2019s dementia. Invest Ophthalmol vis Sci 44:875\u2013878","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol vis Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"1031_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000326262.67613.fe","volume":"71","author":"LA Cushman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cushman LA, Stein K, Duffy CJ (2008) Detecting navigational deficits in cognitive aging and Alzheimer disease using virtual reality. Neurol 71(12):888\u2013895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000326262.67613.fe","journal-title":"Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1031_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3928\/00989134-20160212-07","volume":"42","author":"R Davis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Davis R, Weisbeck C (2016) Creating a supportive environment using cues for wayfinding in dementia. J Gerontol Nurs 42(3):36\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/00989134-20160212-07","journal-title":"J Gerontol Nurs"},{"key":"1031_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3928\/19404921-20081001-06","volume":"1","author":"R Davis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Davis R, Therrien B, West B (2008) Cue conditions and wayfinding in older and younger women. Res Gerontol Nurs 1:252\u2013263","journal-title":"Res Gerontol Nurs"},{"key":"1031_CR26","volume-title":"Dementia design audit tool","author":"Dementia Services Development Centre","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dementia Services Development Centre (2011) Dementia design audit tool, 2nd edn. University of Stirling, Stirling, UK","edition":"2"},{"issue":"4","key":"1031_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916580124003","volume":"12","author":"AS Devlin","year":"1980","unstructured":"Devlin AS (1980) Housing for the elderly: cognitive considerations. Environ Behav 12(4):451\u2013466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013916580124003","journal-title":"Environ Behav"},{"key":"1031_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3390\/bs4040423","volume":"4","author":"A Devlin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Devlin A (2014) Wayfinding in healthcare facilities: contributions from environmental psychology. Behav Sci 4:423\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs4040423","journal-title":"Behav Sci"},{"key":"1031_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1006\/jevp.1997.0045","volume":"17","author":"AS Devlin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Devlin AS, Bernstein J (1997) Interactive way-finding: map style and effectiveness. J Environ Psychol 17:99\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jevp.1997.0045","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"key":"1031_CR30","first-page":"28","volume":"129","author":"JM Dixon","year":"1968","unstructured":"Dixon JM (1968) Campus city revisited. Arch. Forum 129:28\u201343","journal-title":"Forum"},{"key":"1031_CR31","unstructured":"Edge KJ (2003) Wall color of patient's room: effects on recovery (Doctoral dissertation, University of Florida)"},{"key":"1031_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00803","volume":"8","author":"AD Ekstrom","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ekstrom AD, Arnold AE, Iaria G (2014) A critical review of the allocentric spatial representation and its neural underpinnings: toward a network-based perspective. Front Hum Neurosci 8:803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00803","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"1031_CR33","unstructured":"EUROSTAT (2019) People in the EU: statistics on an ageing society. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/statistics-explained\/index.php?title=People_in_the_EU_-_statistics_on_an_ageing_society&oldid=417833#Senior_citizens_on_the_move. Accessed on 16 Jan 2020"},{"key":"1031_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.65.4.474","volume":"65","author":"GW Evans","year":"1980","unstructured":"Evans GW, Fellows J, Zorn M, Doty K (1980) Cognitive mapping and architecture. J Appl Psychol 65:474","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"key":"1031_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205014666171030112339","volume":"15","author":"F Fasano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fasano F, Mitolo M, Gardini S, Venneri A, Caffarra P, Pazzaglia F (2018) Combining structural magnetic resonance imaging and visuospatial tests to classify mild cognitive impairment. Curr Alzheimer Res 15:237\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1567205014666171030112339","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"key":"1031_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6612.2010.00444.x","volume":"30","author":"R Fleming","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fleming R (2011) An environmental audit tool suitable for use in homelike facilities for people with dementia. Australas J Ageing 30:108\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1741-6612.2010.00444.x","journal-title":"Australas J Ageing"},{"key":"1031_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00856","volume":"10","author":"F Fornara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fornara F, Lai AE, Bonaiuto M, Pazzaglia F (2019) Residential place attachment as an adaptive strategy for coping with the reduction of spatial abilities in old age. Front Psychol 10:856. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00856","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1031_CR38","first-page":"55","volume":"3","author":"T G\u00e4rling","year":"1986","unstructured":"G\u00e4rling T, B\u00f6\u00f6k A, Lindberg E (1986) Spatial orientation and wayfinding in the designed environment: a conceptual analysis and some suggestions for post occupancy evaluation. J Archit Plann Res 3:55\u201364","journal-title":"J Archit Plann Res"},{"key":"1031_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/153331750401900110","volume":"19","author":"MC Gibson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gibson MC, MacLean J, Borrie M, Geiger J (2004) Orientation behaviors in residents relocated to a redesigned dementia care unit. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 19:45\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/153331750401900110","journal-title":"Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen"},{"issue":"2","key":"1031_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1108\/QAOA-04-2013-0006","volume":"15","author":"B Godwin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Godwin B (2014) Colour consultation with dementia home residents and staff. Qual Ageing Older Adults 15(2):102\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/QAOA-04-2013-0006","journal-title":"Qual Ageing Older Adults"},{"key":"1031_CR41","first-page":"131","volume-title":"Handbook of environmental psychology","author":"RG Golledge","year":"1987","unstructured":"Golledge RG (1987) Environmental cognition. In: Stokols D, Altman I (eds) Handbook of environmental psychology. Wiley, New York, pp 131\u2013174"},{"key":"1031_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-018-0884-3","volume":"19","author":"R Grzeschik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grzeschik R, Dalton R, Innes A, Wiener J (2018) Effects of cognitive ageing on finding and selecting reliable landmarks. Cogn Process 19:S32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10339-018-0884-3","journal-title":"Cogn Process"},{"key":"1031_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.2.183.37344","volume":"46","author":"H Hancock","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hancock H, Rogers W, Schroeder D, Fisk A (2004) Safety symbol comprehension: effects of symbol type, familiarity and age. Hum Factors 46:183\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/hfes.46.2.183.37344","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"1031_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1518\/0018720054679407","volume":"4","author":"H Hancock","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hancock H, Fisk A, Rogers W (2005) Comprehending product warning information: age-related effects and the roles of memory, inferencing and knowledge. Hum Factors 4:19\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/0018720054679407","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"1031_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22011","volume":"22","author":"MA Harris","year":"2012","unstructured":"Harris MA, Wolbers T (2012) Ageing effects on path integration and landmark navigation. Hippocampus 22:1770\u20131780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hipo.22011","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"1031_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.10.086","volume":"35","author":"MA Harris","year":"2014","unstructured":"Harris MA, Wolbers T (2014) How age-related strategy switching deficits affect wayfinding in complex environments. Neurobiol Aging 35:1095\u20131102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.10.086","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"1031_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/s0896-6273(03)00095-3","volume":"37","author":"T Hartley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hartley T, Maguire EA, Spiers HJ, Burgess N (2003) The well-worn route and the path less traveled: distinct neural bases of route following and wayfinding in humans. Neuron 37:877\u2013888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0896-6273(03)00095-3","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1031_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00235","volume":"9","author":"S Hartmeyer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hartmeyer S, Grzeschik R, Wolbers T, Wiener JM (2017) The effects of attentional engagement on route learning performance in a virtual environment: an aging study. Front Aging Neurosci 9:235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00235","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"1031_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.01.012","volume":"209","author":"D Head","year":"2010","unstructured":"Head D, Isom M (2010) Age effects on wayfinding and route learning skills. Behav Brain Res 209:49\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.01.012","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"1031_CR50","unstructured":"Health Facilities Scotland (2007) Wayfinding: effective wayfinding and signing systems guidance for healthcare facilities. Health Facilities Scotland, a division of NHS Services Scotland"},{"key":"1031_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hegarty M, Waller DA (2005) Individual differences in spatial abilities. In: Shah P, Miyake A (eds) The Cambridge handbook of visuospatial thinking, pp 21\u2013169. New York, NY: Cambridge University. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511610448.005","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511610448.005"},{"key":"1031_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2020.104524","volume":"207","author":"C Hilton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hilton C, Johnson A, Slattery TJ, Miellet S, Wiener JM (2021) The impact of cognitive aging on route learning rate and the acquisition of landmark knowledge. Cognition 207:104524","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"1031_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.08.040","volume":"196","author":"G Iaria","year":"2009","unstructured":"Iaria G, Palermo L, Committeri G, Barton JJS (2009) Age differences in the formation and use of cognitive maps. Behav Brain Res 196:187\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.08.040","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1031_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2011.556601","volume":"15","author":"A Innes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Innes A, Kelly F, Dincarslan O (2011) Care home design for people with dementia: what do people with dementia and their family carers value? Aging Mental Health 15(5):548\u2013556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13607863.2011.556601","journal-title":"Aging Mental Health"},{"key":"1031_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13875868.2011.581773","volume":"12","author":"T Ishikawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ishikawa T, Nakamura U (2012) Landmark selection in the environment: relationships with object characteristics and sense of direction. Spat Cogn Comput 12:1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13875868.2011.581773","journal-title":"Spat Cogn Comput"},{"key":"1031_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(01)00055-3","volume":"18","author":"P Jansen-Osmann","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jansen-Osmann P (2002) Using desktop virtual environments to investigate the role of landmarks. Comput Human Behav 18:427\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0747-5632(01)00055-3","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"key":"1031_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1257","volume":"7","author":"G Janzen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Janzen G, van Tourennout M (2004) Selective neural representation of objects relevant for navigation. Nat Neurosci 7:673\u2013677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn1257","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1031_CR58","unstructured":"Kahana E (1982) A congruence model of person-environment interaction. Aging Environ Theor Appr 97\u2013121"},{"key":"1031_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2004.10.016","volume":"159","author":"E Kalova","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kalova E, Vlcek K, Jarolimova E, Bures J (2005) Allothetic orientation and sequential ordering of places is impaired in early stages of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: corresponding results in real space tests and computer tests. Behav Brain Res 159:175\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2004.10.016","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"1031_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/001391657300500202","volume":"5","author":"R Kaplan","year":"1973","unstructured":"Kaplan R (1973) Some psychological benefits of gardening. Environ Behav 5:145\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001391657300500202","journal-title":"Environ Behav"},{"key":"1031_CR61","volume-title":"Environmental knowing: theories, research, and methods","author":"R Kaplan","year":"1976","unstructured":"Kaplan R (1976) Way-finding in the natural environment. In: Moore G, Golledge R (eds) Environmental knowing: theories, research, and methods. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, PA"},{"issue":"1","key":"1031_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.6.1.10","volume":"6","author":"KC Kirasic","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kirasic KC (1991) Spatial cognition and behavior in young and elderly adults: Implications for learning new environments. Psychol Aging 6(1):10\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0882-7974.6.1.10","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"1031_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jab.2016.02.002","volume":"14","author":"B Klimova","year":"2016","unstructured":"Klimova B, Kuca K (2016) Speech and language impairments in dementia. J Appl Biomed 14:97\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jab.2016.02.002","journal-title":"J Appl Biomed"},{"key":"1031_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klippel A, Winter S (2005) Structural salience of landmarks for route directions. In: Cohn AG, Mark DM (eds) Spatial information theory, Proceedings of COSIT 2005, pp 347\u2013362. Berlin: Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/11556114_22"},{"key":"1031_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/14498596.2006.9635068","volume":"51","author":"A Klippel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Klippel A, Freksa C, Winter S (2006) You-are-here maps in emergencies: the danger of getting lost. J Spat Sci 51:117\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14498596.2006.9635068","journal-title":"J Spat Sci"},{"key":"1031_CR66","unstructured":"KnightFranks, UK Healthcare (2018) https:\/\/content.knightfrank.com\/research\/336\/documents\/en\/healthcare-development-2018-5683.pdf. Accessed on 14 Jan 2020"},{"key":"1031_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s13218-017-0487-7","volume":"31","author":"J Krukar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krukar J, Schwering A, Anacta VJ (2017) Landmark-based navigation in cognitive systems. German J Artif Intell 31:121\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13218-017-0487-7","journal-title":"German J Artif Intell"},{"key":"1031_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac8128","volume":"350","author":"L Kunz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kunz L, Schr\u00f6der TN, Lee H, Montag C, Lachmann B, Sariyska R, Fell J (2015) Reduced grid-cell-like representations in adults at genetic risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Science 350:430\u2013433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aac8128","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1031_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-140063","volume":"42","author":"C Lanza","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lanza C, Kn\u00f6rzer O, Weber M, Riepe MW (2014) Autonomous spatial orientation in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer\u2019s disease by using mobile assistive devices: a pilot study. J Alzheimers Dis 42:879\u2013884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-140063","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"1031_CR70","first-page":"276","volume-title":"Birren JE","author":"MP Lawton","year":"1977","unstructured":"Lawton MP (1977) The impact of environment on ageing and behaviour. In: Schaie KW (ed) Birren JE. Handbook of physiology of ageing. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, USA, pp 276\u2013301"},{"key":"1031_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01544230","volume":"30","author":"CA Lawton","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lawton CA (1994) Gender differences in way-finding strategies: relationship to spatial ability and spatial anxiety. Sex Roles 30:765\u2013779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01544230","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"1031_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1006\/jevp.1996.0011","volume":"16","author":"CA Lawton","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lawton CA (1996) Strategies for indoor wayfinding: the role of orientation. J Environ Psychol 16:137\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jevp.1996.0011","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"key":"1031_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/8.2.108","volume":"8","author":"MP Lawton","year":"1968","unstructured":"Lawton MP, Simon B (1968) The ecology of social relationships in housing for the elderly. Gerontologist 8:108\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geront\/8.2.108","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"1031_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.06.037","volume":"95","author":"AW Lester","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lester AW, Moffat SD, Wiener JM, Barnes CA, Wolbers T (2017) The aging navigational system. Neuron 95:1019\u20131035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.06.037","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1031_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.6.1.128","volume":"6","author":"PD Lipman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lipman PD (1991) Age and exposure differences in acquisition of route information. Psychol Aging 6:128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0882-7974.6.1.128","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"1031_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2012.04.007","volume":"12","author":"S Lithfous","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lithfous S, Dufour A, Despr\u00e9s O (2013) Spatial navigation in normal aging and the prodromal stage of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: insights from imaging and behavioral studies. Ageing Res Rev 12:201\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2012.04.007","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"1031_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.03.015","volume":"57","author":"PL Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu PL (2011) A study on the use of computerized concept mapping to assist ESL learners\u2019 writing. Comput Edu 57:2548\u20132558","journal-title":"Comput Edu"},{"issue":"12","key":"1031_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20080117","volume":"88","author":"TY Liu-Ambrose","year":"2008","unstructured":"Liu-Ambrose TY, Ashe MC, Graf P, Beattie BL, Khan KM (2008) Increased risk of falling in older community-dwelling women with mild cognitive impairment. Phys Ther 88(12):1482\u20131491","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"1031_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/0361073X.2018.1560117","volume":"45","author":"A Lopez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lopez A, Caffo O, Spano G, Bosco A (2018) The effect of aging on memory for recent and remote egocentric and allocentric information. Exp Aging Res 45(1):57\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0361073X.2018.1560117","journal-title":"Exp Aging Res"},{"key":"1031_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afl126","volume":"36","author":"A Macdonald","year":"2007","unstructured":"Macdonald A, Cooper B (2007) Long-term care and dementia services: an impending crisis. Age Ageing 36:16\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afl126","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"2","key":"1031_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/193758671100400207","volume":"4","author":"G Marquardt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marquardt G (2011) Wayfinding for people with dementia: a review of the role of architectural design. HERD 4(2):75\u201390","journal-title":"HERD"},{"key":"1031_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317509334959","volume":"24","author":"G Marquardt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marquardt G, Schmieg P (2009) Dementia-friendly architecture: environments that facilitate wayfinding in nursing homes. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 24:333\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1533317509334959","journal-title":"Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen"},{"issue":"1","key":"1031_CR83","first-page":"127","volume":"8","author":"G Marquardt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marquardt G, Bueter K, Motzek T (2014) Impact of the design of the built environment on people with dementia: an evidence-based review. Health Environ Res Des J 8(1):127\u2013157","journal-title":"Health Environ Res Des J"},{"key":"1031_CR84","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Community wayfinding: Pathways to understanding","author":"M Maus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maus M, Lindeman DA, Satariano WA (2016) Wayfinding, mobility, and technology for an aging society. In: Hunter RH, Anderson LA, Belza BL (eds) Community wayfinding: Pathways to understanding. Springer, Switzerland, pp 153\u2013170"},{"key":"1031_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1080\/1360786031000150676","volume":"7","author":"KS McGilton","year":"2003","unstructured":"McGilton KS, Rivera TM, Dawson P (2003) Can we help persons with dementia find their way in a new environment? Aging Ment Health 7:363\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1360786031000150676","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"key":"1031_CR86","first-page":"645","volume":"156","author":"J McKean","year":"1972","unstructured":"McKean J (1972) University of essex: case study. Archit J 156:645\u2013667","journal-title":"Archit J"},{"key":"1031_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1179\/1743277414Y.0000000101","volume":"53","author":"G McKenzie","year":"2016","unstructured":"McKenzie G, Klippel A (2016) The interaction of landmarks and map alignment in you-are-here maps. Cartogr J 53:43\u201354","journal-title":"Cartogr J"},{"issue":"32","key":"1031_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1080\/03640210802067004","volume":"2008","author":"T Meilinger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Meilinger T, Knauff M, B\u00fclthoff HH (2008) Working memory in wayfinding: a dual task experiment in a virtual city. Cogn Sci 2008(32):755\u2013770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03640210802067004","journal-title":"Cogn Sci"},{"key":"1031_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-121288","volume":"35","author":"M Mitolo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mitolo M, Gardini S, Fasano F, Crisi G, Pelosi A, Pazzaglia F, Caffarra P (2013) Visuospatial memory and neuroimaging correlates in mild cognitive impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 35:75\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-121288","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"1031_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-009-9120-3","volume":"19","author":"SD Moffat","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moffat SD (2009) Aging and spatial navigation: What do we know and where do we go? Neuropsychol Rev 19:478\u2013489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11065-009-9120-3","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"1031_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.03.052","volume":"307","author":"I Mokrisova","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mokrisova I, Laczo J, Andel R, Gazova I, Vyhnalek M, Nedelska Z, Levcik D, Cerman J, Vlcek K, Hort J (2016) Real-space path integration is impaired in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Behav Brain Res 307:150\u2013158","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"1031_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195103427.003.0011","volume-title":"Spatial and temporal reasoning in geographic information systems","author":"DR Montello","year":"1998","unstructured":"Montello DR (1998) A new framework for understanding the acquisition of spatial knowledge in large-scale environments. In: Egenhofer MJ, Golledge RG (eds) Spatial and temporal reasoning in geographic information systems. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 143\u2013154"},{"key":"1031_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511610448.008","volume-title":"The Cambridge handbook of visuospatial thinking","author":"DR Montello","year":"2005","unstructured":"Montello DR (2005) Navigation. In: Shah P, Miyake A (eds) The Cambridge handbook of visuospatial thinking. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 257\u2013294"},{"key":"1031_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12432","volume":"111","author":"V Muffato","year":"2020","unstructured":"Muffato V, Meneghetti C, Doria S, De Beni R (2020) The orientation of young and older adults\u2019 mental representations of their home town with familiar and new landmarks. Br J Psychol 111:762\u2013781","journal-title":"Br J Psychol"},{"key":"1031_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/153331759100600605","volume":"6","author":"KH Namazi","year":"1991","unstructured":"Namazi KH, Johnson BD (1991) Physical environmental cues to reduce the problems of incontinence in Alzheimer\u2019s disease units. Am J Alzheimer\u2019s Care Relat Disord Res 6:22\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/153331759100600605","journal-title":"Am J Alzheimer's Care Relat Disord Res"},{"key":"1031_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.930040305","volume":"4","author":"A Netten","year":"1989","unstructured":"Netten A (1989) The effect of design of residential homes in creating dependency among confused elderly residents: a study of elderly demented residents and their ability to find their way around homes for the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 4:143\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps.930040305","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"1031_CR97","first-page":"343","volume":"3","author":"E Noell-Waggoner","year":"2002","unstructured":"Noell-Waggoner E (2002) Light: an essential intervention for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Care Today 3:343\u2013352","journal-title":"Alzheimers Care Today"},{"key":"1031_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1177\/153331750101600413","volume":"16","author":"B Nolan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nolan B, Mathews M, Harrison M (2001) Using external memory aids to increase room finding by older adults with dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 16:251\u2013254","journal-title":"Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen"},{"key":"1031_CR99","unstructured":"Nolan B, Mathews R, Truesdell-Todd G, VanDorp A (2002) Evaluation of the effect of orientation cues on wayfinding in persons with dementia. Alzheimers Care Today. 3, 46\u201349. http:\/\/journals.lww.com\/actjournalonline\/pages\/currenttoc.aspx"},{"key":"1031_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1207\/s15427633scc0402_1","volume":"4","author":"C Nothegger","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nothegger C, Winter S, Raubal M (2004) Selection of salient features for route directions. Spat Cogn Comput 4:113\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15427633scc0402_1","journal-title":"Spat Cogn Comput"},{"key":"1031_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1177\/1471301215591334","volume":"16","author":"M O\u2019Malley","year":"2017","unstructured":"O\u2019Malley M, Innes A, Wiener JM (2017) Decreasing spatial disorientation in care-home settings: how psychology can guide the development of dementia-friendly design guidelines. Dementia 16:315\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1471301215591334","journal-title":"Dementia"},{"key":"1031_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-4944(05)80080-5","volume":"12","author":"MJ O\u2019Neill","year":"1992","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill MJ (1992) Effects of familiarity and plan complexity on wayfinding in simulated buildings. J Environ Psychol 12:319\u2013327","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"key":"1031_CR103","volume-title":"The hippocampus as a cognitive map","author":"J O'Keefe","year":"1978","unstructured":"O\u2019Keefe J, Nadel L (1978) The hippocampus as a cognitive map. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"issue":"9","key":"1031_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X17000277","volume":"38","author":"M O'Malley","year":"2017","unstructured":"O\u2019Malley M, Innes A, Muir S, Wiener JM (2017) \u2018All the corridors are the same\u2019: a qualitative study of the orientation experiences and design preferences of UK older adults living in a communal retirement development. Ageing Soc 38(9):1791\u20131816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0144686X17000277","journal-title":"Ageing Soc"},{"issue":"46","key":"1031_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-017-0763-7","volume":"2018","author":"M O'Malley","year":"2018","unstructured":"O\u2019Malley M, Innes A, Wiener JM (2018) How do we get there? Effects of cognitive aging on route memory. Mem Cognit 2018(46):274\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13421-017-0763-7","journal-title":"Mem Cognit"},{"key":"1031_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2012.12.004","volume":"21","author":"A Orrell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Orrell A, McKee K, Torrington J, Barnes S, Darton R, Netten A, Lewis A (2013) The relationship between building design and residents\u2019 quality of life in extra care housing schemes. Health Place 21:52\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthplace.2012.12.004","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"1031_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1081","volume":"19","author":"MC Pai","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pai MC, Jacobs WJ (2004) Topographical disorientation in community-residing patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 19:250\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps.1081","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"1031_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1177\/00139160021972748","volume":"32","author":"R Passini","year":"2000","unstructured":"Passini R, Pigot H, Rainville C, T\u00e9treault MH (2000) Wayfinding in a nursing home for advanced dementia of the Alzheimer\u2019s type. Environ Behav 32:684\u2013710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00139160021972748","journal-title":"Environ Behav"},{"key":"1031_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315169781-9","volume-title":"Representations in mind and world","author":"F Pazzaglia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pazzaglia F, Meneghetti C (2017) Acquiring spatial knowledge from different sources and perspectives: abilities, strategies and representations. In: Zacks JM, Taylor HA (eds) Representations in mind and world. Taylor & Francis, New York, pp 120\u2013134"},{"key":"1031_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pazzaglia F, Meneghetti C, Labate E, Ronconi L (2018a) Are wayfinding self-efficacy and pleasure in exploring related to shortcut finding? A study in a virtual environment. In: Barkowsky B, Holscher S (eds) Spatial cognition X, LNAI. pp 55\u201368","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-68189-4_4"},{"key":"1031_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00225","volume":"12","author":"F Pazzaglia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pazzaglia F, Meneghetti C, Ronconi L (2018b) Tracing a route and finding a shortcut: the working memory, motivational, and personality factors involved. Front Hum Neurosci 12:225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00225","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"1031_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-100654","volume":"21","author":"G Pengas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pengas G, Patterson K, Arnold RJ, Bird CM, Burgess N, Nestor PJ (2010) Lost and found: bespoke memory testing for Alzheimer\u2019s disease and semantic dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 21:1347\u20131365","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"1031_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Prince M, Knapp M, Guerchet M, McCrone P, Prina M, Comas HA, Wittenberg A, Adelaja R, Hu B, King B, Rehill D, Salimkumar D (2014) Dementia UK: update. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/2.1.3629.3446","DOI":"10.13140\/2.1.3629.3446"},{"issue":"4","key":"1031_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/46.4.533","volume":"46","author":"J Rabig","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rabig J, Thomas W, Kane RA, Cutler LJ, McAlilly S (2006) Radical redesign of nursing homes: applying the green house concept in Tupelo, Mississippi. Gerontologist 46(4):533\u2013539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geront\/46.4.533","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"1031_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raubal M, Winter S (2002) Enriching wayfinding instructions with local landmarks. In: Egenhofer MJ, Mark DM (eds) Geographic information science. GIScience 2002. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 2478. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/3-540-45799-2_17","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45799-2_17"},{"key":"1031_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-05732-3","volume-title":"Landmarks: GIScience for intelligent services","author":"KF Richter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Richter KF, Winter S (2014) Landmarks: GIScience for intelligent services. Springer, Heidelberg"},{"key":"1031_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.07.021","volume":"33","author":"MK Rodgers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rodgers MK, Sindone JA III, Moffat SD (2012) Effects of age on navigation strategy. Neurobiol Aging 33:202\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.07.021","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"1031_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.06.020","volume":"45","author":"TT Rogers","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rogers TT, Patterson K, Graham K (2007) Colour knowledge in semantic dementia: it is not all black and white. Neuropsychologia 45:3285\u20133298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.06.020","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1031_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm251","volume":"131","author":"JD Rohrer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rohrer JD, Knight WD, Warren JE, Fox NC, Rossor MN, Warren JD (2008) Word-finding difficulty: a clinical analysis of the progressive aphasias. Brain 131:8\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awm251","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1031_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617710000706","volume":"16","author":"TA Salthouse","year":"2010","unstructured":"Salthouse TA (2010) Selective review of cognitive aging. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 16:754\u2013760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617710000706","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"1031_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X05004423","volume":"26","author":"E Schr\u00f6der-Butterfill","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6der-Butterfill E, Marianti R (2006) A framework for understanding old-age vulnerabilities. Ageing Soc 26:9\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0144686X05004423","journal-title":"Ageing Soc"},{"key":"1031_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3138\/cja.27.3.253","volume":"27","author":"C Scialfa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scialfa C, Spadafora P, Klein M, Lesnik A, Dial L, Heinrich A (2008) Iconic sign comprehension in older adults: the role of cognitive impairment and text enhancement. Can J Aging\/la Revue Canadienne Du Vieillissement 27:253\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/cja.27.3.253","journal-title":"Can J Aging\/la Revue Canadienne Du Vieillissement"},{"key":"1031_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2014.04.004","volume":"16","author":"S Serino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Serino S, Cipresso P, Morganti F, Riva G (2014) The role of egocentric and allocentric abilities in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 16:32\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2014.04.004","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"1031_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00088","volume":"7","author":"S Serino","year":"2015","unstructured":"Serino S, Morganti F, Di Stefano F, Riva G (2015) Detecting early egocentric and allocentric impairments deficits in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: an experimental study with virtual reality. Front Aging Neurosci 7:88. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00088","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"1031_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1177\/1471301206062254","volume":"5","author":"B Sheehan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sheehan B, Burton E, Mitchell L (2006) Outdoor wayfinding in dementia. Dementia 5:271\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1471301206062254","journal-title":"Dementia"},{"key":"1031_CR126","first-page":"2689","volume":"71","author":"S Srinivas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Srinivas S (2011) Influence of motivation on wayfinding. Dissertation Abs Inter Sect A 71:2689","journal-title":"Dissertation Abs Inter Sect A"},{"issue":"2","key":"1031_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.33.2.378","volume":"33","author":"BJ Stankiewicz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stankiewicz BJ, Kalia AA (2007a) Acquistion of structural versus object landmark knowledge. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 33(2):378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0096-1523.33.2.378","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"issue":"2","key":"1031_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.33.2.378","volume":"33","author":"BJ Stankiewicz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stankiewicz BJ, Kalia AA (2007b) Acquistion of structural versus object landmark knowledge. J Exp Psychol Hum Percep Perform 33(2):378\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0096-1523.33.2.378","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percep Perform"},{"key":"1031_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01936","volume":"2015","author":"M Strickrodt","year":"1936","unstructured":"Strickrodt M, O\u2019Malley M, Wiener JM (1936) This place looks familiar: how navigators distinguish places with ambiguous landmark objects when learning novel routes. Front Psychol 2015:6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01936","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1031_CR130","unstructured":"The King\u2019s Fund (2013) Is your ward dementia friendly? EHE environmental assessment tool. http:\/\/www.kingsfund.org.uk\/sites\/files\/kf\/EHE-dementia-assessment-tool.pdf. Accessed on 16 Jan 2020"},{"key":"1031_CR131","volume-title":"Color in health care environments: a critical review of the literature","author":"R Tofle","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tofle R, Schwarz B, Yoon S, Max-Royale A (2004) Color in health care environments: a critical review of the literature. Coalition of Health, San Francisco, CA"},{"key":"1031_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1037\/h0061626","volume":"55","author":"EC Tolman","year":"1948","unstructured":"Tolman EC (1948) Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychol Rev 55:189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0061626","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1031_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(96)00060-3","volume":"51","author":"O Trullier","year":"1997","unstructured":"Trullier O, Wiener SI, Berthoz A, Meyer JA (1997) Biologically based artificial navigation systems: review and prospects. Prog Neurobiol 51:483\u2013544","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"1031_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.03.016","volume":"67","author":"S Tu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tu S, Wong S, Hodges JR, Irish M, Piguet O, Hornberger M (2015) Lost in spatial translation: a novel tool to objectively assess spatial disorientation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and frontotemporal dementia. Cortex 67:83\u201394","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"1031_CR135","volume-title":"Envisioning information","author":"EH Tufte","year":"1990","unstructured":"Tufte EH (1990) Envisioning information. Graphics Press, Cheshire, Connecticut"},{"key":"1031_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916502238865","volume":"35","author":"B Tversky","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tversky B (2003) Structures of mental spaces: how people think about space. Environ Behav 35:66\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013916502238865","journal-title":"Environ Behav"},{"key":"1031_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Viaene P, Vanclooster A, Ooms K, De Maeyer P (2014) Thinking aloud in search of landmark characteristics in an indoor environment. In: Proceedings of the 2014 Ubiquitous Positioning Indoor Navigation and Location Based Service (UPINLBS), pp 103\u2013110. IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/UPINLBS.2014.7033716","DOI":"10.1109\/UPINLBS.2014.7033716"},{"key":"1031_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2014.12.007","volume":"64","author":"P Vieweg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vieweg P, Stangl M, Howard LR, Wolbers T (2015) Changes in pattern completion: a key mechanism to explain age-related recognition memory deficits? Cortex 64:343\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2014.12.007","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"5","key":"1031_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193465","volume":"35","author":"D Waller","year":"2007","unstructured":"Waller D, Lippa Y (2007) Landmarks as beacons and associative cues: their role in route learning. Mem Cognit 35(5):910\u2013924. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03193465","journal-title":"Mem Cognit"},{"key":"1031_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)01961-7","volume":"6","author":"RF Wang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wang RF, Spelke ES (2002) Human spatial representation: Insights from animals. Trends Cogn Sci 6:376\u2013382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)01961-7","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"1031_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916581132004","volume":"13","author":"J Weisman","year":"1981","unstructured":"Weisman J (1981) Evaluating architectural legibility: way-finding in the built environment. Environ Behav 13:189\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013916581132004","journal-title":"Environ Behav"},{"key":"1031_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6012","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0717-12.2013","volume":"33","author":"JM Wiener","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wiener JM, de Condappa O, Harris MA, Wolbers T (2013) Maladaptive bias for extrahippocampal navigation strategies in aging humans. Jneurosci 33:6012\u20136017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0717-12.2013","journal-title":"Jneurosci"},{"key":"1031_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6712.1995.tb00256.x","volume":"9","author":"H Wijk","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wijk H, Sivik L (1995) Some aspects of colour perception among patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Scand J Caring Sci 9:3\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-6712.1995.tb00256.x","journal-title":"Scand J Caring Sci"},{"key":"1031_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.01.001","volume":"14","author":"T Wolbers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wolbers T, Hegarty M (2010) What determines our navigational abilities? Trends Cogn Sci 14:138\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2010.01.001","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"1031_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00571","volume":"8","author":"T Wolbers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wolbers T, Wiener JM (2014) Challenges for identifying the neural mechanisms that support spatial navigation: the impact of spatial scale. Front Hum Neurosci 8:571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00571","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"1031_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/12.5.483","volume":"12","author":"S Wood","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wood S, Mortel KF, Hiscock M, Breitmeyer BG, Caroselli JS (1997) Adaptive and maladaptive utilization of color cues by patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Arch Clin Neuropsych 12(5):483\u2013489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/12.5.483","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsych"},{"key":"1031_CR147","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2015) Fact sheet on ageing and health 2015. http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs404\/en\/. Accessed on 8 Nov 2017"},{"key":"1031_CR148","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2017) Dementia fact sheet 2017. http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs362\/en\/. Accessed on 8 Nov 2017"},{"key":"1031_CR149","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2019) Dementia fact sheet 2019. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/dementia. Accessed on 29 Jan 2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"1031_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3141\/2144-17","volume":"2144","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Chen X, Jiang J (2010) Wayfinding-oriented design for passenger guidance signs in large-scale transit center in China. Transp Res Rec 2144(1):150\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3141\/2144-17","journal-title":"Transp Res Rec"},{"issue":"6","key":"1031_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615574952","volume":"26","author":"M Zhao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhao M, Warren WH (2015) How you get there from here: interaction of visual landmarks and path integration in human navigation. Psychol Sci 26(6):915\u2013924","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"1031_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2019.1632255","volume":"2","author":"B Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao B, Gherri E, Della SS (2019) Age effects in mental rotation are due to the use of a different strategy. Aging Neuropsychol C 2:1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2019.1632255","journal-title":"Aging Neuropsychol C"},{"key":"1031_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00122","volume":"8","author":"JY Zhong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhong JY, Moffat SD (2016) Age-related differences in associative learning of landmarks and heading directions in a virtual navigation task. Front Aging Neurosci 8:122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00122","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"1031_CR154","unstructured":"Zimring C (1982) The built environment as a source of psychological stress: impacts of buildings and cities on satisfaction and behavior. Environ Stress 151\u2013178."},{"key":"1031_CR155","unstructured":"Zimring C (1990) The costs of confusion: non-monetary and monetary costs of the Emory University hospital wayfinding system. Atlanta: Georg Inst Technol 91(2)."}],"container-title":["Cognitive Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10339-021-01031-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10339-021-01031-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10339-021-01031-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]],"date-time":"2023-11-04T07:30:18Z","timestamp":1699083018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10339-021-01031-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"references-count":155,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["1031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10339-021-01031-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1612-4782","1612-4790"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1612-4782","type":"print"},{"value":"1612-4790","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration"}},{"value":"This is an opinion paper that does not require ethical approval. The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}