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Participants were instructed to encode the position of a convex target presented in a simple map without a time limit. Immediately after encoding the map, participants were presented with a referent space and asked to place a disc at the same location from memory. All spaces were designed as tactile graphics. Positions of targets varied along the horizontal dimension. The referent space was constant in size while sizes of maps were systematically varied, resulting in three scaling factor conditions: 1:4, 1:2, 1:1. Sixty adults participated in the study (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200921.18;\u00a0<jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091.05). One-third of them was blindfolded throughout the entire experiment (haptic condition). The second group of participants was allowed to see the graphics (visual condition); the third group were instructed to see and touch the graphics (bimodal condition). An analysis of participants\u2019 absolute errors showed that participants produced larger errors in the haptic condition as opposed to the visual and bimodal conditions. There was also a significant interaction effect between scaling factor and perceptual condition. In the visual and bimodal conditions, results showed a linear increase in errors with higher scaling factors (which may suggest that adults adopted mental transformation strategies during the spatial scaling process), whereas, in the haptic condition, this relation was quadratic. Findings imply that adults\u2019 spatial-scaling performance decreases when visual information is not available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-021-01071-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T11:02:43Z","timestamp":1640689363000},"page":"319-327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Differences in adults\u2019 spatial scaling based on visual or haptic information"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8437-0871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Szubielska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9223-495X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Szewczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9152-8470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenke","family":"M\u00f6hring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1071_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X0309700505","volume":"97","author":"F Blanco","year":"2003","unstructured":"Blanco F, Travieso D (2003) Haptic exploration and mental estimation of distances on a fictitious island: from mind\u2019s eye to mind\u2019s hand. 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The current study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Institute of Psychology of The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}]}}