{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T04:16:29Z","timestamp":1771992989537,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cogn Process"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-022-01103-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T17:03:10Z","timestamp":1657126990000},"page":"593-618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effect of functional and effective brain connectivity in identifying vowels from articulation imagery procedures"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6236-1491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandhya","family":"Chengaiyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3890-6399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kavitha","family":"Anandan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1103_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-004-0034-y","volume":"5","author":"A Aleman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Aleman A, Van\u2019t Wout M, (2004) Subvocalization in auditory-verbal imagery: just a form of motor imagery? Cogn Process 5(4):228\u2013231","journal-title":"Cogn Process"},{"issue":"5","key":"1103_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.3390\/s17050989","volume":"17","author":"C Amo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Amo C, de Santiago L, Barea R, Lopez-Dorado A, Boquete L (2017) Analysis of gamma band activity from human EEG using empirical mode decomposition. Sensors 17(5):989","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"4","key":"1103_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03202429","volume":"10","author":"RE Anderson","year":"1982","unstructured":"Anderson RE (1982) Speech imagery is not always faster than visual imagery. Mem Cognit 10(4):371\u2013380","journal-title":"Mem Cognit"},{"issue":"1","key":"1103_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(99)00128-4","volume":"94","author":"LA Baccala","year":"1999","unstructured":"Baccala LA, Sameshina K (1999) Using partial directed coherence to describe neuronal ensemble Interactions. J Neurosci Methods 94(1):93\u2013103","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"1103_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007990","volume":"84","author":"LA Baccala","year":"2001","unstructured":"Baccala LA, Sameshima K (2001) Partial directed coherence: a new concept in neural structure determination. Biol Cybern 84(6):463\u2013474","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"issue":"1","key":"1103_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","volume":"45","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breiman L (2001) Random forests. Mach Learn 45(1):5\u201332","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"key":"1103_CR7","volume-title":"Brodmann's: localisation in the cerebral cortex","author":"K Brodmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brodmann K (2007) Brodmann\u2019s: localisation in the cerebral cortex. Springer, New York"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1103_CR8","first-page":"173","volume":"10","author":"DE Callan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Callan DE, Callan AM, Honda K, Masaki S (2000) Single-sweep EEG analysis of neural processes underlying perception and production of vowels. Brain Res 10(1\u20132):173\u2013176","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1103_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994018","volume":"20","author":"C Cortes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cortes C, Vapnik V (1995) Support vector networks. Mach Learn 20(3):273\u2013297","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"issue":"4","key":"1103_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.4018\/IJCINI.2015100103","volume":"9","author":"S Chengaiyan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chengaiyan S, Anandhan K (2015) Analysis of speech imagery using functional and effective EEG based Brain connectivity parameters. Int J Cog Inform Nat Intell 9(4):33\u201348","journal-title":"Int J Cog Inform Nat Intell"},{"issue":"1","key":"1103_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11571-019-09558-5","volume":"14","author":"S Chengaiyan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chengaiyan S, Retnapandian AS, Anandan K (2020) Identification of vowels in consonant\u2013vowel\u2013consonant words from speech imagery based EEG signals. Cogn Neurodyn 14(1):1\u201319","journal-title":"Cogn Neurodyn"},{"issue":"9","key":"1103_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2009.05.008","volume":"22","author":"CS DaSalla","year":"2009","unstructured":"DaSalla CS, Kambara H, Sato M, Koike Y (2009) Single-trial classification of vowel speech imagery using common spatial patterns. Neural Netw 22(9):1334\u20131339","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"issue":"1","key":"1103_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0911-6044(00)00021-X","volume":"15","author":"G Dogil","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dogil G, Ackermann H, Grodd W, Haider H, Kamp H, Mayer J, Riecker A, Wildgruber D (2002) The speaking brain: a tutorial introduction to fMRI experiments in the production of speech, prosody and syntax. J Neurolinguistics 15(1):59\u201390","journal-title":"J Neurolinguistics"},{"key":"1103_CR14","unstructured":"Flandrin P, Goncalves P, Rilling G(2004) Detrending and denoising with Empirical Mode Decompositions. In: Proceedings of the 2004 12th European Signal Processing Conference: pp 1581\u20131584"},{"key":"1103_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1889(80)90069-X","volume":"2","author":"C Granger","year":"1980","unstructured":"Granger C (1980) Testing for causality: a personal view point. J Econ Dyn Control 2:329\u2013352","journal-title":"J Econ Dyn Control"},{"issue":"1971","key":"1103_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1998.0193","volume":"454","author":"NE Huang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Huang NE, Shen Z, Long SR, Wu CM, Shih HH, Zheng Q, Yen NC, Tung CC, Liu HH, (1998) The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis. Proc R Soc A 454(1971):903\u2013995","journal-title":"Proc R Soc A"},{"key":"1103_CR18","unstructured":"Idrees BM, Farooq O (2016) EEG based Vowel Classification during Speech Imagery. In proceedings of the 2016 In: IEEE 3rd International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom): pp. 1130\u20131134"},{"issue":"3","key":"1103_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00198091","volume":"65","author":"MJ Kaminski","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kaminski MJ, Blinowska KJ (1991) A new method of the description of the information flow in the brain structures. Biol Cybern 65(3):203\u2013210","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"issue":"2","key":"1103_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s004220000235","volume":"85","author":"M Kaminski","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kaminski M, Ding M, Truccolo WA, Bressler SL (2001) Evaluating causal relations in neural systems: Granger causality, directed transfer function and statistical assessment of significance. Biol Cybern 85(2):145\u2013157","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"key":"1103_CR21","volume-title":"Image and brain: the resolution of the imagery debate","author":"SM Kosslyn","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kosslyn SM (1996) Image and brain: the resolution of the imagery debate. MIT Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1103_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar Y, Dewal ML, Anand RS (2012) Features extraction of EEG signals using approximate and sample entropy. In:\u00a0Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Students' Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science: pp. 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/SCEECS.2012.6184830"},{"key":"1103_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2004.10.077","volume":"65","author":"H Liang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liang H, Bressler SL, Desimone R, Fries P (2005) Empirical mode decomposition: a method for analyzing neural data. Neurocomputing 65:801\u2013807","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"issue":"2","key":"1103_CR24","first-page":"233","volume":"33","author":"G Madzarov","year":"2009","unstructured":"Madzarov G, Gjorgjevikj D, Chorbev I (2009) A multi-class SVM classifier utilizing binary decision tree. Informatica 33(2):233\u2013241","journal-title":"Informatica"},{"issue":"6","key":"1103_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2013.2267931","volume":"30","author":"DP Mandic","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mandic DP, Rehman N, Wu Z, Huang NE (2013) Empirical mode decomposition-based time-frequency analysis of multivariate signals. IEEE Signal Process Mag 30(6):74\u201386","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process Mag"},{"key":"1103_CR26","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"B Min","year":"2016","unstructured":"Min B, Kim J, Park HJ, Lee B (2016) Vowel imagery decoding toward silent speech BCI using extreme learning machine with electroencephalogram. Bio Med Res Int 15:1\u201311","journal-title":"Bio Med Res Int"},{"key":"1103_CR27","first-page":"256","volume":"1","author":"O Eva","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eva O, Oskar O (2013) Methodology and application of One-way ANOVA. Am J Mech Eng 1:256\u2013261","journal-title":"Am J Mech Eng"},{"key":"1103_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.12.034","volume":"261","author":"M Perrone-Bertolotti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Perrone-Bertolotti M, Rapin L, Lachaux JP, Baciu M, Loevenbruck H. (2014) What is that little voice inside my head? Inner speech phenomenology, its role in cognitive performance, and its relation to self-monitoring. Behav Brain Res 261:220\u2013239","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"1103_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.6.2297","volume":"88","author":"SM Pincus","year":"1991","unstructured":"Pincus SM (1991) Approximate entropy as a measure of system complexity. Proc Natl Acad Sci 88(6):2297\u20132301","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"1103_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2113","volume":"8","author":"D Poeppel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Poeppel D, Hickok G (2007) The cortical organization of speech processing. Nat Rev Neurosci 8(5):393\u2013402","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1103_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00237","volume":"2","author":"CJ Price","year":"2011","unstructured":"Price CJ, Crinion JT, MacSweeney MA (2011) Generative model of speech production in Broca\u2019s and Wernicke\u2019s areas. Front Psychol 2:237","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1103_CR32","first-page":"2039","volume":"278","author":"JS Richman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Richman JS, Moorman JR (2000) Physiological time-series analysis using approximate entropy and sample entropy. Am J Physiol 278(6):2039\u20132049","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"1103_CR33","first-page":"14","volume":"7","author":"DA Rojas","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rojas DA, Ramos OL (2006) Recognition of Spanish vowels through imagined speech by using spectral analysis and SVM. J Inform Hiding Multimedia Signal Process 7:14","journal-title":"J Inform Hiding Multimedia Signal Process"},{"key":"1103_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandhya C, Srinidhi G, Vaishali R, Visali M, Kavitha A(2015a) Analysis of speech imagery using brain connectivity estimators. In: Proceedings of the 2015a IEEE 14th international conference on cognitive informatics and cognitive computing (ICCCI*CC): pp 352\u2013359","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCI-CC.2015.7259410"},{"key":"1103_CR35","unstructured":"Sandhya, C; Anandha Sree R; Kavitha, A (2015b). Analysis of speech imagery using consonant-vowel syllable speech pairs and brain connectivity estimators. In:\u00a0Proceedings of the 2015b 2nd international conference on biomedical systems, Signals and Images."},{"issue":"4","key":"1103_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1504\/IJBET.2019.10022442","volume":"30","author":"C Sandhya","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sandhya C, Kavitha A (2019) Analysis of speech imagery using brain connectivity estimators on consonant-vowel-consonant words. Int J Biomed Eng Technol 30(4):329\u2013343","journal-title":"Int J Biomed Eng Technol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1103_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1451-x","volume":"42","author":"AM Scheeren","year":"2012","unstructured":"Scheeren AM, Koot HM, Begeer S (2012) Social interaction style of children and adolescents with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 42(10):2046\u20132055","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"1103_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.85.461","volume":"85","author":"T Schreiber","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schreiber T (2000) Measuring information transfer. Phys Rev Lett 85(2):461\u2013464","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"1103_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2010.06.004","volume":"191","author":"AN Silchenko","year":"2010","unstructured":"Silchenko AN, Adamchica I, Pawelczyka N, Hauptmanna C, Maaroufb M, Sturmb V, Tassa PA (2010) Data-driven approach to the estimation of connectivity and time delays in the coupling of interacting neuronal subsystems. J Neurosci Methods 191(1):32\u201344","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"1103_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(86)90107-0","volume":"64","author":"RW Thatcher","year":"1986","unstructured":"Thatcher RW, Krause PJ, Hrybyk M (1986) Cortico-cortical associations an EEG coherence: a two-compartmental model. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 64(2):123\u2013143","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"1103_CR41","unstructured":"Thatcher RW, Biver CJ, North D (2004) EEG coherence and phase delays: comparisons between single reference, average reference and current source density. Neurology in Version 1, College of Medicine, University of South Florida"},{"key":"1103_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2010.00166","volume":"1","author":"X Tian","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tian X, Poeppel D (2010) Mental imagery of speech and movement implicates the dynamics of internal forward models. Front Psychol 1:166","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1103_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00314","volume":"6","author":"X Tian","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tian X, Poeppel D (2012) Mental imagery of speech: linking motor and perceptual systems through internal simulation and estimation. Front Hum Neurosci 6:314","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"1103_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.01.002","volume":"77","author":"X Tian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tian X, Zarate JM, Poeppel D (2016) Mental imagery of speech implicates two mechanisms of perceptual reactivation. Cortex 77:1\u201312","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"1103_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2020.00045","volume":"14","author":"M Ursino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ursino M, Ricci G, Magosso E (2020) Transfer entropy as a measure of brain connectivity: a critical analysis with the help of neural mass models. Front Comp Neurosci 14:45","journal-title":"Front Comp Neurosci"},{"key":"1103_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00175","volume":"10","author":"N Yoshimura","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yoshimura N, Nishimoto A, Belkacem AN, Shin D, Kambara H, Hanakawa T, Koike Y (2016) Decoding of covert vowel articulation using electroencephalography cortical currents. Front Neurosci 10:175","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Cognitive Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10339-022-01103-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10339-022-01103-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10339-022-01103-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T21:06:21Z","timestamp":1665781581000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10339-022-01103-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["1103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10339-022-01103-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1612-4782","1612-4790"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1612-4782","type":"print"},{"value":"1612-4790","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Sandhya Chengaiyan and Kavitha Anandan declare that they have no conflict of interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was given by Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. This work was performed in the Department of Biomedical Engineering as per the guidelines of the Institutional Ethical Committee of SSN College of Engineering, India, for human participants.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all the individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}