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In four experiments, we investigated what happens (a) when the definite determiner \u201cthe,\u201d which presupposes existence and uniqueness, does not find a unique referent in the context or (b) when the appropriate use of the indefinite determiner is violated by the presence of a unique referent (Experiment 1 and Experiment 2). To focus on the time-course of processing the uniqueness presupposition of the definite determiner, we embedded the determiner in different sentence structures and varied the context (Experiment 3 and Experiment 4). Reading time served as an index of processing difficulty in a word-by-word self-paced reading task and acceptability judgments provided hints for a possible repair of a presupposition violation. Our results showed that conflicting and missing context information lowered acceptability ratings and was associated with prolonged reading times. The pattern of results differed depending on the nature of the presupposition (Experiments 1 and 2) and whether supplementing missing context information was possible (Experiment 3 and Experiment 4). Our findings suggest that different cognitive processes come into play when interpreting presuppositions in order to get a meaningful interpretation of a discourse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-023-01150-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]],"date-time":"2023-07-15T11:01:36Z","timestamp":1689418896000},"page":"497-520","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Processing references in context: when the polar bear does not meet a polar bear"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9467-713X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bettina","family":"Rolke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mareike","family":"Kirsten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Verena C.","family":"Seibold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingo","family":"Hertrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"1150_CR1","unstructured":"Alonso-Ovalle L, Men\u00e9ndez-Benito P,  Schwarz F (2009) Maximize presupposition and two types of definite competitors. 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The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. The authors have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. The data of the participants were stored anonymously. No individual data are reported in the manuscript nor can data be assigned to individual persons.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The studies were not approved by an Ethics Committee because there was no committee responsible for behavioral studies within the University of T\u00fcbingen at the time the studies were run. An approval to run the reported non-invasive behavioral studies was not necessary at that time. In any case, we followed the guidelines concerning human research participants and accordingly, the rights of participants were fully protected in our studies.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research involving human participants"}}]}}