{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T04:36:57Z","timestamp":1741754217764,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729641600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008247","name":"University of Otago","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cogn Process"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Despite significant public concerns voiced about wearing face masks and reports from healthcare workers of adverse effects on cognition, research into potential adverse effects remains limited. The present trial investigated the effects of wearing a surgical face mask for prolonged periods on cognitive functioning and mood. We tested 42 university students (18\u201336\u00a0years old) using a controlled counterbalanced crossover design that involved a mask session and a control session, separated by 1\u00a0week. The two sessions were identical except that on the day of the mask session, participants were asked to wear a surgical mask for at least 8\u00a0h and to continue wearing it while visiting our laboratory, during which cognitive performance and mood were assessed as per the control session. Results showed that participants reported feeling less happy and more tense during the mask session compared to no-mask control. Additionally, cognitive performance differed between the two sessions for a selective attention task, reflecting slower response latencies during the mask session, which for the most part appeared to be driven by those who felt anxious wearing the mask. Although significant differences emerged for only two of six mood scales and one of eight cognitive tests, the evidence of adverse effects in a university population signals a need for research investigating vulnerable populations. Individuals with elevated anxiety may be particularly important to target.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Trail Registration<\/jats:italic>: This randomized controlled trial was retrospectively registered (ACTRN12620001215910). Date registered: 16\/11\/2020, retrospectively registered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-024-01238-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T06:02:59Z","timestamp":1729663379000},"page":"189-199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of wearing a surgical face mask on cognitive functioning and mood states: a randomised controlled trial in young adults"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3923-4819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neda","family":"Nasrollahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Jowett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liana","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1238_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2013.767383","volume":"56","author":"AA AlGhamri","year":"2013","unstructured":"AlGhamri AA, Murray SL, Samaranayake VA (2013) The effects of wearing respirators on human fine motor, visual, and cognitive performance. Ergonomics 56(5):791\u2013802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00140139.2013.767383","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"2","key":"1238_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glw061","volume":"72","author":"KL Bierre","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bierre KL, Lucas SJ, Guiney H, Cotter JD, Machado L (2017) Cognitive difficulty intensifies age-related changes in anterior frontal hemodynamics: novel evidence from near-infrared spectroscopy. J Gerontol Ser A: Biomed Sci Med Sci 72(2):181\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glw061","journal-title":"J Gerontol Ser A: Biomed Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1238_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2013.767383","volume":"10","author":"DH Brainard","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brainard DH (1997) The psychophysics toolbox. Spat Vis 10(4):433\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/156856897X00357","journal-title":"Spat Vis"},{"issue":"5","key":"1238_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12394","volume":"52","author":"TA Cameron","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cameron TA, Lucas SJ, Machado L (2015) Near-infrared spectroscopy reveals link between chronic physical activity and anterior frontal oxygenated hemoglobin in healthy young women. Psychophysiology 52(5):609\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyp.12394","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1238_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/00028899908984438","volume":"60","author":"DM Caretti","year":"1999","unstructured":"Caretti DM (1999) Cognitive performance and mood during respirator wear and exercise. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 60(2):213\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00028899908984438","journal-title":"Am Ind Hyg Assoc J"},{"key":"1238_CR4","unstructured":"CDC. (Updated 2021b) Your Guide to Masks. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/prevent-getting-sick\/about-face-coverings.html"},{"key":"1238_CR5","unstructured":"CDC (Updated 2021a) Types of Masks. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/prevent-getting-sick\/types-of-masks.html"},{"key":"1238_CR6","unstructured":"Cohen J (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"1238_CR7","unstructured":"Corsi P. M (1972). Human memory and the medial temporal region of the brain. Dissertation Abstracts International, 34, 819B. https:\/\/ci.nii.ac.jp\/naid\/10024136310\/en\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"1238_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, Buchner A (2007) G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 39(2):175\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03193146","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"1238_CR9","volume-title":"Applied longitudinal analysis","author":"GM Fitzmaurice","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fitzmaurice GM, Laird NM, Ware JH (2012) Applied longitudinal analysis, 2nd edn. Wiley","edition":"2"},{"key":"1238_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.05.022","volume":"189","author":"B Forsyth","year":"2016","unstructured":"Forsyth B, Machado L, Jowett T, Jakobi H, Garbe K, Winter H, Glue P (2016) Effects of low dose ibogaine on subjective mood state and psychological performance. J Ethnopharmacol 189:10\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2016.05.022","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1238_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000124","volume":"29","author":"H Guiney","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guiney H, Lucas SJ, Cotter JD, Machado L (2015) Evidence cerebral blood-flow regulation mediates exercise-cognition links in healthy young adults. Neuropsychology 29(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/neu0000124","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1238_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324826an0704_8","volume":"7","author":"RP Kessels","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kessels RP, van Zandvoort MJ, Postma A, Kappelle LJ, de Haan EH (2000) The corsi block-tapping task: standardization and normative data. Appl Neuropsychol 7(4):252\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15324826an0704_8","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1238_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2023.2214348","volume":"31","author":"M Kouwenhoven","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kouwenhoven M, Machado L (2024) Age differences in inhibitory and working memory functioning: limited evidence of system interactions. Aging Neuropsychol Cogn 31(3):524\u2013555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2023.2214348","journal-title":"Aging Neuropsychol Cogn"},{"issue":"1","key":"1238_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/73.1.13","volume":"73","author":"KY Liang","year":"1986","unstructured":"Liang KY, Zeger SL (1986) Longitudinal data-analysis using generalized linear-models. Biometrika 73(1):13\u201322","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"1","key":"1238_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2012.701651","volume":"66","author":"L Machado","year":"2013","unstructured":"Machado L, Guiney H, Struthers P (2013) Identity-based inhibitory processing during focused attention. Q J Exp Psychol 66(1):138\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17470218.2012.701651","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1238_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610218000996","volume":"31","author":"L Machado","year":"2019","unstructured":"Machado L, Thompson LM, Brett CHR (2019) Visual analogue mood scale scores in healthy young versus older adults. Int Psychogeriatr 31(3):417\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1041610218000996","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1238_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6950","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32180-9","volume":"13","author":"E-M Marek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marek E-M, van Kampen V, Jettkant B, Kendzia B, Strau\u00df B, Sucker K, B\u00fcnger J (2023) Effects of wearing different face masks on cardiopulmonary performance at rest and exercise in a partially double-blinded randomized cross-over study. Scientific Rep 13(1):6950","journal-title":"Scientific Rep"},{"key":"1238_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2020.1826840","author":"NB Morris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morris NB, Piil JF, Christiansen L, Flouris AD, Nybo L (2020) Prolonged facemask use in the heat worsens dyspnea without compromising motor-cognitive performance. Temperature. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23328940.2020.1826840","journal-title":"Temperature"},{"issue":"3","key":"1238_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.2021-0125","volume":"30","author":"N Nasrollahi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Nasrollahi N, Quensell J,  Machado L (2022) Effects of a brief stair-climbing intervention on cognitive functioning and mood states in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Aging Phys Act 30(3):455\u2013465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/japa.2021-0125","journal-title":"J Aging Phys Act"},{"issue":"4","key":"1238_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00366","volume":"10","author":"DG Pelli","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pelli DG (1997) The videotoolbox software for visual psychophysics: transforming numbers into movies. Spat Vis 10(4):437\u2013442. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/9176953","journal-title":"Spat Vis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1238_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-5823.2008.00062_8.x","volume":"76","author":"S Puntanen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Puntanen S (2008) Statistical design by george casella. Int Stat Rev 76(3):443\u2013443","journal-title":"Int Stat Rev"},{"key":"1238_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rosner E (2020) Adverse effects of prolonged mask use among healthcare professionals during COVID-19. J Infectious Dis Epidemiol https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23937\/2474-3658\/1510130","DOI":"10.23937\/2474-3658\/1510130"},{"key":"1238_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children9010095","author":"A Schlegtendal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schlegtendal A, Eitner L, Falkenstein M, Hoffmann A, L\u00fccke T, Sinningen K, Brinkmann F (2022) To mask or not to mask-evaluation of cognitive performance in children wearing face masks during school lessons (maskids). Children (Basel). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children9010095","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"1238_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2206528119","author":"D Smerdon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Smerdon D (2022) The effect of masks on cognitive performance. Proc Natl Acad Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2206528119","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1238_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99100-7","volume":"11","author":"RP Spang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Spang RP, Pieper K (2021) The tiny effects of respiratory masks on physiological, subjective, and behavioral measures under mental load in a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 11(1):19601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-99100-7","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1238_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34319-0","volume":"13","author":"V van Kampen","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Kampen V, Marek EM, Sucker K, Jettkant B, Kendzia B, Strau\u00df B, B\u00fcnger J (2023) Influence of face masks on the subjective impairment at different physical workloads. Sci Rep 13(1):8133","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"1238_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000503","volume":"30","author":"N White","year":"2018","unstructured":"White N, Forsyth B, Lee A, Machado L (2018) Repeated computerized cognitive testing: performance shifts and test-retest reliability in healthy young adults. Psychol Assess 30(4):539\u2013549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000503","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"2","key":"1238_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s41465-019-00149-0","volume":"4","author":"N White","year":"2020","unstructured":"White N, Naldoza-Drake P, Black K, Scullion L, Machado L (2020) Can improving the nutritional content of bread enhance cognition? Cognitive outcomes from a randomized controlled trial. J Cognit Enhancement 4(2):167\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41465-019-00149-0","journal-title":"J Cognit Enhancement"},{"key":"1238_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010674","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1010674","volume":"11","author":"AWK Yeung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yeung AWK, Parvanov ED, Horba\u0144czuk JO, Kletecka-Pulker M, Kimberger O, Willschke H, Atanasov AG (2023) Public interest in different types of masks and its relationship with pandemic and policy measures during the COVID-19 pandemic: a study using Google Trends data. Front Public Health 11:1010674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1010674","journal-title":"Front Public Health"}],"container-title":["Cognitive Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10339-024-01238-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10339-024-01238-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10339-024-01238-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T15:06:48Z","timestamp":1741705608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10339-024-01238-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1238"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10339-024-01238-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1612-4782","1612-4790"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1612-4782"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1612-4790"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 September 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee (D19\/297) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}