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Despite growing popularity, little work exists on understanding how CA inputs, such as the expert selection process and the mixing method used for discussion groups, affect results. In this work, we model CA deliberation and opinion change as a multi-agent systems problem. We introduce and formalise a set of criteria for evaluating successful CAs using insight from previous CA trials and theoretical results. Although real-world trials meet these criteria, we show that finding a model that does so is non-trivial; through simulations and theoretical arguments, we show that established opinion change models fail at least one of these criteria. We therefore propose an augmented opinion change model with a latent \u2018open-mindedness\u2019 variable, which sufficiently captures people\u2019s propensity to change opinion. We show that data from the CA of Scotland indicates a latent variable both exists and resembles the concept of open-mindedness in the literature. We calibrate parameters against real CA data, demonstrating our model\u2019s ecological validity, before running simulations across a range of realistic global parameters, with each simulation satisfying our criteria. Specifically, simulations meet criteria regardless of expert selection, expert ordering, participant extremism, and sub-optimal participant grouping, which has ramifications for optimised algorithmic approaches in the computational CA space.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10458-024-09655-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T08:05:03Z","timestamp":1719993903000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Beyond the echo chamber: modelling open-mindedness in citizens\u2019 assemblies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Jake","family":"Barrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kobi","family":"Gal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loizos","family":"Michael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Vilenchik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"9655_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1177\/0032329218789886","volume":"46","author":"J Gastil","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gastil, J., & Wright, E. 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Jake Barrett and Kobi Gal are working with the Sortition Foundation to embed their CA group allocation algorithm from previous work \u201cNow we\u2019re Talking: Better Deliberation Groups through Submodular Optimisation\u201d; said algorithm is used in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Most of our results are built on model simulations, using synthetic data sets. Where we do leverage real-world data, this is based on the CA of Scotland materials available at the UK Data Service. The data are safeguarded, meaning we have an agreement to use them in non-commercial settings, and participants in surveys explicitly consented for their data to be used in further studies.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}],"article-number":"30"}}