{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:02:30Z","timestamp":1773705750069,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723766400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Development Fund, Macau SAR","award":["File no. 0093\/2023\/RIA2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["File no. 0093\/2023\/RIA2"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62303460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62303460"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Artif Intell Rev"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent advances in human-in-the-loop or human-centric research have sparked a new wave of scientific exploration. These studies have\u00a0enhanced the understanding of complex social systems and contributed to more sustainable artificial intelligence (AI) ecosystems. However, the incorporation of human or social factors increases system complexity, making traditional approaches inadequate for managing these complex systems and necessitating a novel operational paradigm. Over decades of work, a mature and comprehensive theory of parallel intelligence (PI) has been established. Rooted in cyber-physical-social systems (CPSS), PI adapts flexibly to various situations within complex systems through the ACP framework (Artificial systems, Computational experiments, and Parallel execution), ensuring system reliability. This paper provides a detailed review and a novel perspective on PI, beginning with the historical and philosophical origins of CPSS and proceeding to present both the fundamental framework and technological implementations of PI. PI-based Industry 5.0 is highlighted, where three pillars are adopted to help realize the supposed vision. Additionally, the paper outlines applications of PI in multiple fields, such as transportation, healthcare, manufacturing, and agriculture, and discusses the opportunities and challenges for imaginative intelligence. The continuous exploration of PI is expected to eventually facilitate the realization of \u201c6S\u201d-based (safe, secure, sustainable, sensitive, service, and smart) parallel ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-024-10861-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T06:02:25Z","timestamp":1723788145000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Parallel intelligence in three decades: a historical review and future perspective on ACP and cyber-physical-social systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Xingxia","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yutong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fei-Yue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mengzhen","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yonglin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Imre","family":"Rudas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lingxi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Pia","family":"Fanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bassam","family":"Alrifaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Muhammet","family":"Deveci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Muhammad Khurram","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Long","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Philippe De","family":"Reffye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"10861_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2019.10.002","volume":"48","author":"BM Albaba","year":"2019","unstructured":"Albaba BM, Yildiz Y (2019) Modeling cyber-physical human systems via an interplay between reinforcement learning and game theory. Annu Rev Control 48:1\u201321","journal-title":"Annu Rev Control"},{"issue":"2","key":"10861_CR2","first-page":"161","volume":"43","author":"T Bai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bai T, Wang S, Shen Z et al (2017) Parallel robotics and parallel unmanned systems: framework, structure, process, platform and applications. Acta Automatica Sinica 43(2):161\u2013175","journal-title":"Acta Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"2","key":"10861_CR3","first-page":"181","volume":"1","author":"T Bai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bai T, Shen Z, Liu Y et al (2019) Parallel machine: a framework for the control and management for intelligent machines. Chin J Intell Sci Technol 1(2):181\u2013191","journal-title":"Chin J Intell Sci Technol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10861_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3849","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-020-09942-2","volume":"54","author":"A B\u00e9cue","year":"2021","unstructured":"B\u00e9cue A, Pra\u00e7a I, Gama J (2021) Artificial intelligence, cyber-threats and industry 4.0: challenges and opportunities. Artif Intell Rev 54(5):3849\u20133886","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10861_CR5","first-page":"23","volume":"1","author":"L Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen L, Yu W, Cao D et al (2018) Parallel unmanned system. Unmanned Syst Technol 1(1):23\u201337","journal-title":"Unmanned Syst Technol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10861_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1631\/FITEE.2100553","volume":"22","author":"W Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen W, Zhang T, Zhu H et al (2021) Perspectives on cross-domain visual analysis of cyber-physical-social big data. Front Inf Technol Electron Eng 22(12):1559\u20131564","journal-title":"Front Inf Technol Electron Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"10861_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2023.3264585","volume":"8","author":"Y Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen Y, Zhang H, Wang F-Y (2023a) Society-centered and DAO-powered sustainability in transportation 5.0: an intelligent vehicles perspective. IEEE Trans Intell Veh 8(4):2635\u20132638","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Veh"},{"issue":"6","key":"10861_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3533","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2023.3285417","volume":"8","author":"L Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen L, Xie J, Zhang X et al (2023b) Mining 5.0: concept and framework for intelligent mining systems in CPSS. IEEE Trans Intell Veh 8(6):3533\u20133536","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Veh"},{"issue":"12","key":"10861_CR9","first-page":"2003","volume":"41","author":"J Deng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Deng J, Wang F-Y, Chen Y et al (2015) From industries 4.0 to energy 5.0: concept and framework of intelligent energy systems. Acta Automatica Sinica 41(12):2003\u20132016","journal-title":"Acta Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"1","key":"10861_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2020.3041121","volume":"51","author":"D Ding","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ding D, Han Q-L, Ge X et al (2020) Secure state estimation and control of cyber-physical systems: a survey. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst 51(1):176\u2013190","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst"},{"issue":"5","key":"10861_CR11","first-page":"985","volume":"47","author":"J-W Fan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fan J-W, Zhang R-R, Lu M et al (2021) Applications of deep learning techniques for diabetic retinal diagnosis. Acta Automatica Sinica 47(5):985\u20131004","journal-title":"Acta Automatica Sinica"},{"key":"10861_CR12","unstructured":"Feng Z (2012) A behavioral study of Chinese online human flesh communities: Modeling and analysis with social networks. PhD thesis, The University of Arizona"},{"issue":"2","key":"10861_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2023.3246118","volume":"8","author":"S Ge","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ge S, Xie Y, Liu K et al (2023) The use of intelligent vehicles and artificial intelligence in mining operations: ethics, responsibility, and sustainability. IEEE Trans Intell Veh 8(2):1021\u20131024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Veh"},{"issue":"3","key":"10861_CR14","first-page":"620","volume":"47","author":"H Han","year":"2021","unstructured":"Han H, Zhang L, Lu W et al (2021a) Research on dynamic multiobjective intelligent optimal control for municipal wastewater treatment process. Acta Automatica Sinica 47(3):620\u2013629","journal-title":"Acta Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"11","key":"10861_CR15","first-page":"1","volume":"47","author":"H Han","year":"2021","unstructured":"Han H, Zhang L, Wu X et al (2021b) Data-knowledge driven multiobjective optimal control for municipal wastewater treatment process. Acta Automatica Sinica 47(11):1\u20139","journal-title":"Acta Automatica Sinica"},{"key":"10861_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-32237-2","volume-title":"Metareasoning for robots","author":"JW Herrmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Herrmann JW (2023) Metareasoning for robots. Springer, Cham"},{"issue":"6","key":"10861_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4929","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-022-10286-2","volume":"56","author":"Y Himeur","year":"2023","unstructured":"Himeur Y, Elnour M, Fadli F et al (2023) AI-big data analytics for building automation and management systems: a survey, actual challenges and future perspectives. Artif Intell Rev 56(6):4929\u20135021","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10861_CR18","first-page":"192","volume":"1","author":"J Hou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hou J, Dong X, Xiong G et al (2019) Parallel nuclear power: intelligent technology for smart nuclear power. Chin J Intell Sci Technol 1(2):192\u2013201","journal-title":"Chin J Intell Sci Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10861_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2017.7510487","volume":"4","author":"M Kang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kang M, Wang F-Y (2017) From parallel plants to smart plants: intelligent control and management for plant growth. IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica 4(2):161\u2013166","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"2","key":"10861_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2012.04177.x","volume":"195","author":"M Kang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kang M, Heuvelink E, Carvalho SM et al (2012) A virtual plant that responds to the environment like a real one: the case for chrysanthemum. New Phytol 195(2):384\u2013395","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10861_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3371","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2018.2858264","volume":"48","author":"M Kang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kang M, Fan X-R, Hua J et al (2018) Managing traditional solar greenhouse with CPSS: a just-for-fit philosophy. IEEE Trans Cybern 48(12):3371\u20133380","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Cybern"},{"issue":"6","key":"10861_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3718","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2022.3230830","volume":"53","author":"M Kang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kang M, Wang X, Wang H et al (2023) The development of AgriVerse: past, present, and future. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst 53(6):3718\u20133727","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"10861_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3711","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-022-10253-x","volume":"56","author":"DP Kaur","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kaur DP, Singh NP, Banerjee B (2023) A review of platforms for simulating embodied agents in 3D virtual environments. Artif Intell Rev 56(4):3711\u20133753","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"key":"10861_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-19071-1","volume-title":"Information science & technology in China: a roadmap to 2050","author":"G Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li G (2011) Information science & technology in China: a roadmap to 2050. Springer, Cham"},{"issue":"3","key":"10861_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2017.7510493","volume":"4","author":"L Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li L, Lin Y, Zheng N et al (2017) Parallel learning: a perspective and a framework. IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica 4(3):389\u2013395","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica"},{"key":"10861_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-018-9631-5","volume":"50","author":"L Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li L, Lin Y, Zheng N et al (2018) Artificial intelligence test: a case study of intelligent vehicles. Artif Intell Rev 50:441\u2013465","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"issue":"28","key":"10861_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw4106","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aaw4106","volume":"4","author":"L Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li L, Wang X, Wang K et al (2019) Parallel testing of vehicle intelligence via virtual-real interaction. Sci Robot 4(28):eaaw4106","journal-title":"Sci Robot"},{"issue":"10","key":"10861_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6297","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.2991039","volume":"22","author":"L Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li L, Zheng N, Wang F-Y (2020) A theoretical foundation of intelligence testing and its application for intelligent vehicles. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 22(10):6297\u20136306","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"10861_CR29","first-page":"387","volume":"3","author":"X Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li X, Wang X, Yang L et al (2021) MetaGrid: a parallel grids based approach for next generation smart power systems. Chinese J Intell Sci Technol 3(4):387\u2013398","journal-title":"Chinese J Intell Sci Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10861_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2022.3197950","volume":"37","author":"X Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li X, Ye P, Li J et al (2022) From features engineering to scenarios engineering for trustworthy AI: I &I, C &C, and V &V. IEEE Intell Syst 37(4):18\u201326","journal-title":"IEEE Intell Syst"},{"key":"10861_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li J, Liang X, Qin R, et\u00a0al (2023a) From DAO to TAO: finding the essence of decentralization. In 2023 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, pp 4283\u20134288","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC53992.2023.10394591"},{"issue":"5","key":"10861_CR32","first-page":"985","volume":"49","author":"J Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li J, Qin R, Ding W et al (2023b) A new framework for web3-powered decentralized autonomous organizations and operations. Acta Automatica Sinica 49(5):985\u2013998","journal-title":"Acta Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"7","key":"10861_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3771","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2023.3295796","volume":"8","author":"J Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li J, Qin R, Olaverri-Monreal C et al (2023c) Logistics 5.0: from intelligent networks to sustainable ecosystems. IEEE Trans Intell Veh 8(7):3771\u20133774","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Veh"},{"issue":"6","key":"10861_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2022.3226748","volume":"53","author":"J Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li J, Qin R, Wang F-Y (2023d) The future of management: DAO to smart organizations and intelligent operations. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst 53(6):3389\u20133399","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"10861_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2022.3228594","volume":"53","author":"X Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li X, Tian Y, Ye P et al (2023e) A novel scenarios engineering methodology for foundation models in Metaverse. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst 53(4):2148\u20132159","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst"},{"issue":"11","key":"10861_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1631\/FITEE.2000537","volume":"21","author":"Z Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu Z, Wang J (2020) Human-cyber-physical systems: concepts, challenges, and research opportunities. Front Inf Technol Electron Eng 21(11):1535\u20131553","journal-title":"Front Inf Technol Electron Eng"},{"issue":"24","key":"10861_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9930","DOI":"10.3390\/s22249930","volume":"22","author":"Y Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu Y, Shen Y, Fan L et al (2022a) Parallel radars: from digital twins to digital intelligence for smart radar systems. Sensors 22(24):9930","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"6","key":"10861_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2022.3221844","volume":"37","author":"Y Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu Y, Shen Y, Guo C et al (2022b) MetaSensing in Metaverses: see there, be there, and know there. IEEE Intell Syst 37(6):7\u201312","journal-title":"IEEE Intell Syst"},{"key":"10861_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1109\/JRFID.2022.3203733","volume":"6","author":"Y Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu Y, Tian Y, Sun B et al (2022c) Parallel LiDARs meet the foggy weather. IEEE J Radio Freq Identif 6:867\u2013870","journal-title":"IEEE J Radio Freq Identif"},{"key":"10861_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Y, Jiang T, Li J, et\u00a0al (2023a) SensorDAO: a new framework of sensor governance for internet of vehicles. In 2023 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Digital Twins and Parallel Intelligence (DTPI), pp 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/DTPI59677.2023.10365444"},{"issue":"4","key":"10861_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2022.3228590","volume":"53","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu Y, Shen Y, Tian Y et al (2023b) RadarVerses in Metaverses: a CPSI-based architecture for 6S radar systems in CPSS. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst 53(4):2128\u20132137","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst"},{"issue":"8","key":"10861_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4047","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2023.3289540","volume":"8","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu Y, Sun B, Tian Y et al (2023c) Software-defined active LiDARs for autonomous driving: a parallel intelligence-based adaptive model. IEEE Trans Intell Veh 8(8):4047\u20134056","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Veh"},{"key":"10861_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Y, Sun B, Li Y, et\u00a0al (2024) HPL-ViT: a unified perception framework for heterogeneous parallel LiDARs in V2V. In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA57147.2024.10611513"},{"issue":"4","key":"10861_CR44","volume":"16","author":"E Livanis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Livanis E, Voultsos P, Vadikolias K et al (2024) Understanding the ethical issues of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs): a blessing or the beginning of a dystopian future? Cureus 16(4):e58243","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"12","key":"10861_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2022.106094","volume":"9","author":"J Lu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu J, Wang X, Cheng X et al (2022) Parallel factories for smart industrial operations: from big AI models to field foundational models and scenarios engineering. IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica 9(12):2079\u20132086","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica"},{"key":"10861_CR46","volume":"578","author":"J Lu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu J, Wang X, Wei Q et al (2024) Nearly optimal stabilization of unknown continuous-time nonlinear systems: a new parallel control approach. Neurocomputing 578:127421","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10861_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45059-8","volume":"15","author":"Y Luo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luo Y, Liu C, Lee YJ et al (2024) Adaptive tactile interaction transfer via digitally embroidered smart gloves. Nat Commun 15(1):868","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"10861_CR48","first-page":"531","volume":"48","author":"Q Lv","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lv Q, Zhao K, Cao J-L et al (2022) Research and prediction of lung diseases based on text and images. Acta Automatica Sinica 48(2):531\u2013538","journal-title":"Acta Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"3","key":"10861_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/MITS.2018.2842249","volume":"10","author":"Y Lv","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lv Y, Chen Y, Li L et al (2018) Generative adversarial networks for parallel transportation systems. IEEE Intell Transp Syst Mag 10(3):4\u201310","journal-title":"IEEE Intell Transp Syst Mag"},{"issue":"1","key":"10861_CR50","first-page":"21","volume":"1","author":"Y Lv","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lv Y, Chen Y, Jin J et al (2019a) Parallel transportation: virtual-real interaction for intelligent traffic management and control. Chin J Intell Sci Technol 1(1):21","journal-title":"Chin J Intell Sci Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10861_CR51","first-page":"311","volume":"1","author":"Y Lv","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lv Y, Wang F-Y, Zhang Y et al (2019b) Parallel cities: framework, methodology, and application. Chin J Intell Sci Technol 1(3):311\u2013317","journal-title":"Chin J Intell Sci Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10861_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2023.123375","volume":"10","author":"Q Miao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Miao Q, Lv Y, Huang M et al (2023a) Parallel learning: overview and perspective for computational learning across syn2real and sim2real. IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica 10(3):603\u2013631","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"4","key":"10861_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2023.123561","volume":"10","author":"Q Miao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Miao Q, Zheng W, Lv Y et al (2023b) DAO to HANOI via DeSci: AI paradigm shifts from AlphaGo to ChatGPT. IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica 10(4):877\u2013897","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica"},{"key":"10861_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mokhtarian A, Scheffe P, Kloock M, et\u00a0al (2024) A survey on small-scale testbeds for connected and automated vehicles and robot swarms. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.16176.74248\/1","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.16176.74248\/1"},{"issue":"3","key":"10861_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-024-10703-8","volume":"57","author":"X Mu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mu X, Zhang H, Shi J et al (2024) Fashion intelligence in the Metaverse: promise and future prospects. Artif Intell Rev 57(3):67","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"key":"10861_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-024-10740-3","volume":"57","author":"R Ortega-Bola\u00f1os","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ortega-Bola\u00f1os R, Bernal-Salcedo J, Germ\u00e1n Ortiz M et al (2024) Applying the ethics of AI: a systematic review of tools for developing and assessing AI-based systems. Artif Intell Rev 57:110","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"10861_CR57","first-page":"1588","volume":"43","author":"R Qin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qin R, Zeng S, Li J et al (2017) Parallel enterprises resource planning based on deep reinforcement learning. Acta Automatica Sinica 43(9):1588\u20131596","journal-title":"Acta Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"10","key":"10861_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6293","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2023.3283414","volume":"53","author":"G Ren","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ren G, Liu H, Zhang Y et al (2023) Attack detection based on encoding-decoding approach for cyber-physical systems. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst 53(10):6293\u20136302","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10861_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-023-10540-1","volume":"56","author":"P Ribino","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ribino P (2023) The role of politeness in human-machine interactions: a systematic literature review and future perspectives. Artif Intell Rev 56(Suppl 1):445\u2013482","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"10861_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12689","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-023-10421-7","volume":"56","author":"B Saikia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saikia B, Dutta P, Talukdar P (2023) An advanced similarity measure for pythagorean fuzzy sets and its applications in transportation problem. Artif Intell Rev 56(11):12689\u201312724","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"issue":"23","key":"10861_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9483","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239483","volume":"22","author":"Y Shen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shen Y, Liu Y, Tian Y et al (2022a) A new parallel intelligence based light field dataset for depth refinement and scene flow estimation. Sensors 22(23):9483","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"12","key":"10861_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2022.106115","volume":"9","author":"Y Shen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shen Y, Liu Y, Tian Y et al (2022b) Parallel sensing in Metaverses: virtual-real interactive smart systems for \u201c6S\u2019\u2019 sensing. IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica 9(12):2047\u20132054","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica"},{"key":"10861_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2024.127644","volume":"588","author":"Y Shen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shen Y, Li Y, Liu Y et al (2024) Conditional visibility aware view synthesis via parallel light fields. Neurocomputing 588:127644","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"10861_CR64","unstructured":"Strategic Research Group for National and Public Security Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (2011). National and Public Technology in China: A Roadmap to 2050. Science Press"},{"issue":"12","key":"10861_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14663","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-023-10513-4","volume":"56","author":"D Thakur","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thakur D, Saini JK, Srinivasan S (2023) DeepThink IoT: the strength of deep learning in internet of things. Artif Intell Rev 56(12):14663\u201314730","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"10861_CR66","first-page":"2572","volume":"46","author":"Y-L Tian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tian Y-L, Shen Y, Li Q et al (2020) Parallel point clouds: point clouds generation and 3D model evolution via virtual-real interaction. Acta Automatica Sinica 46(12):2572\u20132582","journal-title":"Acta Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"3","key":"10861_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-021-10071-7","volume":"55","author":"A Ullah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ullah A, Nawi NM, Ouhame S (2022) Recent advancement in VM task allocation system for cloud computing: review from 2015 to 2021. Artif Intell Rev 55(3):2529\u20132573","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"key":"10861_CR68","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (1999) CAST Lab: a cyber-social-physical approach for traffic control and transportation management. Technical report, Intelligent Control and Systems Engineering Center in Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10861_CR69","first-page":"25","volume":"1","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (2004a) Artificial societies, computational experiments, and parallel systems: a discussion on computational theory of complex social-economic systems. Complex Syst Complex Sci 1(4):25\u201335","journal-title":"Complex Syst Complex Sci"},{"key":"10861_CR70","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (2004b) From nothing to everything: an investigation on research of artificial societies and complex systems. https:\/\/blog.sciencenet.cn\/home.php?mod=space&uid=2374&do=blog&id=514825. Accessed 01 Jul 2024"},{"issue":"5","key":"10861_CR71","first-page":"485","volume":"19","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (2004c) Parallel system methods for management and control of complex systems. Control Decis 19(5):485\u2013489","journal-title":"Control Decis"},{"key":"10861_CR72","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (2004d) Social computing and prototype systems development for key projects in CAS. Technical report, Chinese Academy of Sciences Reports of Major Projects"},{"issue":"5","key":"10861_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2005.80","volume":"20","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (2005) Agent-based control for networked traffic management systems. IEEE Intell Syst 20(5):92\u201396","journal-title":"IEEE Intell Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"10861_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2009.48","volume":"24","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (2009) Beyond X 2.0: where should we go? IEEE Intell Syst 24(3):2\u20134","journal-title":"IEEE Intell Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"10861_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2010.104","volume":"25","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (2010a) The emergence of intelligent enterprises: from CPS to CPSS. IEEE Intell Syst 25(4):85\u201388","journal-title":"IEEE Intell Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"10861_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2010.2060218","volume":"11","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (2010b) Parallel control and management for intelligent transportation systems: concepts, architectures, and applications. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 11(3):630\u2013638","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"key":"10861_CR77","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (2011) A brief history of human flesh search: From crowdsourcing to cyber movement organizations. Technical report, The State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems"},{"issue":"5","key":"10861_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2012.91","volume":"27","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (2012a) A big-data perspective on AI: Newton, Merton, and analytics intelligence. IEEE Intell Syst 27(5):2\u20134","journal-title":"IEEE Intell Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"10861_CR79","first-page":"5","volume":"26","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (2012b) Cyberspace-oriented war organizations and operations: an investigation on parallel military systems of systems. Mil Oper Res Syst Eng 26(3):5\u201310","journal-title":"Mil Oper Res Syst Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"10861_CR80","first-page":"107","volume":"1","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (2015a) CC 5.0: intelligent command and control systems in the parallel age. J Command Control 1(1):107\u2013120","journal-title":"J Command Control"},{"issue":"5","key":"10861_CR81","first-page":"10","volume":"11","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (2015b) X 5.0: the parallel intelligence in the parallel age. Commun China Comput Fed 11(5):10\u201314","journal-title":"Commun China Comput Fed"},{"issue":"3","key":"10861_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2016.7508796","volume":"3","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (2016) Control 5.0: from Newton to Merton in Popper\u2019s cyber-social-physical spaces. IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica 3(3):233\u2013234","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"4","key":"10861_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/MITS.2017.2746407","volume":"9","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (2017) Artificial intelligence and intelligent transportation: driving into the 3rd axial age with ITS. IEEE Intell Transp Syst Mag 9(4):6\u20139","journal-title":"IEEE Intell Transp Syst Mag"},{"issue":"5","key":"10861_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2020.3029855","volume":"7","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (2020a) Parallel intelligence: belief and prescription for edge emergence and cloud convergence in CPSS. IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst 7(5):1105\u20131110","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst"},{"issue":"12","key":"10861_CR85","first-page":"1055","volume":"33","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (2020b) Parallel philosophy and intelligent science: from Leibniz\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s Monad to blockchain\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s DAO. Pattern Recognit Artif Intell 33(12):1055\u20131065","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit Artif Intell"},{"issue":"6","key":"10861_CR86","first-page":"829","volume":"12","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (2021a) Digital doctors and parallel healthcare: from medical knowledge automation to intelligent metasystems medicine. Med J Peking Union Med Coll Hosp 12(6):829\u2013833","journal-title":"Med J Peking Union Med Coll Hosp"},{"issue":"1","key":"10861_CR87","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (2021b) Parallel medicine: from warmness of medicare to medicine of smartness. Chin J Intell Sci Technol 3(1):1\u20139","journal-title":"Chin J Intell Sci Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10861_CR88","first-page":"308","volume":"36","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (2021c) Parallel philosophy: origin and goal of intelligent industries and smart economics. Bull Chin Acad Sci(Chinese Version) 36(3):308\u2013318","journal-title":"Bull Chin Acad Sci(Chinese Version)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10861_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2022.106022","volume":"9","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (2022a) The DAO to metacontrol for metasystems in Metaverses: the system of parallel control systems for knowledge automation and control intelligence in CPSS. IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica 9(11):1899\u20131908","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"1","key":"10861_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2022.3154541","volume":"37","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (2022b) Parallel intelligence in Metaverses: welcome to Hanoi! IEEE Intell Syst 37(1):16\u201320","journal-title":"IEEE Intell Syst"},{"issue":"11","key":"10861_CR91","first-page":"2655","volume":"48","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (2022c) Parallel management: the DAO to smart ecological technology for complexity management intelligence. Acta Automatica Sinica 48(11):2655\u20132669","journal-title":"Acta Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"4","key":"10861_CR92","first-page":"1","volume":"16","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (2023a) Forward to the past: CASTLab\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s cyber-social-physical approach for ITS in 1999. IEEE Intell Transp Syst Mag 16(4):1\u20134","journal-title":"IEEE Intell Transp Syst Mag"},{"issue":"8","key":"10861_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2023.123768","volume":"10","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (2023b) New control paradigm for industry 5.0: from big models to foundation control and management. IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica 10(8):1643\u20131646","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"4","key":"10861_CR94","first-page":"673","volume":"14","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang F-Y (2023c) Parallel doctors and parallel hospitals: impact and perspective of ChatGPT-like AIGC and AGI on medicine and medicare. Med J Peking Union Med Coll Hosp 14(4):673\u2013679","journal-title":"Med J Peking Union Med Coll Hosp"},{"issue":"2","key":"10861_CR95","first-page":"52","volume":"1","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang F-Y, Tang S-M (2004) Concepts and frameworks of artificial transportation systems. Complex Syst Complex Sci 1(2):52\u201359","journal-title":"Complex Syst Complex Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10861_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2020.3044129","volume":"7","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang F-Y, Wang Y (2020) Parallel ecology for intelligent and smart cyber-physical-social systems. IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst 7(6):1318\u20131323","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"10861_CR97","first-page":"521","volume":"3","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang F-Y, Jiang H (2021) Parallel battery: the framework and process for an intelligent and ecological battery system and related services. Chin J Intell Sci Technol 3(4):521\u2013531","journal-title":"Chin J Intell Sci Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10861_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2007.41","volume":"22","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang F-Y, Carley KM, Zeng D et al (2007) Social computing: from social informatics to social intelligence. IEEE Intell Syst 22(2):79\u201383","journal-title":"IEEE Intell Syst"},{"issue":"8","key":"10861_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2010.216","volume":"43","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang F-Y, Zeng D, Hendler JA et al (2010) A study of the human flesh search engine: crowd-powered expansion of online knowledge. Computer 43(8):45\u201353","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"10861_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13855-3","volume-title":"Advanced manufacturing technology in China: a roadmap to 2050","author":"T Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang T, Zhang Y, Yu H et al (2012) Advanced manufacturing technology in China: a roadmap to 2050. Springer, Cham"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10861_CR101","first-page":"460","volume":"60","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang F-Y, Wang X, Yuan Y et al (2015) Social computing and computational societies: the foundation and consequence of smart societies. Chin Sci Bull 60(5\u20136):460\u2013469","journal-title":"Chin Sci Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"10861_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2016.7510067","volume":"3","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang F-Y, Wang X, Li L et al (2016a) Steps toward parallel intelligence. IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica 3(4):345\u2013348","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"6","key":"10861_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2513086","volume":"17","author":"X Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang X, Zheng X, Zhang Q et al (2016b) Crowdsourcing in ITS: the state of the work and the networking. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 17(6):1596\u20131605","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"issue":"12","key":"10861_CR104","first-page":"1057","volume":"30","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang F-Y, Li C, Guo Y et al (2017a) Parallel gout: an ACP-based system framework for gout diagnosis and treatment. Pattern Recognit Artif Intell 30(12):1057\u20131068","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit Artif Intell"},{"issue":"11","key":"10861_CR105","first-page":"961","volume":"30","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang F-Y, Zhang M, Meng X-B et al (2017b) Parallel surgery: an ACP-based approach for intelligent operations. Pattern Recognit Artif Intell 30(11):961\u2013970","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit Artif Intell"},{"key":"10861_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-017-9569-z","volume":"48","author":"K Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang K, Gou C, Zheng N et al (2017c) Parallel vision for perception and understanding of complex scenes: methods, framework, and perspectives. Artif Intell Rev 48:299\u2013329","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"issue":"21","key":"10861_CR107","first-page":"10","volume":"36","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang F-Y, Gao Y, Shang X et al (2018a) Parallel manufacturing and industries 5.0: from virtual manufacturing to intelligent manufacturing. Sci Technol Rev 36(21):10\u201322","journal-title":"Sci Technol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10861_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2018.2832379","volume":"5","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang F-Y, Yuan Y, Rong C et al (2018b) Parallel blockchain: an architecture for CPSS-based smart societies. IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst 5(2):303\u2013310","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst"},{"key":"10861_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s11704-018-7903-5","volume":"12","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang F-Y, Zhang JJ, Wang X (2018c) Parallel intelligence: toward lifelong and eternal developmental AI and learning in cyber-physical-social spaces. Front Comp Sci 12:401\u2013405","journal-title":"Front Comp Sci"},{"key":"10861_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang S, Yuan Y, Wang X, et\u00a0al (2018d) An overview of smart contract: architecture, applications, and future trends. In 2018 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), pp 108\u2013113","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2018.8500488"},{"key":"10861_CR200","unstructured":"Wang F-Y, Zhang M, Meng X et al (2018e) Parallel eyes: an ACP-based smart ophthalmic diagnosis and treatment. Pattern Recognit Artif Intell 31(6):495\u2013504"},{"issue":"7","key":"10861_CR111","first-page":"577","volume":"32","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang F-Y, Gou C, Wang J et al (2019a) Parallel skin: a vision-based dermatological analysis framework. Pattern Recognit Artif Intell 32(7):577\u2013588","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit Artif Intell"},{"issue":"11","key":"10861_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2019.2895123","volume":"49","author":"S Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang S, Ouyang L, Yuan Y et al (2019b) Blockchain-enabled smart contracts: architecture, applications, and future trends. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst 49(11):2266\u20132277","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"10861_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2020.2970305","volume":"7","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang F-Y, Qin R, Li J et al (2020) Parallel societies: a computing perspective of social digital twins and virtual-real interactions. IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst 7(1):2\u20137","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"10861_CR114","first-page":"309","volume":"55","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang F-Y, Jin Z-Y, Gou C et al (2021a) ACP-based parallel medical imaging for intelligent analytics and applications. Chin J Radiol 55(3):309\u2013315","journal-title":"Chin J Radiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10861_CR115","first-page":"2585","volume":"47","author":"Y-J Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Y-J, Wang F-Y, Wang G et al (2021b) Parallel hospitals: from hospital information system (HIS) to hospital smart operating system (HSOS). Acta Automatica Sinica 47(11):2585\u20132599","journal-title":"Acta Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"4","key":"10861_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2022.3228934","volume":"53","author":"X Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang X, Cheng X, Lu J et al (2022a) Metaverses-based parallel oil fields in CPSS: a framework and methodology. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst 53(4):2138\u20132147","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst"},{"issue":"12","key":"10861_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2022.106103","volume":"9","author":"X Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang X, Kang M, Sun H et al (2022b) DeCASA in agriverse: parallel agriculture for smart villages in Metaverses. IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica 9(12):2055\u20132062","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"4","key":"10861_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2022.3196592","volume":"37","author":"X Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang X, Yang J, Han J et al (2022c) Metaverses and DeMetaverses: from digital twins in CPS to parallel intelligence in CPSS. IEEE Intell Syst 37(4):97\u2013102","journal-title":"IEEE Intell Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"10861_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2023.3252679","volume":"10","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang F-Y, Li J, Qin R et al (2023a) ChatGPT for computational social systems: from conversational applications to human-oriented operating systems. IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst 10(2):414\u2013425","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst"},{"issue":"10","key":"10861_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10262","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2023.3305380","volume":"24","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang F-Y, Lin Y, Ioannou PA et al (2023b) Transportation 5.0: the DAO to safe, secure, and sustainable intelligent transportation systems. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 24(10):10262\u201310278","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"10861_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2023.123486","volume":"10","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang F-Y, Miao Q, Li X et al (2023c) What does ChatGPT say: the DAO from algorithmic intelligence to linguistic intelligence. IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica 10(3):575\u2013579","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"4","key":"10861_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2023.3243558","volume":"53","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang F-Y, Tang Y, Werbos PJ (2023d) Guest editorial: cyber-physical-social intelligence: toward Metaverse-based smart societies of 6I and 6S. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst 53(4):2018\u20132024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"10861_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2023.123552","volume":"10","author":"F-Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang F-Y, Yang J, Wang X et al (2023e) Chat with ChatGPT on industry 5.0: learning and decision-making for intelligent industries. IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica 10(4):831\u2013834","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"4","key":"10861_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2022.3226755","volume":"53","author":"J Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang J, Tian Y, Wang Y et al (2023f) A framework and operational procedures for Metaverses-based industrial foundation models. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst 53(4):2037\u20132046","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst"},{"issue":"12","key":"10861_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4671","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2023.3341855","volume":"8","author":"X Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang X, Li J, Fan L et al (2023g) Advancing vehicular healthcare: the DAO-based parallel maintenance for intelligent vehicles. IEEE Trans Intell Veh 8(12):4671\u20134673","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Veh"},{"key":"10861_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang X, Yang J, Li X, et\u00a0al (2023h) Parallel intelligence for CPHS: An ACP approach. In Cyber-Physical-Human Systems, chapter\u00a07, pp 145\u2013169. Wiley, Hoboken","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119857433.ch7"},{"issue":"8","key":"10861_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2023.123753","volume":"10","author":"X Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang X, Yang J, Wang Y et al (2023i) Steps toward industry 5.0: building \u201c6S\u201d parallel industries with cyber-physical-social intelligence. IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica 10(8):1692\u20131703","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"11","key":"10861_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2023.123951","volume":"10","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Y, Kang M, Liu Y et al (2023j) Can digital intelligence and cyber-physical-social systems achieve global food security and sustainability? IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica 10(11):2070\u20132080","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"11","key":"10861_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2023.123966","volume":"10","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wang X, Wang X et al (2023k) The ChatGPT after: building knowledge factories for knowledge workers with knowledge automation. IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica 10(11):2041\u20132044","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica"},{"key":"10861_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.34133\/plantphenomics.0118","volume":"6","author":"X Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang X, Hua J, Kang M et al (2024a) Functional-structural plant model \u201cgreenlab\u2019\u2019: a state-of-the-art review. Plant Phenom 6:118","journal-title":"Plant Phenom"},{"issue":"7","key":"10861_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9186","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2024.3378848","volume":"20","author":"X Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang X, Wang Y, Yang J et al (2024b) A paradigm shift for modeling and operation of oil and gas: from Industry 4.0 in CPS to Industry 5.0 in CPSS. IEEE Trans Ind Inform 20(7):9186\u20139193","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Inform"},{"key":"10861_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-5208-9","volume":"107","author":"X Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang X, Wang Y, Yang J et al (2024c) The survey on multi-source data fusion in cyber-physical-social systems: foundational infrastructure for industrial Metaverses and industries 5.0. Inf Fus 107:102321","journal-title":"Inf Fus"},{"issue":"4","key":"10861_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2020.1003216","volume":"7","author":"Q Wei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wei Q, Li H, Wang F-Y (2020) Parallel control for continuous-time linear systems: a case study. IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica 7(4):919\u2013928","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"1","key":"10861_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2020.2995646","volume":"52","author":"Q Wei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wei Q, Wang L, Lu J et al (2022) Discrete-time self-learning parallel control. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst 52(1):192\u2013204","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst"},{"key":"10861_CR135","volume-title":"Experiments planning, analysis, and optimization","author":"CFJ Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu CFJ, Hamada MS (2021) Experiments planning, analysis, and optimization, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York","edition":"3"},{"issue":"1","key":"10861_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2012.2210883","volume":"14","author":"G Xiong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xiong G, Dong X, Fan D et al (2012) Parallel traffic management system and its application to the 2010 Asian games. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 14(1):225\u2013235","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"issue":"11","key":"10861_CR137","first-page":"2001","volume":"45","author":"L-Y Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang L-Y, Chen S-Y, Wang X et al (2019) Digital twins and parallel systems: state of the art, comparisons and prospect. Acta Automatica Sinica 45(11):2001\u20132031","journal-title":"Acta Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"7","key":"10861_CR138","first-page":"2100","volume":"46","author":"J Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang J, Ge S, Wang F-Y et al (2021a) Parallel tunneling: intelligent control and key technologies for tunneling, supporting and anchoring based on ACP theory. J China Coal Soc 46(7):2100\u20132111","journal-title":"J China Coal Soc"},{"issue":"8","key":"10861_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5284","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2021.3122802","volume":"52","author":"Q Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang Q, Cao W, Meng W et al (2021b) Reinforcement-learning-based tracking control of waste water treatment process under realistic system conditions and control performance requirements. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst 52(8):5284\u20135294","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"10861_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2022.3228817","volume":"53","author":"J Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang J, Li S, Wang X et al (2022a) DeFACT in ManuVerse for parallel manufacturing: foundation models and parallel workers in smart factories. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst 53(4):2188\u20132199","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst"},{"issue":"12","key":"10861_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2022.106097","volume":"9","author":"J Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang J, Wang X, Zhao Y (2022b) Parallel manufacturing for industrial Metaverses: a new paradigm in smart manufacturing. IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica 9(12):2063\u20132070","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"6","key":"10861_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2023.3284694","volume":"38","author":"J Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang J, Wang X, Tian Y et al (2023) Parallel intelligence in CPSSs: being, becoming, and believing. IEEE Intell Syst 38(6):75\u201380","journal-title":"IEEE Intell Syst"},{"key":"10861_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2024.3349555","author":"J Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang J, Wang Y, Wang X et al (2024) Generative AI empowering parallel manufacturing: building a \u201c6S\u201d collaborative production ecology for Manufacturing 50. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSMC.2024.3349555","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst"},{"issue":"8","key":"10861_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5235","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2021.3119871","volume":"52","author":"H Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu H, Cai H, Liu Z et al (2021) An automated metadata generation method for data lake of industrial WoT applications. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst 52(8):5235\u20135248","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"10861_CR145","first-page":"481","volume":"42","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yuan Y, Wang F-Y (2016) Blockchain: the state of the art and future trends. Acta Automatica Sinica 42(4):481\u2013494","journal-title":"Acta Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"9","key":"10861_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2018.2854904","volume":"48","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yuan Y, Wang F-Y (2018) Blockchain and cryptocurrencies: model, techniques, and applications. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst 48(9):1421\u20131428","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst"},{"key":"10861_CR147","unstructured":"Zhang Q (2012) Analyzing cyber-enabled social movement organizations: a case study with crowd-powered search. PhD thesis, The University of Arizona"},{"issue":"6","key":"10861_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2008.101","volume":"23","author":"N Zhang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhang N, Wang F-Y, Zhu F et al (2008) DynaCAS: computational experiments and decision support for ITS. IEEE Intell Syst 23(6):19\u201323","journal-title":"IEEE Intell Syst"},{"issue":"6","key":"10861_CR149","volume":"7","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Wang F-Y, Zeng D et al (2012) Understanding crowd-powered search groups: a social network perspective. PLoS ONE 7(6):e39749","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"10861_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2018.2861224","volume":"5","author":"JJ Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang JJ, Wang F-Y, Wang X et al (2018) Cyber-physical-social systems: the state of the art and perspectives. IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst 5(3):829\u2013840","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst"},{"issue":"12","key":"10861_CR151","first-page":"1061","volume":"32","author":"M Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang M, Chen L, Wang F-Y et al (2019) Parallel gastrointestine: an ACP-based approach for intelligent operation. Pattern Recognit Artif Intell 32(12):1061\u20131071","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit Artif Intell"},{"issue":"7","key":"10861_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4349","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2021.3096235","volume":"52","author":"T Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang T, Cong Y, Dong J et al (2021) Partial visual-tactile fused learning for robotic object recognition. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst 52(7):4349\u20134361","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst"},{"key":"10861_CR153","unstructured":"Zhang C, Meng X, Qi D, et\u00a0al (2024) RAIL: robot affordance imagination with large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.19369"},{"issue":"2","key":"10861_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3203210","volume":"2","author":"W Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhao W, Abdelzaher T (2018) Preface to the special issue: toward an efficient and effective internet of things for cyber-physical systems. ACM Trans Cyber-Phys Syst 2(2):1\u20132","journal-title":"ACM Trans Cyber-Phys Syst"},{"key":"10861_CR155","unstructured":"Zhao W (2019) CPS: a new academic discipline and its networking challenges. Technical report, American University of Sharjah"},{"issue":"6","key":"10861_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2022.3221342","volume":"37","author":"C Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao C, Dai X, Lv Y et al (2022a) Foundation models for transportation intelligence: its convergence in TransVerse. IEEE Intell Syst 37(6):77\u201382","journal-title":"IEEE Intell Syst"},{"issue":"6","key":"10861_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/MITS.2022.3199557","volume":"14","author":"C Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao C, Lv Y, Jin J et al (2022b) DeCAST in TransVerse for parallel intelligent transportation systems and smart cities: three decades and beyond. IEEE Intell Transp Syst Mag 14(6):6\u201317","journal-title":"IEEE Intell Transp Syst Mag"},{"issue":"11","key":"10861_CR158","first-page":"2611","volume":"48","author":"C-H Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao C-H, Hu Y-Y, Zheng J-L et al (2022c) Data-driven operating monitoring for coal-fired power generation equipment: the state of the art and challenge. Acta Automatica Sinica 48(11):2611\u20132633","journal-title":"Acta Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"6","key":"10861_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2023.100521","volume":"4","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Zhu Z, Chen B et al (2023) Towards parallel intelligence: an interdisciplinary solution for complex systems. The Innovation 4(6):100521","journal-title":"The Innovation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10861_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2019.07.015","volume":"5","author":"J Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou J, Zhou Y, Wang B et al (2019) Human-cyber-physical systems (HCPSs) in the context of new-generation intelligent manufacturing. Engineering 5(4):624\u2013636","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"issue":"6","key":"10861_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2506156","volume":"17","author":"F Zhu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhu F, Li Z, Chen S et al (2016) Parallel transportation management and control system and its applications in building smart cities. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 17(6):1576\u20131585","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"issue":"10","key":"10861_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4063","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2934991","volume":"21","author":"F Zhu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhu F, Lv Y, Chen Y et al (2019) Parallel transportation systems: toward IoT-enabled smart urban traffic control and management. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 21(10):4063\u20134071","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10462-024-10861-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10462-024-10861-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10462-024-10861-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T05:32:49Z","timestamp":1725514369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10462-024-10861-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"references-count":163,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10861"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10462-024-10861-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-7462"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-7462","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 July 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 August 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no Conflict of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"255"}}