{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T15:19:42Z","timestamp":1778858382078,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Alma Mater Studiorum - Universit\u00e0 di Bologna"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Artif Intell Rev"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Linking named entities occurring in text to their corresponding entity in a Knowledge Base (KB) is challenging, especially when dealing with historical texts. In this work, we introduce Musical Heritage named Entities Recognition, Classification and Linking (<jats:sc>mhercl<\/jats:sc>), a novel benchmark consisting of manually annotated sentences extrapolated from historical periodicals of the music domain. <jats:sc>mhercl<\/jats:sc> contains named entities under-represented or absent in the most famous KBs. We experiment with several State-of-the-Art models on the Entity Linking (EL) task and show that <jats:sc>mhercl<\/jats:sc> is a challenging dataset for all of them. We propose a novel unsupervised EL model and a method to extend supervised entity linkers by using Knowledge Graphs (KGs) to tackle the main difficulties posed by historical documents. Our experiments reveal that relying on unsupervised techniques and improving models with logical constraints based on KGs and heuristics to predict  entities (entities not represented in the KB of reference) results in better EL performance on historical documents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-024-11102-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T12:35:41Z","timestamp":1740054941000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Musical heritage historical entity linking"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Arianna","family":"Graciotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Lazzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Presutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rocco","family":"Tripodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"11102_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Agarwal P, Str\u00f6tgen J, Corro L, Hoffart J, Weikum G (2018) diaNED: time-aware named entity disambiguation for diachronic corpora. In: Gurevych I, Miyao Y (eds) Proceedings of the 56th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (volume 2: short papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, Melbourne, Australia, pp 686\u2013693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/P18-2109","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-2109"},{"issue":"4","key":"11102_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-170273","volume":"9","author":"H Alani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alani H, Guo Z, Barbosa D (2018) Robust named entity disambiguation with random walks. Semant Web J 9(4):459\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/SW-170273","journal-title":"Semant Web J"},{"key":"11102_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ayoola T, Tyagi S, Fisher J, Christodoulopoulos C, Pierleoni A (2022) ReFinED: an efficient zero-shot-capable approach to end-to-end entity linking. In: Loukina A, Gangadharaiah R, Min B (eds) Proceedings of the 2022 conference of the North American chapter of the association for computational linguistics: human language technologies: industry track. Association for Computational Linguistics, Hybrid: Seattle, United States and Online, pp 209\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2022.naacl-industry.24","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.naacl-industry.24"},{"key":"11102_CR4","unstructured":"Banarescu L, Bonial C, Cai S, Georgescu M, Griffitt K, Hermjakob U, Knight K, Koehn P, Palmer M, Schneider N (2013) Abstract Meaning Representation for sembanking. In: Pareja-Lora A, Liakata M, Dipper S (eds) Proceedings of the 7th linguistic annotation workshop and interoperability with discourse. Association for Computational Linguistics, Sofia, Bulgaria, pp 178\u2013186. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/W13-2322"},{"key":"11102_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barba E, Procopio L, Navigli R (2022) ExtEnD: extractive entity disambiguation. In: Muresan S, Nakov P, Villavicencio A (eds) Proceedings of the 60th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (volume 1: long papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, Dublin, Ireland, pp 2478\u20132488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.177","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.177"},{"key":"11102_CR6","unstructured":"Benkhedda Y, Skapars A, Schlegel V, Nenadic G, Batista-Navarro R (2024) Enriching the metadata of community-generated digital content through entity linking: an evaluative comparison of state-of-the-art models. In: Bizzoni Y, Degaetano-Ortlieb S, Kazantseva A, Szpakowicz S (eds) Proceedings of the 8th joint SIGHUM workshop on computational linguistics for cultural heritage, social sciences, humanities and literature (LaTeCH-CLfL 2024). Association for Computational Linguistics, St. Julians, Malta, pp 213\u2013220. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2024.latechclfl-1.20"},{"key":"11102_CR7","unstructured":"Blouin B, Armand C, Henriot C (2024) A dataset for named entity recognition and entity linking in Chinese historical newspapers. In: Calzolari N, Kan M-Y, Hoste V, Lenci A, Sakti S, Xue N (eds) Proceedings of the 2024 joint international conference on computational linguistics, language resources and evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024). ELRA and ICCL, Torino, Italia, pp 385\u2013394. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2024.lrec-main.35"},{"key":"11102_CR8","unstructured":"Boros E, Pontes EL, Cabrera-Diego LA, Hamdi A, Moreno JG, Sid\u00e8re N, Doucet A (2020) Robust named entity recognition and linking on historical multilingual documents. In: Working notes of CLEF 2020, vol 2696. pp 1\u201317. https:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2696\/paper_171.pdf"},{"key":"11102_CR9","unstructured":"Boros E, Gonz\u00e1lez-Gallardo C-E, Giamphy E, Hamdi A, Moreno JG, Doucet A (2022) Knowledge-based contexts for historical named entity recognition and linking. In: Faggioli G, Ferro N, Hanbury A, Potthast M (eds) Proceedings of the working notes of CLEF 2022\u2014conference and labs of the evaluation forum. CEUR workshop proceedings, vol 3180. CEUR-WS.org, Bologna, Italy, pp 1064\u20131078. http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-3180\/paper-84.pdf"},{"key":"11102_CR10","unstructured":"Bunescu R, Pa\u015fca M (2006) Using encyclopedic knowledge for named entity disambiguation. In: McCarthy D, Wintner S (eds) 11th conference of the European chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics. Association for Computational Linguistics, Trento, Italy, pp 9\u201316. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/E06-1002"},{"key":"11102_CR11","unstructured":"Castro S (2017) Fast Krippendorff: fast computation of Krippendorff\u2019s alpha agreement measure. GitHub. https:\/\/github.com\/pln-fing-udelar\/fast-krippendorff. Accessed 13 Aug 2024"},{"key":"11102_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen A, Gudipati P, Longpre S, Ling X, Singh S (2021) Evaluating entity disambiguation and the role of popularity in retrieval-based NLP. In: Proceedings of the 59th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th international joint conference on natural language processing (volume 1: long papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, Online, pp 4472\u20134485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-long.345","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-long.345"},{"key":"11102_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Christmann P, Saha Roy R, Weikum G (2022) Beyond NED: fast and effective search space reduction for complex question answering over knowledge bases. In: Proceedings of the fifteenth ACM international conference on web search and data mining. WSDM \u201922. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp 172\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3488560.3498488","DOI":"10.1145\/3488560.3498488"},{"key":"11102_CR14","unstructured":"De Cao N, Izacard G, Riedel S, Petroni F (2021) Autoregressive entity retrieval. In: 9th international conference on learning representations. OpenReview.net, Online, Austria. https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=5k8F6UU39V"},{"key":"11102_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00460","volume":"10","author":"N De Cao","year":"2022","unstructured":"De Cao N, Wu L, Popat K, Artetxe M, Goyal N, Plekhanov M, Zettlemoyer L, Cancedda N, Riedel S, Petroni F (2022) Multilingual autoregressive entity linking. Trans Assoc Comput Linguist 10:274\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/tacl_a_00460","journal-title":"Trans Assoc Comput Linguist"},{"key":"11102_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Devlin J, Chang M-W, Lee K, Toutanova K (2019) BERT: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In: Proceedings of the 2019 conference of the North American chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: human language technologies, volume 1 (long and short papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, Minneapolis, Minnesota, pp 4171\u20134186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/N19-1423","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-1423"},{"key":"11102_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dong H, Chen J, He Y, Liu Y, Horrocks I (2023) Reveal the unknown: out-of-knowledge-base mention discovery with entity linking. In: Proceedings of the 32nd ACM international conference on information and knowledge management. CIKM \u201923. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp 452\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3583780.3615036","DOI":"10.1145\/3583780.3615036"},{"key":"11102_CR18","unstructured":"Ehrmann M, Colavizza G, Rochat Y, Kaplan F (2016) Diachronic evaluation of NER systems on old newspapers. In: Dipper S, Neubarth F, Zinsmeister H (eds) Proceedings of the 13th conference on natural language processing (KONVENS 2016). Bochumer Linguistische Arbeitsberichte, Bochum, Germany, pp 97\u2013107. https:\/\/infoscience.epfl.ch\/record\/221391?v=pdf"},{"key":"11102_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ehrmann M, Romanello M, Fluckiger A, Clematide S (2020a) Extended overview of CLEF HIPE 2020: named entity processing on historical newspapers. In: Working notes of CLEF 2020\u2014conference and labs of the evaluation forum, vol 2696. Thessaloniki, Greece, p 38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.4117566","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.4117566"},{"key":"11102_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ehrmann M, Romanello M, Fl\u00fcckiger A, Clematide S (2020b) Overview of CLEF HIPE 2020: named entity recognition and linking on historical newspapers. In: Experimental IR meets multilinguality, multimodality, and interaction: 11th international conference of the CLEF Association, CLEF 2020, Thessaloniki, Greece, September 22\u201325, 2020, proceedings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 288\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-58219-7_21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58219-7_21"},{"key":"11102_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ehrmann M, Romanello M, Doucet A, Clematide S (2022a) Introducing the HIPE 2022 shared task: named entity recognition and linking in multilingual historical documents. In: Hagen M, Verberne S, Macdonald C, Seifert C, Balog K, N\u00f8rv\u00e5g K, Setty V (eds) Advances in information retrieval, vol 13186. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 347\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-99739-7_44","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-99739-7_44"},{"key":"11102_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ehrmann M, Romanello M, Najem-Meyer S, Doucet A, Clematide S (2022b) Extended overview of HIPE-2022: named entity recognition and linking in multilingual historical documents. In: Faggioli G, Ferro N, Hanbury A, Potthast M (eds) Working notes of CLEF 2022\u2014conference and labs of the evaluation forum (CLEF), vol 3180. CEUR-WS, Aachen, pp 1038\u20131063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.6979577","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.6979577"},{"key":"11102_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3604931","author":"M Ehrmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ehrmann M, Hamdi A, Pontes EL, Romanello M, Doucet A (2023) Named entity recognition and classification in historical documents: a survey. ACM Comput Surv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3604931","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv"},{"key":"11102_CR24","unstructured":"Gabrilovich E, Ringgaard M, Subramanya A (2013) FACC1: freebase annotation of ClueWeb corpora, version 1 (release date 2013-06-26, format version 1, correction level 0). Web Download. http:\/\/lemurproject.org\/clueweb09\/, http:\/\/lemurproject.org\/clueweb12\/"},{"key":"11102_CR73","unstructured":"Graciotti A, Presutti V, Tripodi R (2024) Latent vs explicit knowledge representation: how ChatGPT answers questions about low-frequency entities. In: Proceedings of the 2024 joint international conference on computational linguistics, language resources and evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024). ELRA and ICCL, Torino, Italia, pp 10172\u201310185."},{"key":"11102_CR25","unstructured":"Graff D (2002) The AQUAINT corpus of English news text. Linguistic Data Consortium. https:\/\/catalog.ldc.upenn.edu\/LDC2002T31"},{"key":"11102_CR26","unstructured":"Gu Y, Dong L, Wei F, Huang, M (2024) MiniLLM: knowledge distillation of large language models. In: The twelfth international conference on learning representations, ICLR 2024, Vienna, Austria, May 7-11, 2024. OpenReview.net. https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=5h0qf7IBZZ"},{"issue":"7","key":"11102_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3773","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-023-02059-2","volume":"66","author":"I Guellil","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guellil I, Garcia-Dominguez A, Lewis PR, Hussain S, Smith G (2024) Entity linking for English and other languages: a survey. Knowl Inf Syst 66(7):3773\u20133824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10115-023-02059-2","journal-title":"Knowl Inf Syst"},{"key":"11102_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hamdi A, Linhares Pontes E, Boros E, Nguyen TTH, Hackl G, Moreno JG, Doucet A (2021) A multilingual dataset for named entity recognition, entity linking and stance detection in historical newspapers. In: Proceedings of the 44th international ACM SIGIR conference on research and development in information retrieval. SIGIR \u201921. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp 2328\u20132334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3404835.3463255","DOI":"10.1145\/3404835.3463255"},{"issue":"1","key":"11102_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/19312450709336664","volume":"1","author":"AF Hayes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hayes AF, Krippendorff K (2007) Answering the call for a standard reliability measure for coding data. Commun Methods Meas 1(1):77\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19312450709336664","journal-title":"Commun Methods Meas"},{"key":"11102_CR30","unstructured":"Hoffart J, Yosef MA, Bordino I, F\u00fcrstenau H, Pinkal M, Spaniol M, Taneva B, Thater S, Weikum G (2011) Robust disambiguation of named entities in text. In: Proceedings of the 2011 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing. Association for Computational Linguistics, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, pp 782\u2013792. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/D11-1072"},{"key":"11102_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hoffart J, Seufert S, Nguyen DB, Theobald M, Weikum G (2012) KORE: keyphrase overlap relatedness for entity disambiguation. In: Proceedings of the 21st ACM international conference on information and knowledge management. CIKM \u201912. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp 545\u2013554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2396761.2396832","DOI":"10.1145\/2396761.2396832"},{"key":"11102_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hummel RA, Zucker SW (1983) On the foundations of relaxation labeling processes. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell PAMI-5(3):267\u2013287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPAMI.1983.4767390","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1983.4767390"},{"key":"11102_CR34","unstructured":"Ilievski F, Vossen P, Schlobach S (2018) Systematic study of long tail phenomena in entity linking. In: Bender EM, Derczynski L, Isabelle P (eds) Proceedings of the 27th international conference on computational linguistics. Association for Computational Linguistics, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, pp 664\u2013674. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/C18-1056"},{"key":"11102_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jacovi A, Caciularu A, Goldman O, Goldberg Y (2023) Stop uploading test data in plain text: practical strategies for mitigating data contamination by evaluation benchmarks. In: Bouamor H, Pino J, Bali K (eds) Proceedings of the 2023 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing. Association for Computational Linguistics, Singapore, pp 5075\u20135084. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-main.308, https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2023.emnlp-main.308","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-main.308"},{"key":"11102_CR36","unstructured":"Ji H, Grishman R, Dang HT, Griffit K, Ellis J (2010) Overview of the tac 2010 knowledge base population track. In: Proceedings of the 2010 text analysis conference"},{"key":"11102_CR37","unstructured":"Jurafsky D, Martin JH (2023) Speech and language processing, (2023). Draft of January 7. https:\/\/web.stanford.edu\/$~$jurafsky\/slp3\/. Accessed 13 Aug 2024"},{"key":"11102_CR38","unstructured":"Kandpal N, Deng H, Roberts A, Wallace E, Raffel C (2023) Large language models struggle to learn long-tail knowledge. In: Proceedings of the 40th international conference on machine learning. ICML\u201923. JMLR.org, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA"},{"key":"11102_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kolitsas N, Ganea O-E, Hofmann T (2018) End-to-end neural entity linking. In: Korhonen A, Titov I (eds) Proceedings of the 22nd conference on computational natural language learning. Association for Computational Linguistics, Brussels, Belgium, pp 519\u2013529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/K18-1050","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/K18-1050"},{"key":"11102_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lacerra C, Pasini T, Tripodi R, Navigli R (2021a) ALaSca: an automated approach for large-scale lexical substitution. In: Proceedings of the thirtieth international joint conference on artificial intelligence (IJCAI-21). International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, Montreal, Canada, pp 3836\u20133842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24963\/ijcai.2021\/528","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2021\/528"},{"key":"11102_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lacerra C, Tripodi R, Navigli R (2021b) GeneSis: a generative approach to substitutes in context. In: Proceedings of the 2021 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP). Association for Computational Linguistics, Online and Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, pp 10810\u201310823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.844","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.844"},{"issue":"16","key":"11102_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18471","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i16.29808","volume":"38","author":"C Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li C, Flanigan J (2024) Task contamination: language models may not be few-shot anymore. Proc AAAI Conf Artif Intell 38(16):18471\u201318480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1609\/aaai.v38i16.29808","journal-title":"Proc AAAI Conf Artif Intell"},{"key":"11102_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mallen A, Asai A, Zhong V, Das R, Khashabi D, Hajishirzi H (2023) When not to trust language models: investigating effectiveness of parametric and non-parametric memories. In: Rogers A, Boyd-Graber J, Okazaki N (eds) Proceedings of the 61st annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (volume 1: long papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, Toronto, Canada, pp 9802\u20139822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2023.acl-long.546","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.acl-long.546"},{"key":"11102_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Menzel S, Schnaitter H, Zinck J, Petras V, Neudecker C, Labusch K, Leitner E, Rehm G (2021) In: Franke-Maier M, Kasprzik A, Ledl A, Sch\u00fcrmann H (eds) Named Entity Linking mit Wikidata und GND - Das Potenzial handkuratierter und strukturierter Datenquellen f\u00fcr die semantische Anreicherung von Volltexten. De Gruyter Saur, Berlin, Boston, pp 229\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9783110691597-012","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110691597-012"},{"issue":"11","key":"11102_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1145\/219717.219748","volume":"38","author":"GA Miller","year":"1995","unstructured":"Miller GA (1995) WordNet: a lexical database for English. Commun ACM 38(11):39\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/219717.219748","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"issue":"5","key":"11102_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6377(91)90015-H","volume":"10","author":"DA Miller","year":"1991","unstructured":"Miller DA, Zucker SW (1991) Copositive-plus Lemke algorithm solves polymatrix games. Oper Res Lett 10(5):285\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0167-6377(91)90015-H","journal-title":"Oper Res Lett"},{"key":"11102_CR45","unstructured":"Mitchell A, Strassel S, Huang S, Zakhary R (2005) ACE 2004 multilingual training corpus LDC2005T09. Linguistic Data Consortium, Philadelphia"},{"issue":"6","key":"11102_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-212865","volume":"13","author":"C M\u00f6ller","year":"2022","unstructured":"M\u00f6ller C, Lehmann J, Usbeck R (2022) Survey on English entity linking on Wikidata: datasets and approaches. Semant Web 13(6):925\u2013966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/SW-212865","journal-title":"Semant Web"},{"key":"11102_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.2307\/1969529","volume":"54","author":"J Nash","year":"1951","unstructured":"Nash J (1951) Non-cooperative games. Ann Math 54:286\u2013295","journal-title":"Ann Math"},{"key":"11102_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orlando R, Huguet Cabot P-L, Barba E, Navigli R (2024) ReLiK: Retrieve and LinK, fast and accurate entity linking and relation extraction on an academic budget. In: Ku L-W, Martins A, Srikumar V (eds) Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics ACL 2024. Association for Computational Linguistics, Bangkok, Thailand and virtual meeting, pp 14114\u201314132. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2024.findings-acl.839","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-acl.839"},{"issue":"4","key":"11102_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008255111261","volume":"7","author":"M Pelillo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pelillo M (1997) The dynamics of nonlinear relaxation labeling processes. J Math Imaging Vis 7(4):309\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1008255111261","journal-title":"J Math Imaging Vis"},{"key":"11102_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Petroni F, Piktus A, Fan A, Lewis P, Yazdani M, De Cao N, Thorne J, Jernite, Y, Karpukhin V, Maillard J, Plachouras V, Rockt\u00e4schel T, Riedel S (2021) KILT: a benchmark for knowledge intensive language tasks. In: Proceedings of the 2021 conference of the North American chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: human language technologies. Association for Computational Linguistics, Online, pp 2523\u20132544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2021.naacl-main.200","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.naacl-main.200"},{"key":"11102_CR51","unstructured":"Plekhanov M, Kassner N, Popat K, Martin L, Merello S, Kozlovskii B, Dreyer FA, Cancedda N (2023) Multilingual end to end entity linking. arXiv Preprint http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2306.08896"},{"key":"11102_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00799-021-00319-6","volume":"23","author":"EL Pontes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pontes EL, Cabrera-Diego LA, Moreno JG, Boros E, Hamdi A, Doucet A, Sid\u00e8re N, Coustaty M (2022) MELHISSA: a multilingual entity linking architecture for historical press articles. Int J Digit Libr 23:133\u2013160","journal-title":"Int J Digit Libr"},{"key":"11102_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Provatorova V, Bhargav S, Vakulenko S, Kanoulas E (2021) Robustness evaluation of entity disambiguation using prior probes: the case of entity overshadowing. In: Moens M-F, Huang X, Specia L, Yih SW-t (eds) Proceedings of the 2021 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing. Association for Computational Linguistics, Online and Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, pp 10501\u201310510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.820","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.820"},{"key":"11102_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ramirez-Orta JA, Xamena E, Maguitman A, Milios E, Soto AJ (2022) Post-OCR document correction with large ensembles of character sequence-to-sequence models. In: Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence. AAAI Press, pp 11192\u201311199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1609\/aaai.v36i10.21369","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v36i10.21369"},{"issue":"7","key":"11102_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2010.12.004","volume":"115","author":"S Rota Bul\u00f2","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rota Bul\u00f2 S, Pelillo M, Bomze IM (2011) Graph-based quadratic optimization: a fast evolutionary approach. Comput Vis Image Underst 115(7):984\u2013995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cviu.2010.12.004. (Special issue on Graph-Based Representations in Computer Vision)","journal-title":"Comput Vis Image Underst"},{"key":"11102_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sainz O, Campos J, Garc\u00eda-Ferrero I, Etxaniz J, Lacalle OL, Agirre E (2023) NLP evaluation in trouble: on the need to measure LLM data contamination for each benchmark. In: Bouamor H, Pino J, Bali K (eds) Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2023. Association for Computational Linguistics, Singapore, pp 10776\u201310787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-emnlp.722, https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2023.findings-emnlp.722","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-emnlp.722"},{"key":"11102_CR56","unstructured":"Santini C, Tan MA, Bruns O, Tietz T, Posthumus E, Sack H (2022) Knowledge extraction for art history: the case of Vasari\u2019s the lives of the artists. In: Paschke A, Rehm G, Neudecker C, Pintscher L (eds) Proceedings of the third conference on digital curation technologies (Qurator 2022). CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol 3234. CEUR-WS.org, Berlin, Germany. https:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-3234\/paper7.pdf"},{"key":"11102_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Scarlini B, Pasini T, Navigli R (2020) With more contexts comes better performance: contextualized sense embeddings for all-round word sense disambiguation. In: Proceedings of the 2020 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP). Association for Computational Linguistics, Online, pp 3528\u20133539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.285","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.285"},{"issue":"3","key":"11102_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-222986","volume":"13","author":"\u00d6 Sevgili","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sevgili \u00d6, Shelmanov A, Arkhipov M, Panchenko A, Biemann C (2022) Neural entity linking: a survey of models based on deep learning. Semant Web 13(3):527\u2013570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/SW-222986","journal-title":"Semant Web"},{"key":"11102_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun K, Xu YE, Zha H, Liu Y, Dong XL (2024) Head-to-tail: how knowledgeable are large language models (LLMs)? A.K.A. will LLMs replace knowledge graphs? arXiv","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.naacl-long.18"},{"issue":"1","key":"11102_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5564(78)90077-9","volume":"40","author":"PD Taylor","year":"1978","unstructured":"Taylor PD, Jonker LB (1978) Evolutionary stable strategies and game dynamics. Math Biosci 40(1):145\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0025-5564(78)90077-9","journal-title":"Math Biosci"},{"key":"11102_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tedeschi S, Conia S, Cecconi F, Navigli R (2021) Named entity recognition for entity linking: what works and what\u2019s next. In: Moens M-F, Huang X, Specia L, Yih SW-t (eds) Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2021. Association for Computational Linguistics, Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, pp 2584\u20132596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2021.findings-emnlp.220","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.findings-emnlp.220"},{"key":"11102_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tripodi R, Navigli R (2019) Game theory meets embeddings: a unified framework for word sense disambiguation. In: Proceedings of the 2019 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing and the 9th international joint conference on natural language processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP). Association for Computational Linguistics, Hong Kong, China, pp 88\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/D19-1009","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1009"},{"key":"11102_CR63","unstructured":"Tripodi R, Blloshmi R, Levis Sullam S (2022) Evaluating multilingual sentence representation models in a real case scenario. In: Proceedings of the thirteenth language resources and evaluation conference. European Language Resources Association, Marseille, France, pp 2928\u20132939. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2022.lrec-1.314"},{"key":"11102_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Hulst JM, Hasibi F, Dercksen K, Balog K, Vries AP (2020) REL: an entity linker standing on the shoulders of giants. In: Proceedings of the 43rd international ACM SIGIR conference on research and development in information retrieval. SIGIR \u201920. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp 2197\u20132200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3397271.3401416","DOI":"10.1145\/3397271.3401416"},{"issue":"9","key":"11102_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.3390\/INFO11090421","volume":"11","author":"J Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang J, Dong Y (2020) Measurement of text similarity: a survey. Information 11(9):421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/INFO11090421","journal-title":"Information"},{"key":"11102_CR65","volume-title":"Evolutionary game theory","author":"JW Weibull","year":"1997","unstructured":"Weibull JW (1997) Evolutionary game theory. MIT Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"11102_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu L, Petroni F, Josifoski M, Riedel S, Zettlemoyer L (2020) Scalable zero-shot entity linking with dense entity retrieval. In: Webber B, Cohn T, He Y, Liu Y (eds) Proceedings of the 2020 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP). Association for Computational Linguistics, Online, pp 6397\u20136407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.519","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.519"},{"key":"11102_CR67","unstructured":"Zaporojets K, Kaffee L-A, Deleu J, Demeester T, Develder C, Augenstein I (2022) TempEL: linking dynamically evolving and newly emerging entities. In: Thirty-sixth conference on neural information processing systems datasets and benchmarks track. https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=vrnqr3PG4yB"},{"key":"11102_CR68","unstructured":"Zhang W, Hua W, Stratos K (2022) EntQA: entity linking as question answering. In: International conference on learning representations. https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=US2rTP5nm_"},{"key":"11102_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhu F, Yu J, Jin H, Hou L, Li J, Sui Z (2023) Learn to not link: exploring NIL prediction in entity linking. In: Rogers A, Boyd-Graber J, Okazaki N (eds) Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023. Association for Computational Linguistics, Toronto, Canada, pp 10846\u201310860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-acl.690","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-acl.690"}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10462-024-11102-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10462-024-11102-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10462-024-11102-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T07:07:29Z","timestamp":1743750449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10462-024-11102-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["11102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10462-024-11102-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-7462"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-7462","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 December 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflict of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"140"}}