{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T16:45:45Z","timestamp":1784738745069,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Doha for Science and Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Artif Intell Rev"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Generative AI\u2019s swift progress advances onto profound cybersecurity dilemmas. Its usage by malevolent entities to automate intricate malware creation poses a significant threat, circumventing conventional defensive measures. This paradigm shift enables the generation of polymorphic malware, eluding signature-based detection and facilitating precision-targeted assaults. The democratization of Generative AI exacerbates these threats by extending advanced capabilities to a broader spectrum of malicious actors. A comprehensive examination of AI-generated malware\u2019s prevalence, and its repercussions is imperative to fortify cyber resilience. Such scrutiny informs proactive defense strategies vital for safeguarding digital assets within increasingly interconnected systems. Robust threat intelligence frameworks and AI-centric defensive mechanisms emerge as imperative shields against evolving cyber perils. Addressing this emergent challenge stands as an indispensable endeavor in contemporary cybersecurity discourse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-025-11285-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T07:33:42Z","timestamp":1751355222000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Generative AI: a double-edged sword in the cyber threat landscape"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Werisha","family":"Ibrar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danish","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Sami","family":"Al-Shamayleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghufran","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4633-5020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salman Z.","family":"Alharthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8370-9290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adnan","family":"Akhunzada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"11285_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.38194\/jurkom.v6i2.908","volume":"6","author":"A Afgiansyah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Afgiansyah A (2023) Artificial intelligence neutrality: framing analysis of GPT powered-Bing chat and google bard. Jurnal Riset Komunikasi 6(2):179\u2013193","journal-title":"Jurnal Riset Komunikasi"},{"issue":"4","key":"11285_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1080\/0952813X.2021.1960637","volume":"35","author":"B Agarwal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Agarwal B, Agarwal A, Harjule P, Rahman A (2023) Understanding the intent behind sharing misinformation on social media. J Exp Theor Artif Intell 35(4):573\u2013587","journal-title":"J Exp Theor Artif Intell"},{"key":"11285_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlEroud A, Karabatis G (2020) Bypassing detection of URL-based phishing attacks using generative adversarial deep neural networks. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Security and Privacy Analytics, pp. 53\u2013 60","DOI":"10.1145\/3375708.3380315"},{"key":"11285_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alanazi S, Asif S (2023) Understanding deepfakes: a comprehensive analysis of creation, generation, and detection","DOI":"10.54941\/ahfe1003290"},{"key":"11285_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alawida M, Shawar BA, Abiodun OI, Mehmood A, Omolara AE, et al (2023) Unveiling the dark side of ChatGPT: Exploring cyberattacks and enhancing user awareness","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202309.1768.v2"},{"key":"11285_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali ML, Thakur K, Barker H, Chan M ( 2024) The rise of artificial intelligence: Industry insights and applications in security information and event management (SIEM). In: 2024 IEEE 15th Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON), pp. 0477\u2013 0482. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/UEMCON62879.2024.10754705"},{"issue":"2","key":"11285_CR7","first-page":"605","volume":"8","author":"M Alkhair","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alkhair M, Hocini A, Sma\u00efli K (2023) Spotting fake news in Arabic with machine and deep learning techniques. Int J Sci Develop Res 8(2):605\u2013611","journal-title":"Int J Sci Develop Res"},{"key":"11285_CR8","unstructured":"Alosefer Y (2012) Analysing web-based malware behaviour through client honeypots. PhD thesis, Cardiff University"},{"key":"11285_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anandita\u00a0Iyer A, Umadevi K ( 2023) Role of ai and its impact on the development of cyber security applications. In: Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Security in Industry 4.0, pp. 23\u2013 46. Springer, Berlin","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-2115-7_2"},{"key":"11285_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apruzzese G, Conti M, Yuan Y (2022) Spacephish: The evasion-space of adversarial attacks against phishing website detectors using machine learning. In: Proceedings of the 38th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, pp. 171\u2013 185","DOI":"10.1145\/3564625.3567980"},{"key":"11285_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.119847","volume":"222","author":"M Arazzi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arazzi M, Nicolazzo S, Nocera A, Zippo M (2023) The importance of the language for the evolution of online communities: an analysis based on twitter and reddit. Exp Syst Appl 222:119847","journal-title":"Exp Syst Appl"},{"issue":"6","key":"11285_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12061333","volume":"12","author":"\u00d6 Aslan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aslan \u00d6, Aktu\u011f SS, Ozkan-Okay M, Yilmaz AA, Akin E (2023) A comprehensive review of cyber security vulnerabilities, threats, attacks, and solutions. Electronics 12(6):1333","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"11285_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azam H, Dulloo MI, Majeed MH, Wan JPH, Xin LT, Tajwar MA, Sindiramutty SR (2023) Defending the digital frontier: IDPS and the battle against cyber threat","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202311.0623.v1"},{"key":"11285_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrett C, Boyd B, Burzstein E, Carlini N, Chen B, Choi J, Chowdhury AR, Christodorescu M, Datta A, Feizi S, et al (2023) Identifying and mitigating the security risks of Generative AI. Preprint at arXiv:2308.14840","DOI":"10.1561\/9781638283133"},{"key":"11285_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bazarkina D, Mikhalevich EA, Pashentsev E, Matyashova D ( 2023) The threats and current practices of malicious use of artificial intelligence in psychological security in China. In: The Palgrave Handbook of Malicious Use of AI and Psychological Security, pp. 335\u2013 375. Springer, Berlin","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-22552-9_13"},{"key":"11285_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bendiab G, Hameurlaine A, Germanos G, Kolokotronis N, Shiaeles S (2023)Autonomous vehicles security: challenges and solutions using blockchain and artificial intelligence. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2023.3236274"},{"key":"11285_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blair W, Araujo F, Taylor T, Jang J ( 2023) Automated synthesis of effect graph policies for microservice-aware stateful system call specialization. In: 2024 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), pp. 64\u2013 64. IEEE Computer Society","DOI":"10.1109\/SP54263.2024.00064"},{"key":"11285_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botacin M ( 2023) Gpthreats-3: Is automatic malware generation a threat? In: 2023 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops (SPW), pp. 238\u2013 254. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/SPW59333.2023.00027"},{"key":"11285_CR19","first-page":"1877","volume":"33","author":"T Brown","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brown T, Mann B, Ryder N, Subbiah M, Kaplan JD, Dhariwal P, Neelakantan A, Shyam P, Sastry G, Askell A et al (2020) Language models are few-shot learners. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 33:1877\u20131901","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"11285_CR20","unstructured":"Cao Y, Li S, Liu Y, Yan Z, Dai Y, Yu PS, Sun L (2023) A comprehensive survey of ai-generated content (AIGC): A history of generative ai from GAN to ChatGPT. Preprint at arXiv:2303.04226"},{"key":"11285_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chamola V, Hassija V, Sulthana AR, Ghosh D, Dhingra D, Sikdar B (2023) A review of trustworthy and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). IEEE Access","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3294569"},{"key":"11285_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charfeddine M, Kammoun HM, Hamdaoui B, Guizani M (2024) Chatgpt\u2019s security risks and benefits: Offensive and defensive use-cases, mitigation measures, and future implications. IEEE Access","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3367792"},{"key":"11285_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chauhan R, Heydari SS (2020) Polymorphic adversarial DDOS attack on ids using GAN. In: 2020 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC), pp. 1\u2013 6. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ISNCC49221.2020.9297264"},{"key":"11285_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhury MM, Rifat N, Ahsan M, Latif S, Gomes R, Rahman MS (2023) ChatGPT: A threat against the CIA triad of cyber security. In: 2023 IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology (eIT), pp. 1\u2013 6. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/eIT57321.2023.10187355"},{"key":"11285_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crothers E, Japkowicz N, Viktor HL (2023) Machine-generated text: a comprehensive survey of threat models and detection methods. IEEE Access","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3294090"},{"key":"11285_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dasawat SS, Sharma S ( 2023) Cyber security integration with smart new age sustainable startup business, risk management, automation and scaling system for entrepreneurs: An artificial intelligence approach. In: 2023 7th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS), pp. 1357\u2013 1363. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICCS56967.2023.10142779"},{"key":"11285_CR27","unstructured":"Derner E, Batisti\u010d K (2023) Beyond the safeguards: Exploring the security risks of ChatGPT. Preprint at arXiv:2305.08005"},{"key":"11285_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deshpande AS, Gupta S (2023) GenAI in the cyber kill chain: A comprehensive review of risks, threat operative strategies and adaptive defense approaches. In: 2023 IEEE International Conference on ICT in Business Industry & Government (ICTBIG), pp. 1\u2013 5. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTBIG59752.2023.10456106"},{"key":"11285_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duary S, Choudhury P, Mishra S, Sharma V, Rao DD, Aderemi AP (2024) Cybersecurity threats detection in intelligent networks using predictive analytics approaches. In: 2024 4th International Conference on Innovative Practices in Technology and Management (ICIPTM), pp. 1\u2013 5. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIPTM59628.2024.10563348"},{"issue":"6","key":"11285_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2023.3305726","volume":"40","author":"C Ebert","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ebert C, Beck M (2023) Artificial intelligence for cybersecurity. IEEE Softw 40(6):27\u201334","journal-title":"IEEE Softw"},{"key":"11285_CR31","unstructured":"Esmailzadeh Y (2023) Potential risks of ChatGPT: Implications for counterterrorism and international security. Int J Multicult Multirelig Understanding (IJMMU) 10"},{"key":"11285_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrara E (2023) Genai against humanity: Nefarious applications of generative artificial intelligence and large language models. Preprint at arXiv:2310.00737","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4614223"},{"key":"11285_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2022.100529","volume":"47","author":"M Gopinath","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gopinath M, Sethuraman SC (2023) A comprehensive survey on deep learning based malware detection techniques. Comput Sci Rev 47:100529","journal-title":"Comput Sci Rev"},{"key":"11285_CR34","unstructured":"Grigorev A, Saleh A-SMK, Ou Y (2024) Incidentresponsegpt: Generating traffic incident response plans with generative artificial intelligence. Preprint at arXiv:2404.18550"},{"key":"11285_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta M, Akiri C, Aryal K, Parker E, Praharaj L (2023) From ChatGPT to ThreatGPT: Impact of generative ai in cybersecurity and privacy. IEEE Access","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3300381"},{"key":"11285_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.122442","volume":"240","author":"A Habbal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Habbal A, Ali MK, Abuzaraida MA (2024) Artificial intelligence trust, risk and security management (AI Trism): Frameworks, applications, challenges and future research directions. Expert Syst Appl 240:122442","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"11285_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He D, Gu H, Zhu S, Chan S, Guizani M (2023) A comprehensive detection method for the lateral movement stage of apt attacks. IEEE Internet of Things Journal","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3322412"},{"key":"11285_CR38","unstructured":"Howard R ( 2023) Cybersecurity first principles: a reboot of strategy and tactics. Wiley"},{"key":"11285_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang Y, Juefei-Xu F, Guo Q, Liu Y, Pu G (2023) Dodging deepfake detection via implicit spatial-domain notch filtering. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2023.3325427"},{"key":"11285_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutchens J (2023) The language of deception: weaponizing next Generation AI. Wiley","DOI":"10.1002\/9781394277148"},{"key":"11285_CR41","unstructured":"Intelligence S (2023) Blackmamba: A polymorphic keylogger powered by OpenAI GPT-3. Security Intelligence"},{"key":"11285_CR42","unstructured":"Kaheh M, Kholgh DK, Kostakos P (2023) Cyber sentinel: Exploring conversational agents in streamlining security tasks with GPT-4. Preprint at arXiv:2309.16422"},{"issue":"1","key":"11285_CR43","first-page":"144","volume":"11","author":"R Karlsen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Karlsen R, Aalberg T (2023) Social media and trust in news: An experimental study of the effect of Facebook on news story credibility. Digit J 11(1):144\u2013160","journal-title":"Digit J"},{"issue":"2","key":"11285_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.70891\/JAIR.2024.110004","volume":"1","author":"M Khalil","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khalil M (2024) Predictive analytics for cybersecurity: AI in risk mitigation. MZ J Artif Intell 1(2):1\u20138","journal-title":"MZ J Artif Intell"},{"key":"11285_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khoury R, Avila AR, Brunelle J, Camara BM (2023) How secure is code generated by ChatGPT? Preprint at arXiv:2304.09655","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC53992.2023.10394237"},{"key":"11285_CR46","unstructured":"Lab K (2022) Ai-driven polymorphic ransomware frameworks: a new era of cyber threats. Kaspersky Lab Reports"},{"key":"11285_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee S, Lee S, Park J, Kim K, Lee K (2023) Hiding in the crowd: Ransomware protection by adopting camouflage and hiding strategy with the link file. IEEE Access","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3309879"},{"key":"11285_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Z, Hu J, Liu Y, Roy K, Yuan X, Xu J (2023) Anomaly-based intrusion on IoT networks using AIGAN-A generative adversarial network. IEEE Access","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3307463"},{"key":"11285_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Z (2023) SOPHON IDs: Mitigating the effectiveness of GAN-based attacks via tailored misinformation","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-71464-1_34"},{"key":"11285_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majeed A, Hwang SO (2023) When AI meets information privacy: The adversarial role of AI in data sharing scenario. IEEE Access","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3297646"},{"key":"11285_CR51","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn AS (2024) What generative artificial intelligence means for terminological definitions. Preprint at arXiv:2402.16139"},{"issue":"4","key":"11285_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3974","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-022-03766-z","volume":"53","author":"M Masood","year":"2023","unstructured":"Masood M, Nawaz M, Malik KM, Javed A, Irtaza A, Malik H (2023) Deepfakes generation and detection: State-of-the-art, open challenges, countermeasures, and way forward. Appl Intell 53(4):3974\u20134026","journal-title":"Appl Intell"},{"key":"11285_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mavikumbure HS, Cobilean V, Wickramasinghe CS, Drake D, Manic M ( 2024) Generative AI in cyber security of cyber physical systems: Benefits and threats. In: 2024 16th International Conference on Human System Interaction (HSI), pp. 1\u2013 8. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/HSI61632.2024.10613562"},{"key":"11285_CR54","unstructured":"Miotti A, Wasil A (2024) Combatting deepfakes: Policies to address national security threats and rights violations. Preprint at arXiv:2402.09581"},{"key":"11285_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montasari R (2024) Responding to deepfake challenges in the united kingdom: Legal and technical insights with recommendations. In: Cyberspace, Cyberterrorism and the International Security in the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Threats, Assessment and Responses, pp. 241\u2013 258. Springer, Berlin","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-50454-9_12"},{"key":"11285_CR56","unstructured":"Neupane S, Fernandez IA, Mittal S, Rahimi S (2023) Impacts and risk of generative ai technology on cyber defense. Preprint at arXiv:2306.13033"},{"key":"11285_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orbinato V, Feliciano MC, Cotroneo D, Natella R (2024) Laccolith: Hypervisor-based adversary emulation with anti-detection. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2024.3376129"},{"issue":"3","key":"11285_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3211346","volume":"10","author":"C Park","year":"2022","unstructured":"Park C, Lee J, Kim Y, Park J-G, Kim H, Hong D (2022) An enhanced ai-based network intrusion detection system using generative adversarial networks. IEEE Internet Things J 10(3):2330\u20132345","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"11285_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patil D, Rane N, Rane J (2024) Enhancing resilience in various business sectors with ChatGPT and generative artificial intelligence. The Future Impact of ChatGPT on Several Business Sectors, 146\u2013200","DOI":"10.70593\/978-81-981367-8-7_4"},{"key":"11285_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paulose R, Neelanath V (2024) Generative ai-driven automation of business process reimagination. In: 2024 IEEE Recent Advances in Intelligent Computational Systems (RAICS), pp. 1\u2013 6. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/RAICS61201.2024.10689826"},{"key":"11285_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pa\u00a0Pa YM, Tanizaki S, Kou T, Van\u00a0Eeten M, Yoshioka K, Matsumoto T (2023) An attacker\u2019s dream? exploring the capabilities of chatgpt for developing malware. In: Proceedings of the 16th Cyber Security Experimentation and Test Workshop, pp. 10\u2013 18","DOI":"10.1145\/3607505.3607513"},{"issue":"3","key":"11285_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.14445\/22312803\/IJCTT-V71I3P104","volume":"71","author":"A Peddireddy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peddireddy A, Peddireddy K (2023) Next-Gen CRM sales and lead generation with AI. Int J Comput Trends Technol 71(3):21\u201326","journal-title":"Int J Comput Trends Technol"},{"key":"11285_CR63","unstructured":"Perkins M, Roe J, Vu BH, Postma D, Hickerson D, McGaughran J, Khuat HQ (2024) Genai detection tools, adversarial techniques and implications for inclusivity in higher education. Preprint at arXiv:2403.19148"},{"key":"11285_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pissanidis DL, Demertzis K (2023) Integrating AI\/ML in cybersecurity: An analysis of open XDR technology and its application in intrusion detection and system log management","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202312.0205.v1"},{"key":"11285_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasad SG, Sharmila VC, Badrinarayanan M ( 2023) Role of artificial intelligence based chat generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT) in cyber security. In: 2023 2nd International Conference on Applied Artificial Intelligence and Computing (ICAAIC), pp. 107\u2013 114. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAAIC56838.2023.10141395"},{"key":"11285_CR66","unstructured":"Qammar A, Wang H, Ding J, Naouri A, Daneshmand M, Ning H (2023) Chatbots to chatgpt in a cybersecurity space: Evolution, vulnerabilities, attacks, challenges, and future recommendations. Preprint at arXiv:2306.09255"},{"key":"11285_CR67","unstructured":"Qammar A, Wang H, Ding J, Naouri A, Daneshmand M, Ning H (2023) Chatbots to ChatGPT in a cybersecurity space: Evolution, vulnerabilities, attacks, challenges, and future recommendations. Preprint at arXiv:2306.09255"},{"key":"11285_CR68","unstructured":"Qi X, Zeng Y, Xie T, Chen P-Y, Jia R, Mittal P, Henderson P (2023) Fine-tuning aligned language models compromises safety, even when users do not intend to! Preprint at arXiv:2310.03693"},{"issue":"4","key":"11285_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1108\/JFC-04-2022-0090","volume":"30","author":"A Rancourt-Raymond","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rancourt-Raymond A, Smaili N (2023) The unethical use of deepfakes. J Financial Crime 30(4):1066\u20131077","journal-title":"J Financial Crime"},{"key":"11285_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rawat R, Oki O, Chakrawarti RK, Adekunle TS, Lukose JM, Ajagbe SA (2023) Autonomous artificial intelligence systems for fraud detection and forensics in dark web environments. Informatica 47(9)","DOI":"10.31449\/inf.v46i9.4538"},{"key":"11285_CR71","unstructured":"Research I (2018) Deeplocker: Concealing malicious payloads with AI. IBM Research Blog"},{"key":"11285_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rowe NC ( 2007) Deception in defense of computer systems from cyber attack. In: Cyber Warfare and Cyber Terrorism, pp. 97\u2013 104. IGI global","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59140-991-5.ch013"},{"issue":"15","key":"11285_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6666","DOI":"10.3390\/s23156666","volume":"23","author":"S Saeed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saeed S, Altamimi SA, Alkayyal NA, Alshehri E, Alabbad DA (2023) Digital transformation and cybersecurity challenges for businesses resilience: Issues and recommendations. Sensors 23(15):6666","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"18","key":"11285_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13369","DOI":"10.3390\/su151813369","volume":"15","author":"MF Safitra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Safitra MF, Lubis M, Fakhrurroja H (2023) Counterattacking cyber threats: A framework for the future of cybersecurity. Sustainability 15(18):13369","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"11285_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santoso F, et al (2023) An in-depth examination of artificial intelligence-enhanced cybersecurity in robotics, autonomous systems, and critical infrastructures. IEEE Transactions on Services Computing","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2023.3331083"},{"key":"11285_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarkar G, Shukla SK (2023) Behavioral analysis of cybercrime: Paving the way for effective policing strategies. J Econ Criminol 100034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconc.2023.100034"},{"key":"11285_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmitt M, Flechais I (2023) Digital deception: generative artificial intelligence in social engineering and phishing. Preprint at arXiv:2310.13715","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4602790"},{"key":"11285_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sedar R, Kalalas C, V\u00e1zquez-Gallego F, Alonso L, Alonso-Zarate J (2023) A comprehensive survey of v2x cybersecurity mechanisms and future research paths. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2023.3239115"},{"issue":"7","key":"11285_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9355","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-023-04603-y","volume":"14","author":"A Sharma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sharma A, Gupta BB, Singh AK, Saraswat V (2023) Advanced persistent threats (APT): evolution, anatomy, attribution and countermeasures. J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput 14(7):9355\u20139381","journal-title":"J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput"},{"key":"11285_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888923000012","volume":"38","author":"A Shashkov","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shashkov A, Hemberg E, Tulla M, O\u2019Reilly U-M (2023) Adversarial agent-learning for cybersecurity: a comparison of algorithms. Knowl Eng Rev 38:3","journal-title":"Knowl Eng Rev"},{"key":"11285_CR81","unstructured":"Shen F (2023) Strategic network orchestration in software-defined networking. PhD thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder"},{"key":"11285_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shoaib MR, Wang Z, Ahvanooey MT, Zhao J (2023) Deepfakes, misinformation, and disinformation in the era of frontier ai, generative ai, and large ai models. Preprint at arXiv:2311.17394","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCA59364.2023.10401723"},{"key":"11285_CR83","unstructured":"Showrov AA, Aziz MT, Nabil HR, Jim JR, Kabir MM, Mridha M, Asai N, Shin J (2024) Generative adversarial networks (GANS) in medical imaging: Advancements, applications and challenges. IEEE Access"},{"key":"11285_CR84","unstructured":"Singh K (2023) Cyber threat in global perspective. Guarav Book Center"},{"key":"11285_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sison AJG, Daza MT, Gozalo-Brizuela R, Garrido-Merch\u00e1n EC (2023) ChatGPT: More than a weapon of mass deception ethical challenges and responses from the human-centered artificial intelligence (HCAI) perspective. International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction, 1\u201320","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4423874"},{"key":"11285_CR86","unstructured":"Subbaratinam S (2022) Machine learning based risk classification of vulnerabilities incorporating mitre att &ck framework and threat intelligence. PhD thesis, Marymount University"},{"key":"11285_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sudhakar K, Shanthi M (2023) Deepfake: An endanger to cyber security. In: 2023 International Conference on Sustainable Computing and Smart Systems (ICSCSS), pp. 1542\u2013 1548 IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSCSS57650.2023.10169246"},{"key":"11285_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun N, Ding M, Jiang J, Xu W, Mo X, Tai Y, Zhang J (2023) Cyber threat intelligence mining for proactive cybersecurity defense: A survey and new perspectives. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2023.3273282"},{"issue":"2","key":"11285_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1109\/TTS.2023.3278908","volume":"4","author":"M Taddeo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Taddeo M, Jones P, Abbas R, Vogel K, Michael K (2023) Socio-technical ecosystem considerations: an emergent research agenda for ai in cybersecurity. IEEE Trans Technol Soc 4(2):112\u2013118","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Technol Soc"},{"key":"11285_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Temara S (2023) Maximizing penetration testing success with effective reconnaissance techniques using ChatGPT","DOI":"10.22541\/au.167947026.68710739\/v1"},{"issue":"2","key":"11285_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-023-00795-x","volume":"65","author":"T Teubner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Teubner T, Flath CM, Weinhardt C, Aalst W, Hinz O (2023) Welcome to the era of ChatGPT et al. the prospects of large language models. Business Inform Syst Eng 65(2):95\u2013101","journal-title":"Business Inform Syst Eng"},{"key":"11285_CR92","unstructured":"Tremont TM (2023) Human-ai: Using threat intelligence to expose deepfakes and the exploitation of psychology. PhD thesis, Capitol Technology University"},{"issue":"2","key":"11285_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1145\/3373464.3373475","volume":"21","author":"L Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu L, Morstatter F, Carley KM, Liu H (2019) Misinformation in social media: definition, manipulation, and detection. ACM SIGKDD Exp Newsl 21(2):80\u201390","journal-title":"ACM SIGKDD Exp Newsl"},{"key":"11285_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu D, Fan S, Kankanhalli M (2023) Combating misinformation in the era of Generative AI models. In: Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Multimedia, pp. 9291\u2013 9298","DOI":"10.1145\/3581783.3612704"},{"key":"11285_CR95","unstructured":"Yigit Y, Buchanan WJ, Tehrani MG, Maglaras L (2024) Review of generative ai methods in cybersecurity. Preprint at arXiv:2403.08701"},{"key":"11285_CR96","first-page":"103501","volume":"75","author":"P Zambrano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zambrano P, Torres J, Tello-Oquendo L, Y\u00e1nez \u00c1, Vel\u00e1squez L (2023) On the modeling of cyber-attacks associated with social engineering: a parental control prototype. J Inform Security Appl 75:103501","journal-title":"J Inform Security Appl"},{"key":"11285_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong F, Cheng X, Yu D, Gong B, Song S, Yu J (2023) MALFOX: Camouflaged adversarial malware example generation based on Conv-GANS against black-box detectors. IEEE Transactions on Computers","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2022.102869"}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10462-025-11285-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10462-025-11285-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10462-025-11285-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T00:06:06Z","timestamp":1757203566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10462-025-11285-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["11285"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10462-025-11285-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-7462"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-7462","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 May 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"285"}}