{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T11:28:56Z","timestamp":1783769336633,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]],"date-time":"2017-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510876800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71301085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71301085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71332005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71332005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71671074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71671074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Oper Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-017-2705-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]],"date-time":"2017-11-17T12:47:32Z","timestamp":1510922852000},"page":"87-117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["An integrated tri-level model for enhancing the resilience of facilities against intentional attacks"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"283","author":[{"given":"Sachuer","family":"Bao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixin","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2705_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2012.08.013","volume":"41","author":"D Aksen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aksen, D., Akca, S. S., & Aras, N. (2014). A bilevel partial interdiction problem with capacitated facilities and demand outsourcing. Computers & Operations Research, 41, 346\u2013358. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cor.2012.08.013\n\n.","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2705_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10100-009-0110-6","volume":"18","author":"D Aksen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aksen, D., Piyade, N., & Aras, N. (2010). The budget constrained r-interdiction median problem with capacity expansion. Central European Journal of Operations Research, 18(3), 269\u2013291. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10100-009-0110-6\n\n.","journal-title":"Central European Journal of Operations Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2705_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1109\/tsg.2015.2388736","volume":"6","author":"A Arab","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arab, A., Khodaei, A., Khator, S. K., Ding, K., Emesih, V. A., & Han, Z. (2015). Stochastic pre-hurricane restoration planning for electric power systems infrastructure. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 6(2), 1046\u20131054. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tsg.2015.2388736\n\n.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid"},{"issue":"1","key":"2705_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-012-1146-x","volume":"210","author":"N Azad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Azad, N., Saharidis, G. K. D., Davoudpour, H., Malekly, H., & Yektamaram, S. A. (2013). Strategies for protecting supply chain networks against facility and transportation disruptions: An improved Benders decomposition approach. Annals of Operations Research, 210(1), 125\u2013163. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10479-012-1146-x\n\n.","journal-title":"Annals of Operations Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2705_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2004.12.001","volume":"34","author":"A Baykasoglu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baykasoglu, A., Dereli, T., & Sabuncu, I. (2006). An ant colony algorithm for solving budget constrained and unconstrained dynamic facility layout problems. Omega-International Journal of Management Science, 34(4), 385\u2013396. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.omega.2004.12.001\n\n.","journal-title":"Omega-International Journal of Management Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2705_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-3995.2009.00660.x","volume":"16","author":"O Berman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Berman, O., Drezner, T., Drezner, Z., & Wesolowsky, G. O. (2009). A defensive maximal covering problem on a network. International Transactions in Operational Research, 16(1), 69\u201386.","journal-title":"International Transactions in Operational Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2705_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2010.05.007","volume":"38","author":"HI Calvete","year":"2011","unstructured":"Calvete, H. I., Gale, C., & Oliveros, M. J. (2011). Bilevel model for production-distribution planning solved by using ant colony optimization. Computers & Operations Research, 38(1), 320\u2013327. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cor.2010.05.007\n\n.","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2705_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-011-0959-3","volume":"203","author":"B Cavdaroglu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cavdaroglu, B., Hammel, E., Mitchell, J. E., Sharkey, T. C., & Wallace, W. A. (2013). Integrating restoration and scheduling decisions for disrupted interdependent infrastructure systems. Annals of Operations Research, 203(1), 279\u2013294. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10479-011-0959-3\n\n.","journal-title":"Annals of Operations Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"2705_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2012.05.002","volume":"46","author":"JC Chu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chu, J. C., & Chen, Y.-J. (2012). Optimal threshold-based network-level transportation infrastructure life-cycle management with heterogeneous maintenance actions. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 46(9), 1123\u20131143. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trb.2012.05.002\n\n.","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part B: Methodological"},{"key":"2705_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01942293","volume":"32","author":"RL Church","year":"1974","unstructured":"Church, R. L., & ReVelle, C. S. (1974). The maximal covering location problem. Papers of the Regional Science Association, 32, 101\u2013118.","journal-title":"Papers of the Regional Science Association"},{"issue":"2","key":"2705_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.2007.00698.x","volume":"39","author":"RL Church","year":"2007","unstructured":"Church, R. L., & Scaparra, M. P. (2007). Protecting critical assets: The r-interdiction median problem with fortification. Geographical Analysis, 39(2), 129\u2013146.","journal-title":"Geographical Analysis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2705_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8306.2004.00410.x","volume":"94","author":"RL Church","year":"2004","unstructured":"Church, R. L., Scaparra, M. P., & Middleton, R. S. (2004). Identifying critical infrastructure: The median and covering facility interdiction problems. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 94(3), 491\u2013502. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8306.2004.00410.x\n\n.","journal-title":"Annals of the Association of American Geographers"},{"key":"2705_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1290.001.0001","volume-title":"Ant colony optimization","author":"M Dorigo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dorigo, M., & Stutzle, T. (2004). Ant colony optimization. London: The MIT Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"2705_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.12.3.450","volume":"12","author":"SL Hakimi","year":"1964","unstructured":"Hakimi, S. L. (1964). Optimal location of switching centers and the absolute centers and medians of a graph. Operations Research, 12(3), 450\u2013459.","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"key":"2705_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2011.09.002","volume":"99","author":"D Henry","year":"2012","unstructured":"Henry, D., & Ramirez-Marquez, J. E. (2012). Generic metrics and quantitative approaches for system resilience as a function of time. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 99, 114\u2013122. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2011.09.002\n\n.","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"2705_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2013.10.006","volume":"123","author":"I Hernandez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hernandez, I., Ramirez-Marquez, J. E., Rainwater, C., Pohl, E., & Medal, H. (2014). Robust facility location: Hedging against failures. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 123, 73\u201380. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2013.10.006\n\n.","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"2705_CR17","volume-title":"Handbook of emergency management: Programs and policies dealing with major hazards and disasters","author":"RJ Hy","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hy, R. J., & Waugh, W. L. (1990). Handbook of emergency management: Programs and policies dealing with major hazards and disasters. New York: Greenwood Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"2705_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcip.2009.10.002","volume":"3","author":"E Jenelius","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jenelius, E., Westin, J., & Holmgren, A. J. (2010). Critical infrastructure protection under imperfect attacker perception. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, 3(1), 16\u201326. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcip.2009.10.002\n\n.","journal-title":"International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection"},{"issue":"1","key":"2705_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2010.06.002","volume":"38","author":"F Liberatore","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liberatore, F., Scaparra, M. P., & Daskin, M. S. (2011). Analysis of facility protection strategies against an uncertain number of attacks: The stochastic R-interdiction median problem with fortification. Computers & Operations Research, 38(1), 357\u2013366. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cor.2010.06.002\n\n.","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2705_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2011.03.003","volume":"40","author":"F Liberatore","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liberatore, F., Scaparra, M. P., & Daskin, M. S. (2012). Hedging against disruptions with ripple effects in location analysis. Omega, 40(1), 21\u201330. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.omega.2011.03.003\n\n.","journal-title":"Omega"},{"issue":"1","key":"2705_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-012-1170-x","volume":"201","author":"C Losada","year":"2012","unstructured":"Losada, C., Scaparra, M. P., Church, R. L., & Daskin, M. S. (2012). The stochastic interdiction median problem with disruption intensity levels. Annals of Operations Research, 201(1), 345\u2013365. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10479-012-1170-x\n\n.","journal-title":"Annals of Operations Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2705_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2011.09.044","volume":"217","author":"C Losada","year":"2012","unstructured":"Losada, C., Scaparra, M. P., & O\u2019Hanley, J. R. (2012). Optimizing system resilience: A facility protection model with recovery time. European Journal of Operational Research, 217(3), 519\u2013530. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejor.2011.09.044\n\n.","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2705_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2012.07.010","volume":"223","author":"SG Nurre","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nurre, S. G., Cavdaroglu, B., Mitchell, J. E., Sharkey, T. C., & Wallace, W. A. (2012). Restoring infrastructure systems: An integrated network design and scheduling (INDS) problem. European Journal of Operational Research, 223(3), 794\u2013806. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejor.2012.07.010\n\n.","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2705_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2010.08.030","volume":"209","author":"JR O\u2019Hanley","year":"2011","unstructured":"O\u2019Hanley, J. R., & Church, R. L. (2011). Designing robust coverage networks to hedge against worst-case facility losses. European Journal of Operational Research, 209(1), 23\u201336. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejor.2010.08.030\n\n.","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2705_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2006.08.009","volume":"34","author":"JR O\u2019Hanley","year":"2007","unstructured":"O\u2019Hanley, J. R., Church, R. L., & Gilless, J. K. (2007). Locating and protecting critical reserve sites to minimize expected and worst-case losses. Biological Conservation, 34(1), 130\u2013141.","journal-title":"Biological Conservation"},{"key":"2705_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.strusafe.2011.12.004","volume":"36\u201337","author":"M Ouyang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ouyang, M., Due\u00f1as-Osorio, L., & Min, X. (2012). A three-stage resilience analysis framework for urban infrastructure systems. Structural Safety, 36\u201337, 23\u201331. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.strusafe.2011.12.004\n\n.","journal-title":"Structural Safety"},{"issue":"11","key":"2705_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.12252","volume":"32","author":"Min Ouyang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ouyang, M., & Fang, Y. P. (2017). A mathematical framework to optimize critical infrastructure resilience against intentional attacks. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mice.12252\n\n.","journal-title":"Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering"},{"key":"2705_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2015.03.011","volume":"141","author":"M Ouyang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ouyang, M., & Wang, Z. (2015). Resilience assessment of interdependent infrastructure systems: With a focus on joint restoration modeling and analysis. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 141, 74\u201382. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2015.03.011\n\n.","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"issue":"1","key":"2705_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1970.tb00142.x","volume":"2","author":"CS ReVelle","year":"1970","unstructured":"ReVelle, C. S., & Swain, R. W. (1970). Centrirl facilities location. Geographical Analysis, 2(1), 30\u201342.","journal-title":"Geographical Analysis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2705_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2006.09.019","volume":"35","author":"MP Scaparra","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scaparra, M. P., & Church, R. L. (2008a). A bilevel mixed-integer program for critical infrastructure protection planning. Computers & Operations Research, 35(6), 1905\u20131923.","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2705_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2007.05.027","volume":"189","author":"MP Scaparra","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scaparra, M. P., & Church, R. L. (2008b). An exact solution approach for the interdiction median problem with fortification. European Journal of Operational Research, 189(1), 76\u201392. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejor.2007.05.027\n\n.","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"2705_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simic, Z., Lugaric, L., & Krajcar, S. (2009). Integrated approach to energy security and critical infrastructure in Croatia. Paper presented at the 6th international conference on the European Energy Market, EEM 2009, Leuven, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/EEM.2009.5207148"},{"key":"2705_CR33","unstructured":"St\u00fctzle, T. (2009). Ant colony optimization. In M. Ehrgott, C. M. Fonseca, X. Gandibleux, J.-K. Hao & M. Sevaux (Eds.), Evolutionary multi-criterion optimization: 5th international conference, EMO 2009. Proceedings, Nantes, France, April 7\u201310, 2009 (p. 2). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer."},{"key":"2705_CR34","unstructured":"Swain, R. W. (1971). A decomposition algorithm for a class of facility location problems. Ph.D. thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA."},{"issue":"1","key":"2705_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-012-1182-6","volume":"224","author":"FL Usberti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Usberti, F. L., Lyra, C., Cavellucci, C., & Gonz\u00e1lez, J. F. V. (2012). Hierarchical multiple criteria optimization of maintenance activities on power distribution networks. Annals of Operations Research, 224(1), 171\u2013192. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10479-012-1182-6\n\n.","journal-title":"Annals of Operations Research"},{"key":"2705_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2015.03.046","volume":"32","author":"KJ Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang, K. J., & Lee, C. H. (2015). A revised ant algorithm for solving location-allocation problem with risky demand in a multi-echelon supply chain network. Applied Soft Computing, 32, 311\u2013321. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asoc.2015.03.046\n\n.","journal-title":"Applied Soft Computing"},{"key":"2705_CR37","unstructured":"Waters, N. M. (1977). Methodology for servicing the geography of urban fire: An exploration with special reference to London, Ontario. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Western Ontario."},{"issue":"1","key":"2705_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2012.07.017","volume":"40","author":"Z Yueni","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yueni, Z., Zheng, Z., Xiaoyi, Z., & Kaiyuan, C. (2013). The r-interdiction median problem with probabilistic protection and its solution algorithm. Computers & Operations Research, 40(1), 451\u2013462. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cor.2012.07.017\n\n.","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2705_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/0740817X.2012.676749","volume":"45","author":"C Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang, C., & Ramirez-Marquez, J. E. (2013). Protecting critical infrastructures against intentional attacks: A two-stage game with incomplete information. IIE Transactions, 45(3), 244\u2013258. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0740817X.2012.676749\n\n.","journal-title":"IIE Transactions"},{"issue":"1","key":"2705_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2017.08.005","volume":"169","author":"C Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Ramirez-Marquez, J. E., & Li, Q. (2018). Locating and protecting facilities from intentional attacks using secrecy. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 169(1), 51\u201362.","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"issue":"1","key":"2705_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2014.10.001","volume":"242","author":"C Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Ramirez-Marquez, J. E., & Wang, J. (2015). Critical infrastructure protection using secrecy\u2014A discrete simultaneous game. European Journal of Operational Research, 242(1), 212\u2013221. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejor.2014.10.001\n\n.","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"}],"container-title":["Annals of Operations Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10479-017-2705-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10479-017-2705-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10479-017-2705-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]],"date-time":"2019-12-03T15:35:11Z","timestamp":1575387311000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10479-017-2705-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2705"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10479-017-2705-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0254-5330","1572-9338"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0254-5330","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9338","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 November 2017","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}