{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T11:10:19Z","timestamp":1783163419392,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007642","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007642","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Oper Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) are systems allowing people to interact with the environment bypassing the natural neuromuscular and hormonal outputs of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These interfaces record a user\u2019s brain activity and translate it into control commands for external devices, thus providing the PNS with additional artificial outputs. In this framework, the BCIs based on the P300 Event-Related Potentials (ERP), which represent the electrical responses recorded from the brain after specific events or stimuli, have proven to be particularly successful and robust. The presence or the absence of a P300 evoked potential within the EEG features is determined through a classification algorithm. Linear classifiers such as stepwise linear discriminant analysis and support vector machine (SVM) are the most used discriminant algorithms for ERPs\u2019 classification. Due to the low signal-to-noise ratio of the EEG signals, multiple stimulation sequences (a.k.a. iterations) are carried out and then averaged before the signals being classified. However, while augmenting the number of iterations improves the Signal-to-Noise Ratio, it also slows down the process. In the early studies, the number of iterations was fixed (no stopping environment), but recently several early stopping strategies have been proposed in the literature to dynamically interrupt the stimulation sequence when a certain criterion is met in order to enhance the communication rate. In this work, we explore how to improve the classification performances in P300 based BCIs by combining optimization and machine learning. First, we propose a new decision function that aims at improving classification performances in terms of accuracy and Information Transfer Rate both in a no stopping and early stopping environment. Then, we propose a new SVM training problem that aims to facilitate the target-detection process. Our approach proves to be effective on several publicly available datasets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-020-03921-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T07:02:55Z","timestamp":1611126175000},"page":"1221-1259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Improving P300 Speller performance by means of optimization and machine learning"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"312","author":[{"given":"Luigi","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Liti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giampaolo","family":"Liuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3357-9608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Piccialli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Salvatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"3921_CR1","unstructured":"Bnci horizon website. http:\/\/bnci-horizon-2020.eu\/database\/data-sets"},{"key":"3921_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aric\u00f2, P., Aloise, F., Schettini, F., Salinari, S., Mattia, D., & Cincotti, F. (2014). Influence of P300 latency jitter on event related potential-based brain-computer interface performance. Journal of Neural Engineering, 11(3),","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/11\/3\/035008"},{"issue":"3","key":"3921_CR3","first-page":"145","volume":"13","author":"L Bianchi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bianchi, L. (2018). The npxlab suite 2018: A free features rich set of tools for the analysis of neuro-electric signals. WSEAS Transactions on Systems and Control, 13(3), 145\u2013152.","journal-title":"WSEAS Transactions on Systems and Control"},{"key":"3921_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bianchi, L. (2020). A videogame driven by the mind: Are motor acts necessary to play? In: Advances in intelligent systems and computing, 2020, FICC, pp. 40\u201350","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-39445-5_5"},{"issue":"8","key":"3921_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2924080","volume":"27","author":"L Bianchi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bianchi, L., Liti, C., & Piccialli, V. (2019). A new early stopping method for p300 spellers. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 27(8), 1635\u20131643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2924080.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"3921_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bockbrader, M. A., Francisco, G., Lee, R., Olson, J., Solinsky, R., & Boninger, M. L.: Brain computer interfaces in rehabilitation medicine. PM&R 10(9S2), S233\u2013S243 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmrj.2018.05.028.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2018.05.028."},{"issue":"1","key":"3921_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-006-0076-x","volume":"148","author":"WA Chaovalitwongse","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chaovalitwongse, W. A., Prokopyev, O. A., & Pardalos, P. M. (2006). Electroencephalogram (eeg) time series classification: Applications in epilepsy. Annals of Operations Research, 148(1), 227\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10479-006-0076-x.","journal-title":"Annals of Operations Research"},{"key":"3921_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118625590","volume-title":"Applied regression analysis","author":"NR Draper","year":"1998","unstructured":"Draper, N. R., & Smith, H. (1998). Applied regression analysis (Vol. 326). New York: Wiley."},{"key":"3921_CR9","first-page":"1871","volume":"9","author":"RE Fan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fan, R. E., Chang, K. W., Hsieh, C. J., Wang, X. R., & Lin, C. J. (2008). Liblinear: A library for large linear classification. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 9, 1871\u20131874.","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"3921_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(88)90149-6","volume":"70","author":"LA Farwell","year":"1988","unstructured":"Farwell, L. A., & Donchin, E. (1988). Talking off the top of your head: Toward a mental prosthesis utilizing event-related brain potentials. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 70(6), 510\u2013523.","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"3921_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedman, J., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2001) The elements of statistical learning, vol.\u00a01. Springer series in statistics New York.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21606-5_1"},{"issue":"2","key":"3921_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2892967","volume":"27","author":"Z Gu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gu, Z., Chen, Z., Zhang, J., Zhang, X., & Yu, Z. L. (2019). An online interactive paradigm for P300 braincomputer interface speller. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 27(2), 152\u2013161.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"3921_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H\u00f6hne, J., Schreuder, M., Blankertz, B., & Tangermann, M.: Two-dimensional auditory P300 speller with predictive text system. In: 2010 Annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology, pp. 4185\u20134188 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEMBS.2010.5627379","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2010.5627379"},{"key":"3921_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsieh, C. J., Chang, K. W., Lin, C. J., Keerthi, S. S., & Sundararajan, S. (2008) A dual coordinate descent method for large-scale linear svm. In: Proceedings of the 25th international conference on machine learning, pp. 408\u2013415","DOI":"10.1145\/1390156.1390208"},{"key":"3921_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., He, F., Xu, M., & Qi, H. (2020). Operate P300 speller when performing other task. Journal of Neural Engineering. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/abb4a6.","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/abb4a6"},{"issue":"4","key":"3921_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"046025","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aac605","volume":"15","author":"J Jiang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jiang, J., Yin, E., Wang, C., Xu, M., & Ming, D. (2018). Incorporation of dynamic stopping strategy into the high-speed SSVEP-based BCIs. Journal of Neural Engineering, 15(4), 046025.","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"3921_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"036006","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/8\/3\/036006","volume":"8","author":"J Jin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jin, J., Allison, B. Z., Sellers, E. W., Brunner, C., Horki, P., Wang, X., et al. (2011). An adaptive P300-based control system. Journal of Neural Engineering, 8(3), 036006.","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Engineering"},{"key":"3921_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kha, V. A., Nguyen, D. N., Kha, H. H., & Dutkiewicz, E. (2017). Dynamic stopping using eSVM scores analysis for event-related potential brain-computer interfaces. In: 2017 11th international symposium on medical information and communication technology (ISMICT), pp. 82\u201385.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMICT.2017.7891773"},{"issue":"1","key":"3921_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-018-2823-1","volume":"276","author":"A Khojandi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khojandi, A., Shylo, O., & Zokaeinikoo, M. (2019). Automatic eeg classification: A path to smart and connected sleep interventions. Annals of Operations Research, 276(1), 169\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10479-018-2823-1.","journal-title":"Annals of Operations Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"3921_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/3\/4\/007","volume":"3","author":"DJ Krusienski","year":"2006","unstructured":"Krusienski, D. J., Sellers, E. W., Cabestaing, F., Bayoudh, S., McFarland, D. J., Vaughan, T. M., et al. (2006). A comparison of classification techniques for the P300 speller. Journal of Neural Engineering, 3(4), 299.","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"3921_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.07.017","volume":"167","author":"DJ Krusienski","year":"2008","unstructured":"Krusienski, D. J., Sellers, E. W., McFarland, D. J., Vaughan, T. M., & Wolpaw, J. R. (2008). Toward enhanced p300 speller performance. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 167(1), 15\u201321.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"key":"3921_CR22","unstructured":"Ledesma-Ramirez, C., Bojorges-Valdez, E., Y\u00e1\u00f1ez-Suarez, O., Saavedra, C., Bougrain, L., & Gentiletti, G. G. (2010). An open-access p300 speller database"},{"issue":"2","key":"3921_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2007.912816","volume":"16","author":"A Lenhardt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lenhardt, A., Kaper, M., & Ritter, H. (2008). An adaptive P300-based online Brain\u2019computer interface. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 16(2), 121\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNSRE.2007.912816.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"3921_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"036003","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/7\/3\/036003","volume":"7","author":"T Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu, T., Goldberg, L., Gao, S., & Hong, B. (2010). An online brain-computer interface using non-flashing visual evoked potentials. Journal of Neural Engineering, 7(3), 036003.","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Engineering"},{"key":"3921_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lotte, F.: A tutorial on eeg signal-processing techniques for mental-state recognition in brain\u2013computer interfaces. In: Guide to brain-computer music interfacing, pp. 133\u2013161. Springer (2014)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-6584-2_7"},{"key":"3921_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lotte, F., Bougrain, L., Cichocki, A., Clerc, M., Congedo, M., Rakotomamonjy, A., et al. (2018). A review of classification algorithms for EEG-based brain-computer interfaces: A 10 year update. Journal of Neural Engineering, 15(3),","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aab2f2"},{"key":"3921_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lugo, Z. R., Quitadamo, L. R., Bianchi, L., Pellas, F., Veser, S., Lesenfants, D., Real, R. G. L., Herbert, C., Guger, C., Kotchoubey, B., Mattia, D., Kbler, A., Laureys, S., & Noirhomme, Q. (2016). Cognitive processing in non-communicative patients: what can event-related potentials tell us? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 10, 569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00569.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00569"},{"issue":"4","key":"3921_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2014.2321290","volume":"22","author":"BO Mainsah","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mainsah, B. O., Colwell, K. A., Collins, L. M., & Throckmorton, C. S. (2014). Utilizing a language model to improve online dynamic data collection in P300 spellers. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 22(4), 837\u2013846.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"3921_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCane, L.M., Heckman, S.M., McFarland, D.J., Townsend, G., Mak, J.N., Sellers, E.W., Zeitlin, D., Tenteromano, L.M., Wolpaw, J.R., Vaughan, T.M. (2015). P300-based brain-computer interface (bci) event-related potentials (erps): People with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als) vs. age-matched controls. Clinical Neurophysiology 126(11), 2124\u20132131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.01.013"},{"issue":"1","key":"3921_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.897815","volume":"55","author":"GR Muller-Putz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Muller-Putz, G. R., & Pfurtscheller, G. (2008). Control of an Electrical Prosthesis With an SSVEP-Based BCI. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 55(1), 361\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.2007.897815.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"3921_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piccialli, V., Sciandrone, M.: Nonlinear optimization and support vector machines. 4OR 16(2), 111\u2013149 (2018)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10288-018-0378-2"},{"issue":"7","key":"3921_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e102693","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102693","volume":"9","author":"R Poli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Poli, R., Valeriani, D., & Cinel, C. (2014). Collaborative brain-computer interface for aiding decision-making. PloS One, 9(7), e102693.","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"3921_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-008-9015-0","volume":"6","author":"LR Quitadamo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Quitadamo, L. R., Marciani, M. G., Cardarilli, G. C., & Bianchi, L. (2008). Describing different brain computer interface systems through a unique model: A UML implementation. Neuroinformatics, 6(2), 81\u201396.","journal-title":"Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"3921_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00732","volume":"7","author":"A Riccio","year":"2013","unstructured":"Riccio, A., Simione, L., Schettini, F., Pizzimenti, A., Inghilleri, M., Olivetti Belardinelli, M., et al. (2013). Attention and P300-based BCI performance in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 732.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"3921_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"045006","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/9\/4\/045006","volume":"9","author":"S Schaeff","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schaeff, S., Treder, M. S., Venthur, B., & Blankertz, B. (2012). Exploring motion veps for gaze-independent communication. Journal of Neural Engineering, 9(4), 045006.","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"3921_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"036025","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/10\/3\/036025","volume":"10","author":"M Schreuder","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schreuder, M., H\u00f6hne, J., Blankertz, B., Haufe, S., Dickhaus, T., & Tangermann, M. (2013). Optimizing event-related potential based brain-computer interfaces: A systematic evaluation of dynamic stopping methods. Journal of Neural Engineering, 10(3), 036025.","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Engineering"},{"key":"3921_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2011.00112","volume":"5","author":"M Schreuder","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schreuder, M., Rost, T., & Tangermann, M. (2011). Listen, you are writing! speeding up online spelling with a dynamic auditory BCI. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 5, 112.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"3921_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2006.04.007","volume":"73","author":"EW Sellers","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sellers, E. W., Krusienski, D. J., McFarland, D. J., Vaughan, T. M., & Wolpaw, J. R. (2006). A P300 event-related potential brain-computer interface (BCI): The effects of matrix size and inter stimulus interval on performance. Biological Psychology, 73(3), 242\u2013252.","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3921_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2006.875580","volume":"14","author":"EW Sellers","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sellers, E. W., Kubler, A., & Donchin, E. (2006). Brain-computer interface research at the university of south florida cognitive psychophysiology laboratory: The P300 Speller. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 14(2), 221\u2013224.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"issue":"5","key":"3921_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"056031","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab22ea","volume":"16","author":"Y Shahriari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shahriari, Y., Vaughan, T. M., McCane, L., Allison, B. Z., Wolpaw, J. R., & Krusienski, D. J. (2019). An exploration of BCI performance variations in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using longitudinal EEG data. Journal of Neural Engineering, 16(5), 056031.","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"3921_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-6748.57865","volume":"18","author":"S Sur","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sur, S., & Sinha, V. (2009). Event-related potential: An overview. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 18(1), 70.","journal-title":"Industrial Psychiatry Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"3921_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2013.2253125","volume":"21","author":"CS Throckmorton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Throckmorton, C. S., Colwell, K. A., Ryan, D. B., Sellers, E. W., & Collins, L. M. (2013). Bayesian approach to dynamically controlling data collection in P300 spellers. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 21(3), 508\u2013517.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"3921_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-6-28","volume":"6","author":"MS Treder","year":"2010","unstructured":"Treder, M. S., & Blankertz, B. (2010). (c) overt attention and visual speller design in an erp-based brain-computer interface. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 6(1), 28.","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Functions"},{"issue":"6","key":"3921_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"066003","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/8\/6\/066003","volume":"8","author":"MS Treder","year":"2011","unstructured":"Treder, M. S., Schmidt, N. M., & Blankertz, B. (2011). Gaze-independent brain-computer interfaces based on covert attention and feature attention. Journal of Neural Engineering, 8(6), 066003.","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"3921_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0212935","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212935","volume":"14","author":"D Valeriani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Valeriani, D., & Poli, R. (2019). Cyborg groups enhance face recognition in crowded environments. PloS One, 14(3), e0212935.","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"3921_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vo, K., Nguyen, D. N., Kha, H. H., & Dutkiewicz, E. (2017). Subject-independent P300 BCI using ensemble classifier, dynamic stopping and adaptive learning. In: GLOBECOM 2017-2017 IEEE global communications conference, pp. 1\u20137","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2017.8255030"},{"issue":"4","key":"3921_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1109\/tnsre.2018.2810332","volume":"26","author":"K Vo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vo, K., Pham, T., Nguyen, D. N., Kha, H. H., & Dutkiewicz, E. (2018). Subject-independent ERP-based brain-computer interfaces. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 26(4), 719\u2013728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tnsre.2018.2810332.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"3921_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195388855.001.0001","volume-title":"Brain-computer interfaces: Principles and practice","author":"J Wolpaw","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wolpaw, J., & Wolpaw, E. W. (2012). Brain-computer interfaces: Principles and practice. New York: Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"3921_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1109\/86.712231","volume":"6","author":"JR Wolpaw","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wolpaw, J. R., Ramoser, H., McFarland, D. J., & Pfurtscheller, G. (1998). EEG-based communication: Improved accuracy by response verification. IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering, 6(3), 326\u2013333.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"issue":"6","key":"3921_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2008.919128","volume":"55","author":"H Zhang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Guan, C., & Wang, C. (2008). Asynchronous P300-based brain-computer interfaces: A computational approach with statistical models. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 55(6), 1754\u20131763.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"}],"container-title":["Annals of Operations Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10479-020-03921-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10479-020-03921-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10479-020-03921-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T01:10:34Z","timestamp":1654823434000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10479-020-03921-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["3921"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10479-020-03921-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0254-5330","1572-9338"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0254-5330","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9338","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 December 2020","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}