{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T05:23:35Z","timestamp":1772688215253,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650672000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project ECO2014-52345-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project ECO2014-52345-P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","award":["RTI2018-097620-B-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-097620-B-100"]}]},{"name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andaluc\u00eda Tech."},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009473","name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009473","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Oper Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper applies the meta-frontier <jats:italic>Data Envelopment Analysis<\/jats:italic> and the main concepts of convergence from the economic growth literature (\u03b2-convergence and \u03c3-convergence) to analyze integration and convergence both in efficiency and in technology gap of European Union (EU) insurance markets. We evaluate 10 EU life insurance markets over the 17-year-period 1998\u20132014. Results show convergence in cost\/revenue efficiency among major EU life insurance markets during the sample period. These findings indicate that the least efficient countries in 1998 have shown a higher improvement in cost\/revenue efficiency than the most efficient countries in the same year as well as that the dispersion of the mean efficiency scores among EU life insurance markets decreased over the sample period. We also find convergence in cost\/revenue technology gap among these markets, suggesting that they become more technologically homogeneous during the sample period. However, results show that the global financial crisis has led to a slowdown in the progress of integration and convergence in efficiency and technology gap of EU life insurance markets in terms of cost efficiency but not in terms of revenue efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-022-04672-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T09:02:50Z","timestamp":1650704570000},"page":"93-119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Integration and convergence in efficiency and technology gap of European life insurance markets"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"315","author":[{"given":"J. David","family":"Cummins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9656-5345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Rubio-Misas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"4672_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(77)90052-5","volume":"6","author":"DJ Aigner","year":"1977","unstructured":"Aigner, D. J., Lovell, C. A. K., & Schmidt, P. (1977). Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production function models. Journal of Econometrics, 6, 21\u201337.","journal-title":"Journal of Econometrics"},{"key":"4672_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intfin.2020.101259","volume":"70","author":"K Al-Amri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Amri, K., Cummins, J. D., & Weiss, M. A. (2021). Economies of scope, organizational form, and insolvency risk: Evidence from the Takaful industry. Journal of International Financial Markets Institutions and Money, 70, 101259.","journal-title":"Journal of International Financial Markets Institutions and Money"},{"key":"4672_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-019-03393-x","volume":"299","author":"M Altuntas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Altuntas, M., Berry-St\u00f6lzle, T. R., & Cummins, J. D. (2021). Enterprise risk management and economies of scale and scope: Evidence from the German insurance industry. Annals of Operations Research, 299, 811\u2013845.","journal-title":"Annals of Operations Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"4672_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.1070.0460","volume":"56","author":"RD Banker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Banker, R. D., & Natarajan, R. (2008). Evaluating contextual variables affecting productivity using Data Envelopment Analysis. Operations Research, 56(1), 48\u201358.","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"4672_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2018.10.050","volume":"278","author":"RDR Banker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Banker, R. D. R., & Natarajan and D. Zhang,. (2019). Two-stage estimation of the impact of contextual variables in stochastic frontier production model using Data Envelopment Analysis: Second stage OLS versus bootstrap approaches. European Journal of Operational Research, 278(2), 368\u2013384.","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"4672_CR6","volume-title":"Economic growth","author":"RJ Barro","year":"1995","unstructured":"Barro, R. J., & Sala-i-Martin, X. (1995). Economic growth. McGraw Hill."},{"issue":"1","key":"4672_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/jid.3098","volume":"29","author":"CP Barros","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barros, C. P., & Wanke, P. (2017). Technology gaps and capacity issues in African insurance companies: selected countries evidence. Journal of International Development, 29(1), 117\u2013133.","journal-title":"Journal of International Development"},{"key":"4672_CR8","first-page":"87","volume":"1","author":"GE Battese","year":"2002","unstructured":"Battese, G. E., & Rao, D. S. P. (2002). Technology gap, efficiency, and stochastic meta-frontier function. International Journal of Business Economics, 1, 87\u201393.","journal-title":"International Journal of Business Economics"},{"key":"4672_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:PROD.0000012454.06094.29","volume":"21","author":"GE Battese","year":"2004","unstructured":"Battese, G. E., Rao, D. S. P., & O\u2019Donnell, C. J. (2004). A meta-frontier production function for estimation of technical efficiencies and technology gaps for firms operating under different technologies. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 21, 91\u2013103.","journal-title":"Journal of Productivity Analysis"},{"key":"4672_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00772-5","volume":"150","author":"AN Berger","year":"2003","unstructured":"Berger, A. N. (2003). The efficiency effects of a single market for financial services in Europe. European Journal of Operational Research, 150, 466\u2013481.","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"4672_CR11","unstructured":"Berry-St\u00f6lzle, T., Weiss, M. A., & Wende, S. (2011). Market structure, efficiency and performance in the European Insurance Industry. Working paper, University of Georgia, Athens, GA."},{"key":"4672_CR12","unstructured":"Canova, F. & Marcet, A. (1995). The poor stay poor: Non convergence across countries and regions. In Presentation at the CEPR workshop on empirical macroeconomics, Brussels."},{"key":"4672_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2009.08.004","volume":"38","author":"B Casu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Casu, B., & Girardone, C. (2010). Integration and efficiency convergence in EU banking markets. Omega, 38, 260\u2013267.","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"4672_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2016.06.007","volume":"255","author":"B Casu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Casu, B., Ferrari, A., Girardone, C., & Wilson, J. O. S. (2016). Integration, productivity and technological spillovers: Evidence for Eurozone banking industries. European Journal of Operational Research, 255, 971\u2013983.","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"4672_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.27.6.668","volume":"27","author":"A Charnes","year":"1981","unstructured":"Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., & Rhodes, E. (1981). Evaluating program and managerial efficiency: An application of data envelopment analysis to program follow through. Management Science, 27(6), 668\u2013697.","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"4672_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2020.104702","volume":"86","author":"Z Cheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheng, Z., Liu, J., Li, L., & Gu, X. (2020). Research on meta-frontier total-factor energy efficiency and its spatial convergence in Chinese provinces. Energy Economics, 86, 104702.","journal-title":"Energy Economics"},{"key":"4672_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6151-8","volume-title":"Handbook of data envelopment analysis","author":"WW Cooper","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cooper, W. W., Seiford, L. M., & Zhu, J. (2011). Handbook of data envelopment analysis. Springer."},{"issue":"2","key":"4672_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1353\/mcb.2006.0029","volume":"38","author":"JD Cummins","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cummins, J. D., & Rubio-Misas, M. (2006). Deregulation, consolidation and efficiency: Evidence from the Spanish insurance industry. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 38(2), 323\u2013355.","journal-title":"Journal of Money, Credit and Banking"},{"key":"4672_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfs.2016.11.007","volume":"28","author":"JD Cummins","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cummins, J. D., Rubio-Misas, M., & Vencappa, D. (2017). Competition, efficiency and soundness in European life insurance markets. Journal of Financial Stability, 28, 66\u201378.","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Stability"},{"issue":"12","key":"4672_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbankfin.2004.05.004","volume":"28","author":"JD Cummins","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cummins, J. D., Rubio-Misas, M., & Zi, H. (2004). The Effect of organizational structure on efficiency: Evidence from the Spanish insurance industry. Journal of Banking and Finance, 28(12), 3113\u20133150.","journal-title":"Journal of Banking and Finance"},{"key":"4672_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4266(98)00089-2","volume":"23","author":"JD Cummins","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cummins, J. D., Tennyson, S., & Weiss, M. A. (1999a). Consolidation and efficiency in the US life insurance industry. Journal of Banking and Finance, 23, 325\u2013357.","journal-title":"Journal of Banking and Finance"},{"key":"4672_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-0155-1_28","volume-title":"Handbook of insurance","author":"JD Cummins","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cummins, J. D., & Weiss, M. A. (2013). Analyzing firm performance in the insurance industry using frontier efficiency and productivity methods. In G. Dionne (Ed.), Handbook of insurance (pp. 795\u2013861). Springer."},{"issue":"7","key":"4672_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbankfin.2010.02.025","volume":"34","author":"JD Cummins","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cummins, J. D., Weiss, M. A., Xie, X., & Zi, H. (2010). Economies of scope in financial services: A DEA efficiency analysis of the US insurance industry. Journal of Banking and Finance, 34(7), 1525\u20131539.","journal-title":"Journal of Banking and Finance"},{"issue":"9","key":"4672_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.45.9.1254","volume":"45","author":"JD Cummins","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cummins, J. D., Weiss, M. A., & Zi, H. (1999b). Organizational form and efficiency: The coexistence of stock and mutual property-liability insurers. Management Science, 45(9), 1254\u20131269.","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"4672_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbankfin.2016.11.016","volume":"75","author":"M Degl\u2019Innocenty","year":"2017","unstructured":"Degl\u2019Innocenty, M., Kourtzidis, S. T., Sevic, Z., & Tzeremes, N. G. (2017). Bank productivity growth and convergence in the European Union during the financial crisis. Journal of Banking and Finance, 75, 184\u2013199.","journal-title":"Journal of Banking and Finance"},{"issue":"3","key":"4672_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0440.00184","volume":"27","author":"SR Diacon","year":"2002","unstructured":"Diacon, S. R., Starkey, K., & O\u2019Brien, C. (2002). Size and Efficiency in European long-term insurance companies: An international comparison. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance- Issues and Practice, 27(3), 444\u2013466.","journal-title":"The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance- Issues and Practice"},{"key":"4672_CR27","volume-title":"Financial integration in Europe","author":"ECB","year":"2011","unstructured":"ECB. (2011). Financial integration in Europe. European Central Bank."},{"key":"4672_CR28","volume-title":"Financial integration in Europe","author":"ECB","year":"2017","unstructured":"ECB. (2017). Financial integration in Europe. European Central Bank."},{"key":"4672_CR29","volume-title":"Financial integration and structure in the Euro area","author":"ECB","year":"2020","unstructured":"ECB. (2020). Financial integration and structure in the Euro area. European Central Bank."},{"key":"4672_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irfa.2018.07.007","volume":"59","author":"M Eling","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eling, M., & Jia, R. (2018). Business failure, efficiency and volatility: Evidence from the European insurance industry. International Review of Financial Analysis, 59, 58\u201376.","journal-title":"International Review of Financial Analysis"},{"key":"4672_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacfin.2019.101190","volume":"57","author":"M Eling","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eling, M., & Jia, R. (2019). Efficiency and profitability in the global insurance industry. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 57, 101190.","journal-title":"Pacific-Basin Finance Journal"},{"key":"4672_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2016.08.070","volume":"258","author":"M Eling","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eling, M., & Schaper, P. (2017). Under pressure: How the business environment affects productivity and efficiency of European life insurance companies. European Journal of Operational Research, 258, 1082\u20131094.","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"4672_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-0651-1","volume-title":"Multi-output production and Duality: Theory and applications","author":"R F\u00e4re","year":"1995","unstructured":"F\u00e4re, R., & Primont, D. (1995). Multi-output production and Duality: Theory and applications. Kluwer."},{"key":"4672_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbankfin.2007.09.005","volume":"32","author":"P Fenn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fenn, P., Vencappa, D., Diacon, S., Klumpes, P., & O\u2019Brien, C. (2008). Market structure and the efficiency of European insurance companies: A stochastic frontier analysis. Journal of Banking and Finance, 32, 86\u2013100.","journal-title":"Journal of Banking and Finance"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"4672_CR35","first-page":"65","volume":"24","author":"DG Giantsios","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giantsios, D. G., & Noulas, A. G. (2020a). Efficiency and convergence in European life insurance industry. Multinational Finance Journal, 24(1\/2), 65\u201391.","journal-title":"Multinational Finance Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"4672_CR36","first-page":"117","volume":"10","author":"DG Giantsios","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giantsios, D. G., & Noulas, A. G. (2020b). Cost efficiency and convergence in European nonlife insurance industry. Journal of Applied Finance and Banking, 10(6), 117\u2013133.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Finance and Banking"},{"issue":"3","key":"4672_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jimonfin.2011.10.007","volume":"31","author":"N Hristov","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hristov, N., H\u00fclsewig, O., & Wollmersh\u00e4user, T. (2012). Loan supply shocks during the financial crisis: Evidence for the Euro area. Journal of International Money and Finance, 31(3), 569\u2013592.","journal-title":"Journal of International Money and Finance"},{"issue":"3","key":"4672_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2019.07.034","volume":"284","author":"S Kaffash","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaffash, S., Arizi, R., Huang, Y., & Zhu, J. (2020). A survey of data envelopment analysis applications in the insurance industry 1993\u20132018. European Journal of Operational Research, 284(3), 801\u2013813.","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"4672_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-016-2294-1","volume":"253","author":"S Kaffash","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kaffash, S., & Marra, M. (2017). Data envelopment analysis in financial services: A citation network analysis of banks, insurance companies and money markets funds. Annals of Operations Research, 253, 307\u2013344.","journal-title":"Annals of Operations Research"},{"key":"4672_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-018-3106-6","volume":"290","author":"X Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, X., Sun, J., Yang, F., & Wu, J. (2020a). How ownership structure affects bank deposits and loan efficiencies: An empirical analysis of Chinese commercial banks. Annals of Operations Research, 290, 983\u20131008.","journal-title":"Annals of Operations Research"},{"key":"4672_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-019-03413-w","volume":"291","author":"X Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, X., Yang, F., & Wu, J. (2020b). DEA considering technological heterogeneity and intermediate output target setting: The performance analysis of Chinese commercial banks. Annals of Operations Research, 291, 605\u2013626.","journal-title":"Annals of Operations Research"},{"key":"4672_CR42","volume-title":"The measurement of productive efficiency","author":"CAK Lovell","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lovell, C. A. K. (1993). Production frontiers and productive efficiency. In H. O. Fried, C. A. K. Lovell, & S. S. Schmidt (Eds.), The measurement of productive efficiency. Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"7","key":"4672_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbankfin.2009.09.005","volume":"34","author":"B Mahlberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mahlberg, B., & Url, T. (2010). Single market effects on productivity in the German insurance industry. Journal of Banking and Finance, 34(7), 1540\u20131548.","journal-title":"Journal of Banking and Finance"},{"key":"4672_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irfa.2007.11.001","volume":"17","author":"E Mamatzakis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mamatzakis, E., Staikouras, C., & Koutsomanoli-Filippaki, A. (2008). Bank efficiency in the New European Union Member States: Is there convergence? International Review of Financial Analysis, 17, 1156\u20131172.","journal-title":"International Review of Financial Analysis"},{"key":"4672_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbankfin.2014.08.012","volume":"52","author":"R Matousek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Matousek, R., Rughoo, A., Sarantis, N., & Assaf, A. G. (2015). Bank performance and convergence during the financial crisis: Evidence from the \u2018Old\u2019 European Union and Eurozone. Journal of Banking and Finance, 52, 208\u2013216.","journal-title":"Journal of Banking and Finance"},{"issue":"2","key":"4672_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.2307\/2525757","volume":"18","author":"W Meeusen","year":"1977","unstructured":"Meeusen, W., & Broeck, J. (1977). Efficiency estimation from Cobb-Douglas production functions with composed error. International Economic Review, 18(2), 435\u2013444.","journal-title":"International Economic Review"},{"issue":"66","key":"4672_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0327.2011.00263.x","volume":"26","author":"GM Milesi-Ferretti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Milesi-Ferretti, G. M., & Tille, G. (2011). The great retrenchment: International capital flows during the global financial crisis. Economic Policy, 26(66), 285\u2013342.","journal-title":"Economic Policy"},{"key":"4672_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00181-007-0119-4","volume":"34","author":"CJ O\u2019Donnell","year":"2008","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell, C. J., Prasada Rao, D. S., & Battese, G. E. (2008). Metafrontier framework for the study of firm-level efficiencies and technology ratios. Empirical Economics, 34, 231\u2013255.","journal-title":"Empirical Economics"},{"key":"4672_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asieco.2003.12.004","volume":"15","author":"A Parikh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Parikh, A., & Shibata, M. (2004). Does trade liberalization accelerate convergence in per capita incomes in developing countries? Journal of Asian Economics, 15, 33\u201348.","journal-title":"Journal of Asian Economics"},{"key":"4672_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.05.002","volume":"509","author":"MT Rahman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rahman, M. T., Nielsen, R., Khan, M. A., & Asmild, M. (2019). Efficiency and production environmental heterogeneity in aquaculture: A meta-frontier DEA approach. Aquaculture, 509, 140\u2013148.","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"4672_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41288-021-00208-8","author":"AM Reyna","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reyna, A. M., Fuentes, H. J., & Nu\u00f1ez, J. A. (2021). Response to Mexican life and non-life insurers to the low interest rate environment. The Geneva Papers. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41288-021-00208-8","journal-title":"The Geneva Papers"},{"key":"4672_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJBM-04-2021-0129","author":"M Rubio-Misas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rubio-Misas, M. (2022). Bancassurance and the coexistence of multiple insurance distribution channels. International Journal of Bank Marketing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJBM-04-2021-0129","journal-title":"International Journal of Bank Marketing"},{"key":"4672_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-021-04273-z","author":"J Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun, J., & Li, G. (2021). Optimizing emission reduction task sharing: Technology and performance perspectives. Annals of Operations Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10479-021-04273-z","journal-title":"Annals of Operations Research"},{"key":"4672_CR54","unstructured":"Swiss Re. (1996). Deregulation and liberalization of market access: The European insurance industry on the threshold of a new era in competition, Sigma No. 7\/1996 (Zurich, Switzerland)."},{"key":"4672_CR55","unstructured":"Swiss Re. (2015). M&A in insurance: Start of a new wave? Sigma No 3\/2015 (Zurich, Switzerland)."},{"key":"4672_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2020.03.013","volume":"173","author":"P Tziogkidis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tziogkidis, P., Philippas, D., & Tsionas, M. G. (2020). Multidirectional conditional convergence in European banking. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 173, 88\u2013106.","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization"},{"issue":"2","key":"4672_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/13571516.2013.782979","volume":"20","author":"D Vencappa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vencappa, D., Fenn, P., & Diacon, S. (2013). Productivity growth in the European insurance industry: Evidence from life and non-life companies. International Journal of the Economics and Business, 20(2), 281\u2013305.","journal-title":"International Journal of the Economics and Business"},{"issue":"C","key":"4672_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econmod.2015.11.005","volume":"53","author":"P Wanke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wanke, P., & Barros, C. P. (2016). Efficiency drivers in Brazilian insurance: A two-stage DEA metafrontier data mining approach. Economic Modelling, 53(C), 8\u201322.","journal-title":"Economic Modelling"},{"key":"4672_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intfin.2009.05.002","volume":"19","author":"L Weill","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weill, L. (2009). Convergence in banking efficiency across European countries. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 19, 818\u2013833.","journal-title":"Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money"},{"key":"4672_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-019-03436-3","volume":"287","author":"M-M Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu, M.-M., & Chen, L.-H. (2020). A meta-frontier network data envelopment analysis approach for the measurement of technological bias with network production structure. Annals of Operations Research, 287, 495\u2013514.","journal-title":"Annals of Operations Research"}],"container-title":["Annals of Operations Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10479-022-04672-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10479-022-04672-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10479-022-04672-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T15:34:40Z","timestamp":1659022480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10479-022-04672-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["4672"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10479-022-04672-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0254-5330","1572-9338"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0254-5330","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9338","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 March 2022","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}