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Based on these, we argue that the \u201cbad outputs as inputs\u201d is a valid modeling option as long as the assumption of extended strong disposability and thus of reverse outputs is reasonable in a particular setting. In this case, the \u201cbad outputs as inputs\u201d approach can easily be implemented by means of a conventional input-oriented DEA model with variable returns to scale where the translated additive inverse transformation is applied to undesirable output quantities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-025-06735-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T09:28:54Z","timestamp":1752139734000},"page":"1925-1939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["\u201cBad outputs as inputs\u201d, reverse outputs and extended strong disposability"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"351","author":[{"given":"Giannis","family":"Karagiannis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0627-5027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stavros","family":"Kourtzidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"6735_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2019.02.027","volume":"277","author":"A Abad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abad, A., & Briec, W. 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