{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T21:51:23Z","timestamp":1768686683644,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]],"date-time":"2018-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539820800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECR\/2017\/000027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECR\/2017\/000027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Intell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-018-1311-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,17]],"date-time":"2018-10-17T22:22:28Z","timestamp":1539814948000},"page":"1016-1035","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["A novel hybrid score level and decision level fusion scheme for cancelable multi-biometric verification"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7836-2683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rudresh","family":"Dwivedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Somnath","family":"Dey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1311_CR1","unstructured":"Bengio S, Mari\u00e9thoz J (2004) A statistical significance test for person authentication. In: Proceedings of Odyssey 2004: The Speaker and Language Recognition Workshop, pp 237\u2013244"},{"key":"1311_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camlikaya E, Kholmatov A, Yanikoglu B (2008) Multi-biometric templates using fingerprint and voice. In: Biometric technology for human identification V. vol. 6944, p 69440i. International society for optics and photonics","DOI":"10.1117\/12.777738"},{"issue":"6","key":"1311_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2012.10.002","volume":"40","author":"AM Canuto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Canuto AM, Pintro F, Xavier-Junior JC (2013) Investigating fusion approaches in multi-biometric cancellable recognition. Expert Syst Appl 40(6):1971\u20131980","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"1311_CR4","unstructured":"CASIA V-3-Interval database: Institute of automation, chinese academy of sciences(CASIA), CASIA iris image database version 3.0 (2010), \n                    http:\/\/www.cbsr.ia.ac.cn\/Databases.htm"},{"key":"1311_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chenghua Y, Qixiang C (2009) An improved algorithm for dempster-shafer theory of evidence. In: 2009 International conference on electronic commerce and business intelligence, pp 475\u2013478","DOI":"10.1109\/ECBI.2009.44"},{"key":"1311_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2013.09.001","volume":"18","author":"Y Chin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chin Y, Ong T, Teoh A, Goh K (2014) Integrated biometrics template protection technique based on fingerprint and palmprint feature-level fusion. Information Fusion 18:161\u2013174","journal-title":"Information Fusion"},{"key":"1311_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cimato S, Gamassi M, Piuri V, Sassi R, Scotti F (2008) Privacy-aware biometrics: Design and implementation of a multimodal verification system. In: 2008 Annual computer security applications conference (ACSAC), pp 130\u2013139","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSAC.2008.13"},{"key":"1311_CR8","unstructured":"Daugman J (2002) How iris recognition works. In: International conference on image processing. vol. 1, pp 33\u201336"},{"key":"1311_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dwivedi R, Dey S (2018a) Securing fingerprint template using non-invertible ridge feature transformation. Unpublished manuscript","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JEI.27.5.053031"},{"key":"1311_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dwivedi R, Dey S (2018b) Score-level fusion for cancelable multi-biometric verification. Pattern Recognition Letters pp \u2013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2018.04.022"},{"key":"1311_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2016.10.004","volume":"65","author":"R Dwivedi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dwivedi R, Dey S, Singh R, Prasad A (2017) A privacy-preserving cancelable iris template generation scheme using decimal encoding and look-up table mapping. Computers & Security 65:373\u2013386","journal-title":"Computers & Security"},{"key":"1311_CR12","unstructured":"FVC2002: Fingerprint Verification Competition (2002). \n                    https:\/\/biolab.csr.unibo.it\/FVCOnGoing\/UI\/Form\/Home.aspxp"},{"key":"1311_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2015.02.001","volume":"31","author":"J Grover","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grover J, Hanmandlu M (2015) Hybrid fusion of score level and adaptive fuzzy decision level fusions for the finger-knuckle-print based authentication. Appl Soft Comput 31:1\u201313","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"issue":"5","key":"1311_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2009.11.018","volume":"43","author":"M He","year":"2010","unstructured":"He M, Horng SJ, Fan P, Run RS, Chen RJ, Lai JL, Khan MK, Sentosa KO (2010) Performance evaluation of score level fusion in multimodal biometric systems. Pattern Recogn 43(5):1789\u20131800","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"key":"1311_CR15","unstructured":"ISO\/IEC 19795-1:2006 Information technology \u2013 Biometric performance testing and reporting \u2013 Part 1: Principles and framework: ISO\/IEC 19795-1:2006 information technology \u2013 biometric performance testing and reporting \u2013 part 1: Principles and framework (2006). \n                    https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/41447.html"},{"key":"1311_CR16","unstructured":"ISO\/IEC 2382-37:2012 information technology \u2013 vocabulary \u2013 part 37: biometrics 2012: ISO\/IEC 2382-37:2012 information technology \u2013 vocabulary \u2013 part 37: biometrics 2012 (2012). \n                    https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/55194.html"},{"issue":"4","key":"1311_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1504\/IJBM.2009.027303","volume":"1","author":"T Joshi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Joshi T, Dey S, Samanta D (2009) Multimodal biometrics: state of the art in fusion techniques. International Journal of Biometrics 1(4):393\u2013417","journal-title":"International Journal of Biometrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"1311_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2018.2807790","volume":"13","author":"W Kabir","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kabir W, Ahmad MO, Swamy MNS (2018) Normalization and weighting techniques based on genuine-impostor score fusion in multi-biometric systems. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 13(8):1989\u20132000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur"},{"key":"1311_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelkboom EJC, Zhou X, Breebaart J, Veldhuis RNJ, Busch C (2009) Multi-algorithm fusion with template protection. In: 2009 IEEE 3rd international conference on biometrics: Theory, applications, and systems, pp 1\u20138","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2009.5339045"},{"issue":"1","key":"1311_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/IJMSTR.2015040101","volume":"3","author":"K Kolomvatsos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kolomvatsos K, Anagnostopoulos C, Hadjiefthymiades S (2015) Contextual reasoning under uncertainty in sensor data stream monitoring. International Journal of Monitoring and Surveillance Technologies Research 3 (1):1\u201319","journal-title":"International Journal of Monitoring and Surveillance Technologies Research"},{"key":"1311_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolomvatsos K, Anagnostopoulos C, Hadjiefthymiades S (2017a) Data fusion and type-2 fuzzy inference in contextual data stream monitoring. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Syst Hum 47(8):1839\u20131853","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2016.2560533"},{"key":"1311_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolomvatsos K, Anagnostopoulos C, Hadjiefthymiades S (2017b) Distributed localized contextual event reasoning under uncertainty. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 4(1):183\u2013191","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2638119"},{"key":"1311_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2015.09.002","volume":"32","author":"A Kumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar A, Kumar A (2016) Adaptive management of multimodal biometrics fusion using ant colony optimization. Information Fusion 32:49\u201363","journal-title":"Information Fusion"},{"key":"1311_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li SZ, Jain AK (2009) Encyclopedia of Biometrics, vol. 1 Springer Science & Business Media","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-27733-7"},{"issue":"5","key":"1311_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2014.2384735","volume":"10","author":"E Maiorana","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maiorana E, Hine GE, Campisi P (2015) Hill-climbing attacks on multibiometrics recognition systems. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 10(5):900\u2013915","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur"},{"key":"1311_CR26","volume-title":"Recognition of human iris patterns for biometric identification","author":"L Masek","year":"2003","unstructured":"Masek L (2003) Recognition of human iris patterns for biometric identification. Tech. rep., University of Western Australia, Crawley"},{"issue":"6","key":"1311_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2015.2438005","volume":"45","author":"L Mezai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mezai L, Hachouf F (2015) Score-level fusion of face and voice using particle swarm optimization and belief functions. IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 45(6):761\u2013772","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems"},{"key":"1311_CR28","unstructured":"Multimedia University version-1.0: Multimedia university version-1.0, MMU1 iris image database (2014 (Accessed)).\n                    www.cs.princeton.edu\/~andyz\/downloads\/MMUIrisDatabase.zip"},{"key":"1311_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nandakumar K, Jain AK (Sept 2015) Biometric template protection: Bridging the performance gap between theory and practice. IEEE Signal Proc Mag 32(5):88\u2013100","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2015.2427849"},{"issue":"1","key":"1311_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2014.2361437","volume":"45","author":"K Nguyen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nguyen K, Denman S, Sridharan S, Fookes C (2015) Score-level multibiometric fusion based on dempster shafer theory incorporating uncertainty factors. IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 45(1):132\u2013140","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"1311_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2012.2223676","volume":"8","author":"A Othman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Othman A, Ross A (2013) On mixing fingerprints. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 8(1):260\u2013267","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur"},{"key":"1311_CR32","unstructured":"Paul PP, Gavrilova M (2012) Multimodal cancelable biometrics. In: 2012 IEEE 11th international conference on cognitive informatics and cognitive computing, pp 43\u201349"},{"issue":"4","key":"1311_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00103-0","volume":"35","author":"S Prabhakar","year":"2002","unstructured":"Prabhakar S, Jain AK (2002) Decision-level fusion in fingerprint verification. Pattern Recogn 35(4):861\u2013874","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"issue":"5","key":"1311_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-613X(90)90016-U","volume":"4","author":"GM Provan","year":"1990","unstructured":"Provan GM (1990) A logic-based analysis of dempster-shafer theory. Int J Approx Reason 4(5):451\u2013495","journal-title":"Int J Approx Reason"},{"key":"1311_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rathgeb C, Gomez-Barrero M, Busch C, Galbally J, Fierrez J (2015) Towards cancelable multi-biometrics based on bloom filters: a case study on feature level fusion of face and iris. In: 3rd international workshop on biometrics and forensics (IWBF 2015), pp 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/IWBF.2015.7110225"},{"key":"1311_CR36","volume-title":"Handbook of multibiometrics","author":"AA Ross","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ross AA, Nandakumar K, Jain AK (2006) Handbook of multibiometrics. Springer, New York"},{"issue":"3","key":"1311_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-bmt.2017.0049","volume":"7","author":"D Sadhya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sadhya D, Singh SK (2018) Construction of a bayesian decision theory-based secure multimodal fusion framework for soft biometric traits. IET Biometrics 7(3):251\u2013259","journal-title":"IET Biometrics"},{"key":"1311_CR38","unstructured":"Shafer G (1976) A mathematical theory of evidence, vol. 42, Princeton University Press, Princeton"},{"issue":"2","key":"1311_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2012.2184092","volume":"7","author":"K Simoens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Simoens K, Bringer J, Chabanne H, Seys S (2012) A framework for analyzing template security and privacy in biometric authentication systems. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 7(2):833\u2013 841","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur"},{"key":"1311_CR40","volume-title":"Decision making in a context where uncertainty is represented by belief functions, pp. 17\u201361","author":"P Smets","year":"2002","unstructured":"Smets P (2002) Decision making in a context where uncertainty is represented by belief functions, pp. 17\u201361. Physica-Verlag HD, Heidelberg"},{"key":"1311_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutcu Y, Li Q, Memon N (2007) Secure biometric templates from fingerprint-face features. In: 2007 IEEE Conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2007.383385"},{"key":"1311_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talreja V, Valenti MC, Nasrabadi NM (2017) Multibiometric secure system based on deep learning. In: 2017 IEEE Global conference on signal and information processing (globalSIP), pp 298\u2013302","DOI":"10.1109\/GlobalSIP.2017.8308652"},{"key":"1311_CR43","unstructured":"Tao Q, Veldhuis R (2008) Hybrid fusion for biometrics: Combining score-level and decision-level fusion. In: 2008 IEEE Computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops, pp 1\u20136"},{"issue":"11","key":"1311_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2013.03.039","volume":"34","author":"WJ Wong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wong WJ, Teoh AB, Wong MD, Kho YH (2013) Enhanced multi-line code for minutiae-based fingerprint template protection. Pattern Recogn Lett 34(11):1221\u20131229","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn Lett"},{"key":"1311_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2018.01.026","volume":"78","author":"W Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang W, Wang S, Hu J, Zheng G, Valli C (2018) A fingerprint and finger-vein based cancelable multi-biometric system. Pattern Recogn 78:242\u2013251","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"}],"container-title":["Applied Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10489-018-1311-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10489-018-1311-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10489-018-1311-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]],"date-time":"2019-10-17T19:16:20Z","timestamp":1571339780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10489-018-1311-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["1311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10489-018-1311-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-669X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 October 2018","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}