{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T03:01:25Z","timestamp":1769742085037,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,24]],"date-time":"2019-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,24]],"date-time":"2019-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Nos. 61502104 and 61672159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. 61502104 and 61672159"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Technology Innovation Platform Project of Fujian Province","award":["Nos. 2014H2005 and 2009J1007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. 2014H2005 and 2009J1007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Intell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-019-01581-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,24]],"date-time":"2019-12-24T07:30:21Z","timestamp":1577172621000},"page":"1155-1171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Unsupervised discriminative feature representation via adversarial auto-encoder"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Wenzhong","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2241-2754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinyu","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5552","key":"1581_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1126\/science.295.5552.7a","volume":"295","author":"M Balasubramanian","year":"2002","unstructured":"Balasubramanian M, Schwartz EL (2002) The isomap algorithm and topological stability. Science 295 (5552):7\u20137","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1581_CR2","unstructured":"Bao S, Song X, Hu G, Yang X, Wang C (2017) Colour face recognition using fuzzy quaternion-based discriminant analysis. International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics, pp 1\u201311"},{"key":"1581_CR3","first-page":"121","volume":"2016","author":"AVM Barone","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barone AVM (2016) Towards cross-lingual distributed representations without parallel text trained with adversarial autoencoders. ACL 2016:121","journal-title":"ACL"},{"key":"1581_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belkin M, Niyogi P (2002) Laplacian eigenmaps and spectral techniques for embedding and clustering. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp 585\u2013591","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1120.003.0080"},{"issue":"11","key":"1581_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3608","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2006.881945","volume":"15","author":"D Cai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cai D, He X, Han J, Zhang HJ (2006) Orthogonal laplacianfaces for face recognition. IEEE Trans Image Process 15(11):3608\u20133614","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"key":"1581_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai D, He X, Hu Y, Han J, Huang T (2007) Learning a spatially smooth subspace for face recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2007.383054"},{"key":"1581_CR7","unstructured":"Cui Z, Li F, Zhang W (2018) Bat algorithm with principal component analysis. International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics, pp 1\u201320"},{"issue":"2","key":"1581_CR8","first-page":"273","volume":"7","author":"TE De Campos","year":"2009","unstructured":"De Campos TE, Babu BR, Varma M, et al. (2009) Character recognition in natural images. International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications 7(2):273\u2013280","journal-title":"International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications"},{"key":"1581_CR9","unstructured":"Denton EL, Chintala S, Fergus R, et al. (2015) Deep generative image models using a laplacian pyramid of adversarial networks. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp 1486\u20131494"},{"issue":"2","key":"1581_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2008.2005601","volume":"20","author":"PA Est\u00e9vez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Est\u00e9vez PA, Tesmer M, Perez CA, Zurada JM (2009) Normalized mutual information feature selection. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 20(2):189\u2013201","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Netw"},{"issue":"6","key":"1581_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1145\/367766.368168","volume":"5","author":"RW Floyd","year":"1962","unstructured":"Floyd RW (1962) Algorithm 97: shortest path. Commun ACM 5(6):345","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"issue":"6","key":"1581_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1109\/34.927464","volume":"23","author":"A Georghiades","year":"2001","unstructured":"Georghiades A, Belhumeur P, Kriegman D (2001) From few to many: Illumination cone models for face recognition under variable lighting and pose. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 23(6):643\u2013660","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"1581_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girshick R, Donahue J, Darrell T, Malik J (2014) Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp 580\u2013587","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.81"},{"issue":"9","key":"1581_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2016.2631620","volume":"64","author":"A Gogna","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gogna A, Majumdar A, Ward R (2017) Semi-supervised stacked label consistent autoencoder for reconstruction and analysis of biomedical signals. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 64(9):2196\u2013 2205","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"1581_CR15","unstructured":"Goodfellow I, Pouget-Abadie J, Mirza M, Xu B, Warde-Farley D, Ozair S, Courville A, Bengio Y (2014) Generative adversarial nets. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp 2672\u20132680"},{"key":"1581_CR16","unstructured":"Guo G, Li SZ, Chan K (2000) Face recognition by support vector machines. In: Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, IEEE, pp 196\u2013201"},{"key":"1581_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo X, Gao L, Liu X, Yin J (2017) Improved deep embedded clustering with local structure preservation. In: International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp 1753\u20131759","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2017\/243"},{"issue":"1","key":"1581_CR18","first-page":"100","volume":"28","author":"JA Hartigan","year":"1979","unstructured":"Hartigan JA, Wong MA (1979) Algorithm as 136: a k-means clustering algorithm. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C (Applied Statistics) 28(1):100\u2013108","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C (Applied Statistics)"},{"key":"1581_CR19","unstructured":"He X, Cai D, Yan S, Zhang HJ (2005) Neighborhood preserving embedding. In: Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, vol 2, IEEE, pp 1208\u20131213"},{"key":"1581_CR20","unstructured":"He X, Niyogi P (2004) Locality preserving projections. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp 153\u2013 160"},{"issue":"5786","key":"1581_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1127647","volume":"313","author":"GE Hinton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hinton GE, Salakhutdinov RR (2006) Reducing the dimensionality of data with neural networks. Science 313(5786):504\u2013507","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"1581_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2005.95","volume":"27","author":"JZ Huang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Huang JZ, Ng MK, Rong H, Li Z (2005) Automated variable weighting in k-means type clustering. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 27(5):657\u2013668","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"1581_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joachims T (1998) Text categorization with support vector machines: Learning with many relevant features. In: European Conference on Machine Learning, Springer, pp 137\u2013142","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0026683"},{"issue":"3","key":"1581_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1145\/321765.321768","volume":"20","author":"DB Johnson","year":"1973","unstructured":"Johnson DB (1973) A note on dijkstra\u2019s shortest path algorithm. Journal of the ACM (JACM) 20(3):385\u2013388","journal-title":"Journal of the ACM (JACM)"},{"issue":"7","key":"1581_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10883","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14073","volume":"8","author":"A Kadurin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kadurin A, Aliper A, Kazennov A, Mamoshina P, Vanhaelen Q, Khrabrov K, Zhavoronkov A (2017) The cornucopia of meaningful leads: Applying deep adversarial autoencoders for new molecule development in oncology. Oncotarget 8(7):10883","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"1581_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan J, Alam A, Hussain J, Lee YK (2019) Enswf: effective features extraction and selection in conjunction with ensemble learning methods for document sentiment classification. Appl Intell, pp 1\u201323","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-019-01425-4"},{"key":"1581_CR27","unstructured":"Krizhevsky A, Hinton GE (2009) Learning multiple layers of features from tiny images. Tech. rep., Citeseer"},{"key":"1581_CR28","unstructured":"Makhzani A, Shlens J, Jaitly N, Goodfellow I, Frey B (2015) Adversarial autoencoders. arXiv:1511.05644"},{"key":"1581_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-46616-9_9","volume-title":"Gesture-Based Communication in Human-Computer Interaction","author":"S\u00e9bastien Marcel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Marcel S, Bernier O (1999) Hand posture recognition in a body-face centered space. In: International Gesture Workshop, Springer, pp 97\u2013100"},{"key":"1581_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mika S, Ratsch G, Weston J, Scholkopf B, Mullers KR (1999) Fisher discriminant analysis with kernels. In: Neural Networks for Signal Processing IX. Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE Signal Processing Society Workshop, IEEE, pp 41\u201348","DOI":"10.1109\/NNSP.1999.788121"},{"issue":"7","key":"1581_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-018-01397-x","volume":"49","author":"M Mojarad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mojarad M, Nejatian S, Parvin H, Mohammadpoor M (2019) A fuzzy clustering ensemble based on cluster clustering and iterative fusion of base clusters. Appl Intell 49(7):2567\u20132581","journal-title":"Appl Intell"},{"issue":"1","key":"1581_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1981.1102568","volume":"26","author":"B Moore","year":"1981","unstructured":"Moore B (1981) Principal component analysis in linear systems: Controllability, observability, and model reduction. IEEE Trans Autom Control 26(1):17\u201332","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Autom Control"},{"key":"1581_CR33","unstructured":"Nene SA, Nayar SK, Murase H et al (1996) Columbia object image library (coil-20)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1581_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2008.01.039","volume":"36","author":"HS Park","year":"2009","unstructured":"Park HS, Jun CH (2009) A simple and fast algorithm for k-medoids clustering. Expert Syst Appl 36 (2):3336\u20133341","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"1581_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Proedrou K, Nouretdinov I, Vovk V, Gammerman A (2002) Transductive confidence machines for pattern recognition. In: European Conference on Machine Learning, . Springer, pp 381\u2013390","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-36755-1_32"},{"issue":"1","key":"1581_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2009.05.005","volume":"43","author":"L Qiao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Qiao L, Chen S, Tan X (2010) Sparsity preserving projections with applications to face recognition. Pattern Recogn 43(1):331\u2013341","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"issue":"5500","key":"1581_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5500.2323","volume":"290","author":"ST Roweis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Roweis ST, Saul LK (2000) Nonlinear dimensionality reduction by locally linear embedding. Science 290 (5500):2323\u20132326","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"1581_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.11.017","volume":"27","author":"O Samko","year":"2006","unstructured":"Samko O, Marshall AD, Rosin PL (2006) Selection of the optimal parameter value for the isomap algorithm. Pattern Recogn Lett 27(9):968\u2013979","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"1581_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.9.3.386","volume":"9","author":"D Steinley","year":"2004","unstructured":"Steinley D (2004) Properties of the hubert-arable adjusted rand index. Psychol Methods 9(3):386","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"1581_CR40","unstructured":"Turk MA, Pentland AP (1991) Face recognition using eigenfaces. In: IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, IEEE, pp 586\u2013591"},{"key":"1581_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2017.09.033","volume":"138","author":"S Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang S, Guo W (2017) Robust co-clustering via dual local learning and high-order matrix factorization. Knowl-Based Syst 138:176\u2013187","journal-title":"Knowl-Based Syst"},{"key":"1581_CR42","first-page":"1","volume":"99","author":"S Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang S, Guo W (2017) Sparse multi-graph embedding for multimodal feature representation. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 99:1\u20131","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"1581_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-7439(87)80084-9","volume":"2","author":"S Wold","year":"1987","unstructured":"Wold S, Esbensen K, Geladi P (1987) Principal component analysis. Chemometr Intell Lab Syst 2 (1-3):37\u201352","journal-title":"Chemometr Intell Lab Syst"},{"key":"1581_CR44","unstructured":"Xiao H, Rasul K, Vollgraf R (2017) Fashion-mnist:, a novel image dataset for benchmarking machine learning algorithms. arXiv:1708.07747"},{"key":"1581_CR45","unstructured":"Xie J, Girshick R, Farhadi A (2016) Unsupervised deep embedding for clustering analysis. In: International Conference on Machine Learning, pp 478\u2013487"},{"issue":"3","key":"1581_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2005.11.006","volume":"24","author":"W Yu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yu W, Teng X, Liu C (2006) Face recognition using discriminant locality preserving projections. Image Vis Comput 24(3):239\u2013248","journal-title":"Image Vis Comput"},{"key":"1581_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Song Y, Qi H (2017) Age progression\/regression by conditional adversarial autoencoder. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp 5810\u20135818","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.463"},{"issue":"4","key":"1581_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2006.81","volume":"28","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zheng Y, Doermann D (2006) Robust point matching for nonrigid shapes by preserving local neighborhood structures. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 28(4):643\u2013649","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"1581_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu JY, Park T, Isola P, Efros AA (2017) Unpaired image-to-image translation using cycle-consistent adversarial networks. arXiv:1703.10593","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.244"}],"container-title":["Applied Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10489-019-01581-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10489-019-01581-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10489-019-01581-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T03:22:38Z","timestamp":1722223358000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10489-019-01581-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,24]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1581"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10489-019-01581-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-669X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 December 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}