{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T16:14:02Z","timestamp":1784736842184,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Intell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-024-05337-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T11:02:26Z","timestamp":1708513346000},"page":"3077-3091","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A light-weight quantum self-attention model for classical data classification"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7864-2116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinglin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuangtao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"5337_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"043001","DOI":"10.1088\/2058-9565\/ab4eb5","volume":"4","author":"M Benedetti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benedetti M, Lloyd E, Sack S, Fiorentini M (2019) Parameterized quantum circuits as machine learning models. Quantum Sci Technol 4(4):043001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2058-9565\/ab4eb5","journal-title":"Quantum Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5337_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.94.015004","volume":"94","author":"K Bharti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bharti K, Cervera-Lierta A, Kyaw TH, Haug T, Alperin-Lea S, Anand A, Degroote M, Heimonen H, Kottmann JS, Menke T et al (2022) Noisy intermediate-scale quantum algorithms. Rev Mod Phys 94(1):015004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/RevModPhys.94.015004","journal-title":"Rev Mod Phys"},{"issue":"08","key":"5337_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1840010","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219749918400105","volume":"16","author":"S Shrapnel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shrapnel S, Costa F, Milburn G (2018) Quantum markovianity as a supervised learning task. Int J Quantum Inf 16(08):1840010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S0219749918400105","journal-title":"Int J Quantum Inf"},{"key":"5337_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3093","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-019-01441-4","volume":"49","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Song D, Zhang P, Li X, Wang P (2019) A quantum-inspired sentiment representation model for twitter sentiment analysis. Appl Intell 49:3093\u20133108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10489-019-01441-4","journal-title":"Appl Intell"},{"issue":"13","key":"5337_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15643","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-021-03108-5","volume":"52","author":"D Konar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Konar D, Bhattacharyya S, Dey S, Panigrahi BK (2022) Optimized activation for quantum-inspired self-supervised neural network based fully automated brain lesion segmentation. Appl Intell 52(13):15643\u201315672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10489-021-03108-5","journal-title":"Appl Intell"},{"issue":"7747","key":"5337_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0980-2","volume":"567","author":"V Havl\u00ed\u010dek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek V, C\u00f3rcoles AD, Temme K, Harrow AW, Kandala A, Chow JM (2019) Gambetta JM (2019) Supervised learning with quantum-enhanced feature spaces. Nature 567(7747):209\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-019-0980-2","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"5337_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7210","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3084467","volume":"33","author":"C Ding","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ding C, Bao T-Y, Huang H-L (2021) Quantum-inspired support vector machine. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 33(12):7210\u20137222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3084467","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst"},{"key":"5337_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lloyd S, Mohseni M, Rebentrost P (2013) Quantum algorithms for supervised and unsupervised machine learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1307.0411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1307.0411","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1307.0411"},{"key":"5337_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dey A, Bhattacharyya S, Dey S, Platos J, Snasel V (2022) Automatic clustering of colour images using quantum inspired meta-heuristic algorithms. Appl Intell, 1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10489-022-03806-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-022-03806-8"},{"issue":"08","key":"5337_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1840001","DOI":"10.1142\/s0219749918400014","volume":"16","author":"J Bausch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bausch J (2018) Classifying data using near-term quantum devices. Int J Quantum Inf 16(08):1840001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/s0219749918400014","journal-title":"Int J Quantum Inf"},{"issue":"1","key":"5337_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s42484-020-00012-y","volume":"2","author":"M Henderson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henderson M, Shakya S, Pradhan S, Cook T (2020) Quanvolutional neural networks: powering image recognition with quantum circuits. Quantum Mach Intell 2(1):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42484-020-00012-y","journal-title":"Quantum Mach Intell"},{"key":"5337_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s43673-021-00030-3","volume":"32","author":"S Wei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wei S, Chen Y, Zhou Z, Long G (2022) A quantum convolutional neural network on nisq devices. AAPPS Bull 32:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43673-021-00030-3","journal-title":"AAPPS Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"5337_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s42484-021-00061-x","volume":"4","author":"T Hur","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hur T, Kim L, Park DK (2022) Quantum convolutional neural network for classical data classification. Quantum Mach Intell 4(1):3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42484-021-00061-x","journal-title":"Quantum Mach Intell"},{"issue":"3","key":"5337_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-022-03442-8","volume":"21","author":"Y Jing","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jing Y, Li X, Yang Y, Wu C, Fu W, Hu W, Li Y, Xu H (2022) Rgb image classification with quantum convolutional ansatz. Quantum Inf Process 21(3):101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11128-022-03442-8","journal-title":"Quantum Inf Process"},{"issue":"12","key":"5337_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-019-0648-8","volume":"15","author":"I Cong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cong I, Choi S, Lukin MD (2019) Quantum convolutional neural networks. Nat Phys 15(12):1273\u20131278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41567-019-0648-8","journal-title":"Nat Phys"},{"key":"5337_CR16","first-page":"1368","volume":"33","author":"J Bausch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bausch J (2020) Recurrent quantum neural networks. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 33:1368\u20131379","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"5337_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen SY-C, Yoo S, Fang Y-LL (2022) Quantum long short-term memory. In: ICASSP 2022-2022 IEEE International conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing (ICASSP). IEEE, pp 8622\u20138626. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICASSP43922.2022.9747369","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP43922.2022.9747369"},{"issue":"4","key":"5337_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.121.040502","volume":"121","author":"S Lloyd","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lloyd S, Weedbrook C (2018) Quantum generative adversarial learning. Phys Rev Lett 121(4):040502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.121.040502","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"5337_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020025520305545","volume":"538","author":"H Situ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Situ H, He Z, Wang Y, Li L, Zheng S (2020) Quantum generative adversarial network for generating discrete distribution. Inf Sci 538:193\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0020025520305545","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"5337_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.16.024051","volume":"16","author":"H-L Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang H-L, Du Y, Gong M, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Wang C, Li S, Liang F, Lin J, Xu Y et al (2021) Experimental quantum generative adversarial networks for image generation. Phys Rev Appl 16(2):024051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.16.024051","journal-title":"Phys Rev Appl"},{"issue":"3","key":"5337_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"032309","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.98.032309","volume":"98","author":"K Mitarai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mitarai K, Negoro M, Kitagawa M, Fujii K (2018) Quantum circuit learning. Phys Rev A 98(3):032309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevA.98.032309","journal-title":"Phys Rev A"},{"issue":"9","key":"5337_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-021-00348-9","volume":"3","author":"M Cerezo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cerezo M, Arrasmith A, Babbush R, Benjamin SC, Endo S, Fujii K, McClean JR, Mitarai K, Yuan X, Cincio L et al (2021) Variational quantum algorithms. Nat Rev Phys 3(9):625\u2013644","journal-title":"Nat Rev Phys"},{"key":"5337_CR23","unstructured":"Vaswani A, Shazeer N, Parmar N, Uszkoreit J, Jones L, Gomez AN, Kaiser L, Polosukhin I (2017) Attention is all you need. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 30"},{"key":"5337_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dosovitskiy A, Beyer L, Kolesnikov A, Weissenborn D, Zhai X, Unterthiner T, Dehghani M, Minderer M, Heigold G, Gelly S et al (2020) An image is worth 16x16 words: transformers for image recognition at scale. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.11929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2010.11929","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2010.11929"},{"key":"5337_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Di Sipio R, Huang J-H, Chen SY-C, Mangini S, Worring M (2022) The dawn of quantum natural language processing. In: ICASSP 2022-2022 IEEE International conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing (ICASSP). IEEE, pp 8612\u20138616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICASSP43922.2022.9747675","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP43922.2022.9747675"},{"key":"5337_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li G, Zhao X, Wang X (2022) Quantum self-attention neural networks for text classification. arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.05625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2205.05625","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2205.05625"},{"key":"5337_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nielsen MA, Chuang I (2002) Quantum computation and quantum information. American Association of Physics Teachers. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1119\/1.1463744","DOI":"10.1119\/1.1463744"},{"key":"5337_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao R-x, Shi J, Zhang S (2022) Qsan: a near-term achievable quantum selfattention network. arXiv preprint arXiv:2207.07563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2207.07563","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2207.07563"},{"issue":"3","key":"5337_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"032308","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.101.032308","volume":"101","author":"M Schuld","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schuld M, Bocharov A, Svore KM, Wiebe N (2020) Circuit-centric quantum classifiers. Phys Rev A 101(3):032308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevA.101.032308","journal-title":"Phys Rev A"},{"issue":"1","key":"5337_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41534-018-0116-9","volume":"4","author":"E Grant","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grant E, Benedetti M, Cao S, Hallam A, Lockhart J, Stojevic V, Green AG, Severini S (2018) Hierarchical quantum classifiers. npj Quantum Inf 4(1):65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41534-018-0116-9","journal-title":"npj Quantum Inf"},{"issue":"9","key":"5337_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-022-00311-3","volume":"2","author":"M Cerezo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cerezo M, Verdon G, Huang H-Y, Cincio L, Coles PJ (2022) Challenges and opportunities in quantum machine learning. Nat Comput Sci 2(9):567\u2013576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43588-022-00311-3","journal-title":"Nat Comput Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"5337_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-021-01287-z","volume":"17","author":"Y Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu Y, Arunachalam S, Temme K (2021) A rigorous and robust quantum speed-up in supervised machine learning. Nat Phys 17(9):1013\u20131017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41567-021-01287-z","journal-title":"Nat Phys"},{"issue":"6","key":"5337_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-021-00084-1","volume":"1","author":"A Abbas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abbas A, Sutter D, Zoufal C, Lucchi A, Figalli A, Woerner S (2021) The power of quantum neural networks. Nat Comput Sci 1(6):403\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43588-021-00084-1","journal-title":"Nat Comput Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"5337_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900070","DOI":"10.1002\/qute.201900070","volume":"2","author":"S Sim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sim S, Johnson PD, Aspuru-Guzik A (2019) Expressibility and entangling capability of parameterized quantum circuits for hybrid quantum-classical algorithms. Adv Quantum Technol 2(12):1900070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/qute.201900070","journal-title":"Adv Quantum Technol"}],"container-title":["Applied Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10489-024-05337-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10489-024-05337-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10489-024-05337-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T13:14:49Z","timestamp":1712150089000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10489-024-05337-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["5337"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10489-024-05337-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-669X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 February 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 February 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest\/Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}