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This research involves benchmark multi-label datasets and synthetic noise experiments, which do not require ethical approval or participant consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable. All datasets used are publicly available and do not contain sensitive or personal data requiring individual consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"All authors declare that they have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"975"}}