{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T15:48:01Z","timestamp":1762530481033,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62476078","61502144","12101182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62476078","61502144","12101182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","award":["F2023205006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F2023205006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Intell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-025-06911-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T12:03:57Z","timestamp":1759579437000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Three-way density peak clustering in incomplete information systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Zhao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3753-4490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ju-sheng","family":"Mi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei-jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"6911_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2021.04.076","volume":"571","author":"D-T Dinh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dinh D-T, Huynh V-N, Sriboonchitta S (2021) Clustering mixed numerical and categorical data with missing values. Inf Sci 571:418\u2013442","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"6911_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.03.028","volume":"37","author":"D Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li D, Gu H, Zhang L (2010) A fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm based on nearest-neighbor intervals for incomplete data. Expert Syst Appl 37(10):6942\u20136947","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"6911_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2018.04.029","volume":"155","author":"P Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang P, Yao Y (2018) CE3: a three-way clustering method based on mathematical morphology. Knowl-Based Syst 155:54\u201365","journal-title":"Knowl-Based Syst"},{"key":"6911_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2024.120661","volume":"672","author":"X Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen X, Liu C, Lin B, Lai J, Miao D (2024) AHA-3WKM: the optimization of k-means with three-way clustering and artificial hummingbird algorithm. Inf Sci 672:120661","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"6911_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2021.05.011","volume":"572","author":"T Den\u0153ux","year":"2021","unstructured":"Den\u0153ux T (2021) NN-EVCLUS: neural network-based evidential clustering. Inf Sci 572:297\u2013330","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"6911_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2023.111217","volume":"152","author":"H Ju","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ju H, Lu Y, Ding W, Cao J, Yang X (2024) Three-way evidence theory-based density peak clustering with the principle of justifiable granularity. Appl Soft Comput 152:111217","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"issue":"4","key":"6911_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1109\/91.784206","volume":"7","author":"Z Huang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Huang Z, Ng MK (1999) A fuzzy k-modes algorithm for clustering categorical data. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst 7(4):446\u2013452","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"6911_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2010.268","volume":"24","author":"N Iam-On","year":"2012","unstructured":"Iam-On N, Boongeon T, Garrett S, Price C (2012) A link-based cluster ensemble approach for categorical data clustering. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 24(3):413\u2013425","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng"},{"key":"6911_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fss.2018.02.007","volume":"361","author":"I Saha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saha I, Sarkar JP, Maulik U (2019) Integrated rough fuzzy clustering for categorical data analysis. Fuzzy Sets Syst 361:1\u201332","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst"},{"key":"6911_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2017.04.019","volume":"57","author":"F Cao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cao F, Yu L, Huang JZ, Liang J (2017) K -mw-modes: an algorithm for clustering categorical matrix-object data. Appl Soft Comput 57:605\u2013614","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"issue":"2","key":"6911_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0114(03)00072-1","volume":"141","author":"M-S Yang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yang M-S, Hwang P-Y, Chen D-H (2004) Fuzzy clustering algorithms for mixed feature variables. Fuzzy Sets Syst 141(2):301\u2013317","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst"},{"key":"6911_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.114149","volume":"167","author":"A Ahmad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmad A, Khan SS (2021) initKmix-A novel initial partition generation algorithm for clustering mixed data using k-means-based clustering. Expert Syst Appl 167:114149","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"6911_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2024.121528","volume":"690","author":"H Demirhan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Demirhan H (2025) Mixed fuzzy c-means clustering. Inf Sci 690:121528","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"6911_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2024.3487534","volume":"37","author":"C Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li C, Ding S, Xu X, Guo L, Ding L, Wu X (2025) Vertical federated density peaks clustering under nonlinear mapping. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 37(2):1004\u20131017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng"},{"issue":"23","key":"6911_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fss.2010.08.003","volume":"161","author":"FDAT De Carvalho","year":"2010","unstructured":"De Carvalho FDAT, Ten\u00f3rio CP (2010) Fuzzy k-means clustering algorithms for interval-valued data based on adaptive quadratic distances. Fuzzy Sets Syst 161(23):2978\u20132999","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst"},{"key":"6911_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2021.05.021","volume":"569","author":"A Shah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shah A, Azam N, Ali B, Khan MT, Yao J (2021) A three-way clustering approach for novelty detection. Inf Sci 569:650\u2013668","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"6911_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1109\/3477.956035","volume":"31","author":"RJ Hathaway","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hathaway RJ, Bezdek JC (2001) Fuzzy c-means clustering of incomplete data. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part B (Cybernetics) 31(5):735\u2013744","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part B (Cybernetics)"},{"issue":"20","key":"6911_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23966","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-023-04827-7","volume":"53","author":"P Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang P, Wu T, Yao Y (2023) A three-way adaptive density peak clustering (3W-ADPC) method. Appl Intell 53(20):23966\u201323982","journal-title":"Appl Intell"},{"key":"6911_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2020.106532","volume":"211","author":"H Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu H, Chen L, Yao J (2021) A three-way density peak clustering method based on evidence theory. Knowl-Based Syst 211:106532","journal-title":"Knowl-Based Syst"},{"issue":"10","key":"6911_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1007\/s13042-018-0901-y","volume":"10","author":"P Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang P, Shi H, Yang X, Mi J (2019) Three-way k-means: integrating k-means and three-way decision. Int J Mach Learn Cybern 10(10):2767\u20132777","journal-title":"Int J Mach Learn Cybern"},{"key":"6911_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2019.105536","volume":"82","author":"K Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang K (2019) A three-way c -means algorithm. Appl Soft Comput 82:105536","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"issue":"2","key":"6911_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-021-09965-z","volume":"14","author":"Q Shen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shen Q, Zhang Q, Zhao F, Wang G (2022) Adaptive three-way c-means clustering based on the cognition of distance stability. Cogn Comput 14(2):563\u2013580","journal-title":"Cogn Comput"},{"key":"6911_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2024.112609","volume":"305","author":"S Ding","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ding S, Li M, Huang T, Zhu W (2024) Local density based on weighted k-nearest neighbors for density peaks clustering. Knowl-Based Syst 305:112609","journal-title":"Knowl-Based Syst"},{"key":"6911_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2020.107452","volume":"107","author":"F Fang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fang F, Qiu L, Yuan S (2020) Adaptive core fusion-based density peak clustering for complex data with arbitrary shapes and densities. Pattern Recogn 107:107452","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"issue":"8","key":"6911_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1007\/s13042-017-0648-x","volume":"9","author":"M Du","year":"2018","unstructured":"Du M, Ding S, Xu X, Xue Y (2018) Density peaks clustering using geodesic distances. Int J Mach Learn Cybern 9(8):1335\u20131349","journal-title":"Int J Mach Learn Cybern"},{"issue":"3","key":"6911_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2009.09.021","volume":"180","author":"Y Yao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yao Y (2010) Three-way decisions with probabilistic rough sets. Inf Sci 180(3):341\u2013353","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"6911_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.123733","volume":"249","author":"C Fu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fu C, Qin K, Pang K, Wu J, Zhao E (2024) BTWM-HF: a behavioral three-way multi-attribute decision-making method with hesitant fuzzy information. Expert Syst Appl 249:123733","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"6911_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2024.102635","volume":"113","author":"K Gong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gong K, Ma W, Goh M (2025) An ordinal-cardinal consensus model for three-way large-scale group decision-making considering co-opetition relations. Inf Fusion 113:102635","journal-title":"Inf Fusion"},{"key":"6911_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.124869","volume":"256","author":"H Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang H, Hu BQ (2024) A sequential multiple attribute three-way group decision-making method to heterogeneous MAGDM problems with unknown weight information. Expert Syst Appl 256:124869","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"6911_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.122727","volume":"242","author":"H Qin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qin H, Peng Q, Ma X (2024) A novel interval-valued Fermatean fuzzy three-way decision making method with probability dominance relations. Expert Syst Appl 242:122727","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"6911_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2024.120248","volume":"663","author":"J Tu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tu J, Su S, Xu J (2024) A novel grey relational clustering model under sequential three-way decision framework. Inf Sci 663:120248","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"6911_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2023.3236386","volume":"31","author":"J Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu J, Ma X, Mart\u00ednez L, Zhan J (2023) A probabilistic linguistic three-way decision method with regret theory via fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst 31(8):2821\u20132835","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst"},{"issue":"6191","key":"6911_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1242072","volume":"344","author":"A Rodriguez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rodriguez A, Laio A (2014) Clustering by fast search and find of density peaks. Science 344(6191):1492\u20131496","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"6911_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2024.120761","volume":"675","author":"Y Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Y, Zhu P, Yao Y (2024) An axiomatic framework for three-way clustering. Inform Sci 675:120761","journal-title":"Inform Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"6911_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1145\/219717.219791","volume":"38","author":"Z Pawlak","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pawlak Z, Grzymala-Busse J, Slowinski R, Ziarko W (1995) Rough sets. Commun ACM 38(11):88\u201395","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"6911_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(98)10019-1","volume":"112","author":"M Kryszkiewicz","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kryszkiewicz M (1998) Rough set approach to incomplete information systems. Inf Sci 112(1\u20134):39\u201349","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"6911_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2022.12.002","volume":"153","author":"C Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun C, Du M, Sun J, Li K, Dong Y (2023) A three-way clustering method based on improved density peaks algorithm and boundary detection graph. Int J Approx Reason 153:239\u2013257","journal-title":"Int J Approx Reason"},{"key":"6911_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127639","volume":"282","author":"S Han","year":"2025","unstructured":"Han S, Zhang X, Liu X, Zheng Y, Qu J (2025) ATSDPC: adaptive two-stage density peaks clustering with hybrid distance based on dispersion coefficient. Expert Syst Appl 282:127639","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"}],"container-title":["Applied Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10489-025-06911-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10489-025-06911-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10489-025-06911-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T15:42:28Z","timestamp":1762530148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10489-025-06911-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["6911"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10489-025-06911-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0924-669X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-7497"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"1001"}}