{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T11:05:13Z","timestamp":1774868713286,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021ZD0113304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZD0113304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"General Program of Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62072346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62072346"]}]},{"name":"Science Foundation of Hebei Normal University","award":["L2025B36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L2025B36"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Federation of Social Science Associations 2024 Hebei Social Science Development Research Project","award":["202403050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202403050"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Intell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-025-07046-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T05:29:02Z","timestamp":1768800542000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["PAPET: piece attention and position-aware embedding with Top-k network for multi-domain spoken language understanding"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Xu","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ruochen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Min","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"7046_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin L, Xie T, Che W, et al (2021) A survey on spoken language understanding: Recent advances and new frontiers. In: IJCAI, pp 4577\u20134584","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2021\/622"},{"key":"7046_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Louvan S, Magnini B (2020) Recent neural methods on slot filling and intent classification for task-oriented dialogue systems: A survey. In: COLING, pp 480\u2013496","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.coling-main.42"},{"key":"7046_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2022.09.029","volume":"91","author":"M Firdaus","year":"2023","unstructured":"Firdaus M, Ekbal A, Cambria E (2023) Multitask learning for multilingual intent detection and slot filling in dialogue systems. Inf Fusion 91:299\u2013315","journal-title":"Inf Fusion"},{"key":"7046_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2346","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.2346","volume":"10","author":"YI Muhammad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Muhammad YI, Salim N, Zainal A (2024) Joint intent detection and slot filling with syntactic and semantic features using multichannel cnn-bilstm. PeerJ Comput Sci 10:e2346","journal-title":"PeerJ Comput Sci"},{"key":"7046_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E H, Niu P, Chen Z, et al (2019) A novel bi-directional interrelated model for joint intent detection and slot filling. In: ACL, pp 5467\u20135471","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1544"},{"key":"7046_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu Z, Huang P, Huang H, et al (2022) A graph attention interactive refine framework with contextual regularization for jointing intent detection and slot filling. In: ICASSP, pp 7617\u20137621","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP43922.2022.9746942"},{"key":"7046_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng X, Zhu Z, Li H, et al (2024) Towards multi-intent spoken language understanding via hierarchical attention and optimal transport. In: Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence, pp 17,844\u201317,852","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i16.29738"},{"key":"7046_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu Z, Cheng X, Chen Z, et al (2024) Sala: Scenario-aware label graph interaction for multi-intent spoken language understanding. In: Proceedings of the 33rd ACM international conference on information and knowledge management, pp 3570\u20133580","DOI":"10.1145\/3627673.3679676"},{"key":"7046_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gangadharaiah R, Narayanaswamy B (2019) Joint multiple intent detection and slot labeling for goal-oriented dialog. In: NAACL-HLT, pp 564\u2013569","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-1055"},{"key":"7046_CR10","first-page":"12251","volume-title":"ICASSP 2024\u20132024 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics","author":"H Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu H, Cao R, Zhu S et al (2024) A birgat model for multi-intent spoken language understanding with hierarchical semantic frames. ICASSP 2024\u20132024 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics. Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), IEEE, pp 12251\u201312255"},{"key":"7046_CR11","first-page":"12301","volume-title":"ICASSP 2024\u20132024 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics","author":"D Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu D, Jiang L, Yin L et al (2024) Dual level intent-slot interaction for improved multi-intent spoken language understanding. ICASSP 2024\u20132024 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics. Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), IEEE, pp 12301\u201312305"},{"key":"7046_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin L, Xu X, Che W, et al (2020) Towards fine-grained transfer: An adaptive graph-interactive framework for joint multiple intent detection and slot filling. In: EMNLP Findings, pp 1807\u20131816","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.findings-emnlp.163"},{"key":"7046_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin L, Wei F, Xie T, et al (2021) Gl-gin: Fast and accurate non-autoregressive model for joint multiple intent detection and slot filling. In: ACL-IJCNLP, pp 178\u2013188","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-long.15"},{"key":"7046_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song M, Yu B, Quangang L, et al (2022) Enhancing joint multiple intent detection and slot filling with global intent-slot co-occurrence. In: Proceedings of the 2022 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing, pp 7967\u20137977","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.543"},{"key":"7046_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu Z, Xu W, Cheng X, et al (2023) A dynamic graph interactive framework with label-semantic injection for spoken language understanding. In: ICASSP, pp 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP49357.2023.10095809"},{"key":"7046_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin S, Huang P, Xu Y (2024) Uni-mis: United multiple intent spoken language understanding via multi-view intent-slot interaction. In: Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence, pp 19,395\u201319,403","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i17.29910"},{"key":"7046_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng Y, Zeng B, Zhu Y, et al (2024) Msgim: A multi-grained syntactic graph interaction model for multi-intent spoken language understanding. In: 2024 International joint conference on neural networks (IJCNN), IEEE, pp 1\u20138","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN60899.2024.10651106"},{"key":"7046_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin L, Liu T, Che W, et al (2021) A co-interactive transformer for joint slot filling and intent detection. In: ICASSP, pp 8193\u20138197","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP39728.2021.9414110"},{"key":"7046_CR19","unstructured":"Pan W, Chen Q, Xu X, et al (2023) A preliminary evaluation of chatgpt for zero-shot dialogue understanding. CoRR, arXiv:2304.04256"},{"key":"7046_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xing B, Liao L, Huang M, et al (2024) Dc-instruct: An effective framework for generative multi-intent spoken language understanding. In: Proceedings of the 2024 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing, pp 14,520\u201314,534","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.emnlp-main.804"},{"key":"7046_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei X, Li Y, Si Y, et al (2024) A prompt-based hierarchical pipeline for cross-domain slot filling. In: IEEE\/ACM transactions on audio, speech, and language processing","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2024.3410877"},{"key":"7046_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao H, Lin TE, Li H, et al (2024) Self-explanation prompting improves dialogue understanding in large language models. In: Proceedings of the 2024 joint international conference on computational linguistics, language resources and evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024), pp 14,567\u201314,578","DOI":"10.63317\/4shdjhs9d9ud"},{"key":"7046_CR23","first-page":"9966","volume-title":"ICASSP 2024\u20132024 IEEE international conference on acoustics","author":"F Song","year":"2024","unstructured":"Song F, Huang L, Wang H (2024) A unified framework for multi-intent spoken language understanding with prompting. ICASSP 2024\u20132024 IEEE international conference on acoustics. Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), IEEE, pp 9966\u20139970"},{"key":"7046_CR24","unstructured":"Yin S, Huang P, Xu Y (2025) Midlm: Multi-intent detection with bidirectional large language models. In: Proceedings of the 31st international conference on computational linguistics, pp 2616\u20132625"},{"key":"7046_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xing B, Tsang I (2022a) Co-guiding net: Achieving mutual guidances between multiple intent detection and slot filling via heterogeneous semantics-label graphs. In: EMNLP, pp 159\u2013169","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.12"},{"key":"7046_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xing B, Tsang I (2022b) Group is better than individual: Exploiting label topologies and label relations for joint multiple intent detection and slot filling. In: EMNLP, pp 3964\u20133975","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.263"},{"key":"7046_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia X, Pan J, Yuan Y, et al (2021) Multi-intent attention and top-k network with interactive framework for joint multiple intent detection and slot filling. In: NLPCC, pp 467\u2013479","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-88480-2_37"},{"key":"7046_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00314","volume":"8","author":"Q Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu Q, Huang K, Zhang Z et al (2020) Crosswoz: A large-scale chinese cross-domain task-oriented dialogue dataset. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 8:281\u2013295","journal-title":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"7046_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quan J, Zhang S, Cao Q, et al (2020) Risawoz: A large-scale multi-domain wizard-of-oz dataset with rich semantic annotations for task-oriented dialogue modeling. In: EMNLP, pp 930\u2013940","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.67"},{"key":"7046_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin L, Che W, Li Y, et al (2019) A stack-propagation framework with token-level intent detection for spoken language understanding. In: EMNLP, pp 2078\u20132087","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1214"},{"key":"7046_CR31","unstructured":"Chen Q, Zhuo Z, Wang W (2019) Bert for joint intent classification and slot filling. arXiv:1902.10909"},{"issue":"1","key":"7046_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-024-06089-3","volume":"55","author":"P Cao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cao P, Li Y, Li X (2025) Cross-language few-shot intent recognition via prompt-based tuning. Appl Intell 55(1):60","journal-title":"Appl Intell"},{"key":"7046_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham T, Tran C, Nguyen DQ (2023) Misca: A joint model for multiple intent detection and slot filling with intent-slot co-attention. In: Findings of the association for computational linguistics EMNLP 2023, pp 12641\u201312650","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-emnlp.841"},{"key":"7046_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng X, Zhu Z, Cao B et al (2023) Mrrl: Modifying the reference via reinforcement learning for non-autoregressive joint multiple intent detection and slot filling. In: Findings of the association for computational linguistics EMNLP 2023, pp 10495\u201310505","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-emnlp.704"},{"key":"7046_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng X, Zhu Z, Xu W et al (2023) Accelerating multiple intent detection and slot filling via targeted knowledge distillation. In: Findings of the association for computational linguistics EMNLP 2023:8900\u20138910","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-emnlp.597"},{"key":"7046_CR36","unstructured":"Qin L, Chen Q, Zhou J, et al (2024) Decoupling breaks data barriers: A decoupled pre-training framework for multi-intent spoken language understanding. In: Proceedings of the thirty-third international joint conference on artificial intelligence, pp 6469\u20136477"},{"key":"7046_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song Y, Zhao J, Koehler S et al (2023) Pcmid: Multi-intent detection through supervised prototypical contrastive learning. In: Findings of the association for computational linguistics EMNLP 2023, pp 9481\u20139495","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-emnlp.636"},{"key":"7046_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurata G, Zhou B, Xiang B, et al (2016) Leveraging sentence-level information with encoder lstm for semantic slot filling. In: EMNLP, pp 2077\u20132083","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1223"},{"key":"7046_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunaratna K, Srinivasan V, Yerukola A, et al (2022) Explainable slot type attentions to improve joint intent detection and slot filling. In: EMNLP Findings, pp 3367\u20133378","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.findings-emnlp.245"},{"key":"7046_CR40","unstructured":"Dong G, Guo D, Wang L, et al (2022) Pssat: A perturbed semantic structure awareness transferring method for perturbation-robust slot filling. In: COLING, pp 5327\u20135334"},{"key":"7046_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Z, Winata GI, Xu P, et al (2020) Coach: A coarse-to-fine approach for cross-domain slot filling. In: Proceedings of the 58th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics, pp 19\u201325","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.3"},{"key":"7046_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teng D, Qin L, Che W, et al (2021) Injecting word information with multi-level word adapter for chinese spoken language understanding. In: ICASSP, pp 8188\u20138192","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP39728.2021.9413657"},{"key":"7046_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du X, He L, Li Q, et al (2021) Qa-driven zero-shot slot filling with weak supervision pretraining. In: ACL-IJCNLP, pp 654\u2013664","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-short.83"},{"key":"7046_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2022.3140559","volume":"30","author":"J Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu J, Yu M, Chen Y et al (2022) Cross-domain slot filling as machine reading comprehension: A new perspective. IEEE\/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing 30:673\u2013685","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing"},{"key":"7046_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu Z, Huang P, Huang H, et al (2024) Elsf: Entity-level slot filling framework for joint multiple intent detection and slot filling. IEEE\/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2024.3492800"},{"key":"7046_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2023.3237156","volume":"31","author":"J Mei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mei J, Wang Y, Tu X et al (2023) Incorporating bert with probability-aware gate for spoken language understanding. IEEE\/ACM Trans Audio Speech and Language Process 31:826\u2013834","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans Audio Speech and Language Process"},{"issue":"3","key":"7046_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3874","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2022.3202562","volume":"35","author":"Z Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma Z, Sun B, Li S (2022) A two-stage selective fusion framework for joint intent detection and slot filling. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 35(3):3874\u20133885","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst"},{"key":"7046_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi Y, Wu L, Shao M (2023) Adaptive end-to-end metric learning for zero-shot cross-domain slot filling. In: Proceedings of the 2023 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing, pp 6291\u20136301","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-main.387"},{"key":"7046_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mosharrof A, Fereidouni M, Siddique A (2023) Toward open-domain slot filling via self-supervised co-training. In: WWW, pp 1928\u20131937","DOI":"10.1145\/3543507.3583541"},{"issue":"1","key":"7046_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s44212-024-00056-6","volume":"3","author":"D Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li D, Wang S, Zhao B et al (2024) A novel model based on a transformer for intent detection and slot filling. Urban Informatics 3(1):24","journal-title":"Urban Informatics"},{"key":"7046_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu B, Lane I (2016) Attention-based recurrent neural network models for joint intent detection and slot filling. In: INTERSPEECH, pp 685\u2013689","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2016-1352"},{"key":"7046_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goo CW, Gao G, Hsu YK, et al (2018) Slot-gated modeling for joint slot filling and intent prediction. In: NAACL-HLT, pp 753\u2013757","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-2118"},{"key":"7046_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu N, Yin Y, Ding Y, et al (2024) A word and local feature aware network for chinese spoken language understanding. In: 2024 International joint conference on neural networks (IJCNN), IEEE, pp 1\u20137","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN60899.2024.10650031"},{"issue":"4","key":"7046_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1587\/transinf.2023IHP0004","volume":"107","author":"L He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He L, Zhao J, Duan J et al (2024) Conceptual knowledge enhanced model for multi-intent detection and slot filling. IEICE Trans Inf Syst 107(4):468\u2013476","journal-title":"IEICE Trans Inf Syst"},{"key":"7046_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abro WA, Qi G, Aamir M, et al (2022) Joint intent detection and slot filling using weighted finite state transducer and bert. Applied Intelligence pp 1\u201315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-022-03295-9"},{"key":"7046_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuang X, Cheng X, Zou Y (2024) Towards explainable joint models via information theory for multiple intent detection and slot filling. In: Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence, pp 19,786\u201319,794","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i17.29953"},{"key":"7046_CR57","unstructured":"Zhu Z, Cheng X, Li Y, et al (2024) Aligner$$^2$$: Enhancing joint multiple intent detection and slot filling via adjustive and forced cross-task alignment. In: Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence, pp 19,777\u201319,785"},{"key":"7046_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai Z, Yang Z, Yang Y, et al (2019) Transformer-xl: Attentive language models beyond a fixed-length context. In: ACL, pp 2978\u20132988","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1285"},{"key":"7046_CR59","unstructured":"Vaswani A, Shazeer N, Parmar N, et al (2017) Attention is all you need. In: NeurIPS, pp 5998\u20136008"}],"container-title":["Applied Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10489-025-07046-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10489-025-07046-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10489-025-07046-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T10:16:16Z","timestamp":1774865776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10489-025-07046-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["7046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10489-025-07046-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-669X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 August 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"50"}}