{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T11:05:47Z","timestamp":1779793547556,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62102125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62102125"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62172132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62172132"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Intell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-026-07204-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T09:10:57Z","timestamp":1774861857000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["BeautyMark: A diffusion model for aesthetic QR code generation with robust watermark authentication"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penghui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hangpeng","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1290-4272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Emam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"7204_CR1","first-page":"59","volume":"2008","author":"TJ Soon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Soon TJ (2008) QR code. Synthesis J 2008(3):59\u201378","journal-title":"Synthesis J"},{"key":"7204_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu G, Liu X, Jia J, Cui X, Zhai G (2024) Text2qr: Harmonizing aesthetic customization and scanning robustness for text-guided qr code generation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. pp 8456\u20138465","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00808"},{"key":"7204_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao JW, Wang W, Wang TS, Peng LX, Weng JH, Chou CF et al (2025) DiffQRCoder: Diffusion-based aesthetic QR code generation with scanning robustness guided iterative refinement. In: IEEE\/CVF winter conference on applications of computer vision (WACV)","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV61041.2025.00577"},{"issue":"10","key":"7204_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1080\/08839514.2021.1922841","volume":"35","author":"I Iqbal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Iqbal I, Odesanmi GA, Wang J, Liu L (2021) Comparative investigation of learning algorithms for image classification with small dataset. Appl Artif Intell 35(10):697\u2013716","journal-title":"Appl Artif Intell"},{"issue":"5","key":"7204_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10050325","volume":"10","author":"I Iqbal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iqbal I, Mustafa G, Ma J (2020) Deep learning-based morphological classification of human sperm heads. Diagnostics 10(5):325","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"3","key":"7204_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1494075","volume":"11","author":"I Cox","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cox I, Miller M, Bloom J, Honsinger C (2002) Digital watermarking. J Electron Imaging 11(3):414\u2013414","journal-title":"J Electron Imaging"},{"key":"7204_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu J, Kaplan R, Johnson J, Fei-Fei L (2018) Hidden: Hiding data with deep networks. In: Proceedings of the european conference on computer vision (ECCV), pp 657\u2013672","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01267-0_40"},{"issue":"1","key":"7204_CR8","first-page":"1","volume":"17","author":"M Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu M, Li Q, Niu J, Su H, Liu X, Xu W et al (2021) ART-UP: A novel method for generating scanning-robust aesthetic QR codes. ACM Trans Multimed Comput Commun Appl (TOMM) 17(1):1\u201323","journal-title":"ACM Trans Multimed Comput Commun Appl (TOMM)"},{"key":"7204_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su H, Niu J, Liu X, Li Q, Wan J, Xu M et al (2021) Artcoder: an end-to-end method for generating scanning-robust stylized qr codes. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 2277\u20132286","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00231"},{"issue":"13","key":"7204_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38505","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-17231-7","volume":"83","author":"HS Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li HS, Chen J, Huang H (2024) QR code arbitrary style transfer algorithm based on style matching layer. Multimed Tools Appl 83(13):38505\u201338522","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"7204_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rombach R, Blattmann A, Lorenz D, Esser P, Ommer B (2022) High-resolution image synthesis with latent diffusion models","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01042"},{"key":"7204_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang L, Rao A, Agrawala M (2023) Adding conditional control to text-to-image diffusion models. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF international conference on computer vision, pp 3836\u20133847","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00355"},{"key":"7204_CR13","unstructured":"Tang Y, Liu X, Zhang B, Lan T, Xie Y, Lao J et al (2026) IGenBench: Benchmarking the Reliability of Text-to-Infographic Generation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.04498"},{"key":"7204_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2019.113157","volume":"146","author":"M Ahmadi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmadi M, Norouzi A, Karimi N, Samavi S, Emami A (2020) ReDMark: Framework for residual diffusion watermarking based on deep networks. Expert Syst Appl 146:113157","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"issue":"19","key":"7204_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6854","DOI":"10.3390\/app10196854","volume":"10","author":"JE Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee JE, Seo YH, Kim DW (2020) Convolutional neural network-based digital image watermarking adaptive to the resolution of image and watermark. Appl Sci 10(19):6854","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"7204_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1145\/3422622","volume":"63","author":"I Goodfellow","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goodfellow I, Pouget-Abadie J, Mirza M, Xu B, Warde-Farley D, Ozair S et al (2020) Generative adversarial networks. Commun ACM 63(11):139\u2013144","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"key":"7204_CR17","unstructured":"Wen B, Aydore S (2019) Romark: A robust watermarking system using adversarial training. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.01221"},{"issue":"1","key":"7204_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1587\/transinf.2019MUP0007","volume":"103","author":"I Hamamoto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hamamoto I, Kawamura M (2020) Neural watermarking method including an attack simulator against rotation and compression attacks. IEICE Trans Inf Syst 103(1):33\u201341","journal-title":"IEICE Trans Inf Syst"},{"key":"7204_CR19","unstructured":"CiaoChaos, CPunisher, Latent Cat. Qrbtf: Parameterized QR code generator. Available from: https:\/\/github.com\/latentcat\/qrbtf."},{"key":"7204_CR20","unstructured":"Linaqruf, community contributors. Anything V3.0. https:\/\/huggingface.co\/Linaqruf\/anything-v3.0. Accessed: 14 Mar 2024"},{"key":"7204_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu X, Tang X (2020) Image authentication using QR code watermarking approach based on image segmentation. In: 2020 IEEE 19th international conference on trust, security and privacy in computing and communications (TrustCom). IEEE, pp 1572\u20131577","DOI":"10.1109\/TrustCom50675.2020.00217"},{"key":"7204_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez P, Couairon G, J\u00e9gou H, Douze M, Furon T (2023) The stable signature: Rooting watermarks in latent diffusion models. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF international conference on computer vision, pp 22466\u201322477","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.02053"},{"key":"7204_CR23","first-page":"2051","volume":"33","author":"S Czolbe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Czolbe S, Krause O, Cox I, Igel C (2020) A loss function for generative neural networks based on watson\u2019s perceptual model. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 33:2051\u20132061","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"7204_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin TY, Maire M, Belongie S, Hays J, Perona P, Ramanan D et al (2014) Microsoft COCO: common objects in context. arXiv preprint arXiv:1405.0312","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10602-1_48"},{"key":"7204_CR25","unstructured":"Aliva N, Peled U, Itamar F. Visualead. Available from: http:\/\/www.visualead.com\/. Accessed: March 2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"7204_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2012.2227726","volume":"20","author":"A Mittal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mittal A, Soundararajan R, Bovik AC (2013) Making a \u201cCompletely Blind\u2019\u2019 Image Quality Analyzer. IEEE Signal Process Lett 20(3):209\u2013212","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process Lett"},{"key":"7204_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cox I, Miller M, Bloom J, Fridrich J, Kalker T (2007) Digital watermarking and steganography. Morgan kaufmann","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012372585-1.50015-2"},{"key":"7204_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez P, Sablayrolles A, Furon T, J\u00e9gou H, Douze M (2022) Watermarking images in self-supervised latent spaces. In: ICASSP 2022\u20132022 IEEE international conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing (ICASSP). IEEE, pp 3054\u20133058","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP43922.2022.9746058"},{"key":"7204_CR29","unstructured":"Kishore V, Chen X, Wang Y, Li B, Weinberger KQ (2021) Fixed neural network steganography: Train the images, not the network. In: International conference on learning representations"}],"container-title":["Applied Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10489-026-07204-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10489-026-07204-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10489-026-07204-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T10:49:05Z","timestamp":1779792545000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10489-026-07204-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["7204"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10489-026-07204-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-669X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest"}}],"article-number":"179"}}