{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T12:11:18Z","timestamp":1767183078799},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]],"date-time":"2004-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1101859200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Artif Intell Law"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-006-0002-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,15]],"date-time":"2006-05-15T05:17:59Z","timestamp":1147670279000},"page":"241-277","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Legal Ontologies in Knowledge Engineering and Information Management"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Joost","family":"Breuker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Radboud","family":"Winkels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-7118-9","volume-title":"Normative Systems","author":"C. Alchourr\u00f3n","year":"1971"},{"key":"2_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alchourr\u00f3n, C. and Bulygin, E. (1981). The Expressive Conception of Norms. In Hilpinen, R. (ed.) New Studies in Deontic Logic, 95\u2013124. D. Reidel","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-8484-4_4"},{"key":"2_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(84)90008-0","volume":"23","author":"J. Allen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"2_CR4","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Legal Ontologies: Proceedings of the ICAIL-97 workshop","author":"L. Allen","year":"1997"},{"key":"2_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen, L. and Saxon, C. (1991). More IA Needed in AI: Interpretation Assistance for Coping with the Problem of Multiple Structural Interpretations. In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on AI and Law. 53\u201361, Oxford","DOI":"10.1145\/112646.112652"},{"key":"2_CR6","unstructured":"Austin, J. (1954). The Province of Jurisprudence Determined. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. edited by H. L. A. Hart"},{"key":"2_CR7","unstructured":"Baader, F. and Nutt, W. (2002). Basic Description Logics. In Baader, F., Calvanese, D., McGuinness, D. Nardi, D., and Patel-Schneider, P. (eds.), Description Logic Handbook, 47\u2013100. Cambridge University Press"},{"key":"2_CR8","unstructured":"Bentham, J. (1970). An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. London: Athlone Press. Edited by J. Burns and H. Hart"},{"key":"2_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boer, A. and van Engers, T. (2003). A Knowledge Engineering Approach to Comparing Legislation. In Wimmer, M. (ed.), Proceedings of the Conference on Knowledge Management in E-Government. Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44836-5_15"},{"issue":"2\/3","key":"2_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1996.0096","volume":"46","author":"P. Borst","year":"1997","journal-title":"International Journal of Human Computer Studies"},{"key":"2_CR11","unstructured":"Brachman, R., McGuinness, D., Patel-Schneider, P., Resnick, L., and Borgida, A. (1991). Living with CLASSIC: When and How to Use a KL-ONE-like Language. In Sowa, J. (ed.), Principles of Semantic Networks: Explorations in the Representation of Knowledge: 401\u2013456. Morgan Kaufmann. http:\/\/www.cs.man.ac.uk\/franconi\/dl\/course\/articles\/brachman91living.ps.gz."},{"key":"2_CR12","first-page":"13","volume":"24","author":"B. Bredeweg","year":"2004","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"key":"2_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-58487-0_7","volume-title":"A Future for Knowledge Acquisition: Proceedings of the EKAW-94, European Knowledge Acquisition Workshop","author":"J. Breuker","year":"1994"},{"key":"2_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breuker, J. and den Haan, N. (1991). Separating World and Regulation Knowledge: Where is the Logic?\u2019 In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on AI and Law. Oxford, ACM","DOI":"10.1145\/112646.112658"},{"key":"2_CR15","unstructured":"Breuker, J. and Hoekstra, R. (2004a). Core Concepts of Law: Taking Common-Sense Seriously. In Varzi, A. and Vieu, L. (eds.), Proceedings of Formal Ontologies in Information Systems, FOIS-2004, 210\u2013221. IOS-Press"},{"key":"2_CR16","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Proceedings JURIX-2004","author":"J. Breuker","year":"2004b"},{"key":"2_CR17","unstructured":"Breuker, J. and Van De Velde, W. (eds.) 1994. CommonKADS Library for Expertise Modeling: Reusable Problem Solving Components. Amsterdam\/Tokyo: IOS-Press\/Ohmsha"},{"key":"2_CR18","unstructured":"Brouwer, P. (1990). Samenhang in Recht: een analytische studie (coherence in law). Wolters-Noordhoff"},{"key":"2_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(85)90016-5","volume":"27","author":"W. Clancey","year":"1985","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"2_CR20","unstructured":"Damasio, A. (2003). Looking for Spinoza. Putnam"},{"key":"2_CR21","unstructured":"den Haan, N. (1996). Automated Legal Reasoning\u2019. Ph.D. thesis, University of Amsterdam"},{"key":"2_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dennett, D. (1987). The Intentional Stance. MIT-Press","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00058611"},{"key":"2_CR23","first-page":"13","volume":"24","author":"A. Gangemi","year":"2003","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"key":"2_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gangemi, A., Guarino, N., Masolo, C., Oltramari, A., and Schneider, L. (2002). Sweetening ontologies with DOLCE. In Gomez-Perez, A. and Benjamins, V. (eds.), Proceedings of the EKAW-2002, 166\u2013181. Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45810-7_18"},{"key":"2_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gangemi, A., Sagri, M., and Tiscornia, D. (2005). A Constructive Framework for Legal Ontologies. In Benjamins, V., Casanovas, P., Breuker, J., and Gangemi, A. (eds.), Law and the Semantic Web, 97\u2013124 Springer Verlag","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-32253-5_7"},{"key":"2_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1006\/knac.1993.1008","volume":"5","author":"T. R. Gruber","year":"1993","journal-title":"Knowledge Acquisition"},{"key":"2_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1999.0297","volume":"51","author":"J. Hage","year":"1999","journal-title":"International Journal of Human Computer Studies"},{"key":"2_CR28","unstructured":"Hamfelt, A. and Barklund, J. (1990). Metaprogramming for Representation of Legal Principles. In Proceedings of Meta\u201990, 105\u2013122"},{"key":"2_CR29","volume-title":"The Concept of Law","author":"H. Hart","year":"1961"},{"key":"2_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198254744.001.0001","volume-title":"Causation in the Law","author":"H. Hart","year":"1985","edition":"second"},{"key":"2_CR31","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Formal Theories of the Common Sense World","author":"P. J. Hayes","year":"1985a"},{"key":"2_CR32","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Formal Theories of the Common Sense World","author":"P. J. Hayes","year":"1985b"},{"issue":"2\/3","key":"2_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1996.0090","volume":"46","author":"G. V. Heijst","year":"1997","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"key":"2_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoekstra, R. and Breuker, J. (2006). Commonsense Causal Explanation in a Legal Domain. Artificial Intelligence and Law (forthcoming)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-007-9033-5"},{"issue":"4","key":"2_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1086\/286592","volume":"6","author":"A. Hofstadter","year":"1939","journal-title":"Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"2_CR36","unstructured":"Hohfeld, W. (1919). Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Legal Reasoning. Yale University Press. Edited by W. W. Cook, fourth printing, 1966"},{"key":"2_CR37","unstructured":"Jansweijer, W., van der Stadt, E., van Lieshout, J., and Breuker, J. (2000). Knowledgeable Information Brokering. In Stanford, B. and Kidd, P. (eds.), E-bussiness: Key Issues, Applications and Technologies. IOS-Press"},{"key":"2_CR38","unstructured":"Kashyap, V. and Borgida, A. (2004). Representing the UMLS Semantic Network using OWL. In Fensel, D., Sycara, K., and Mylopoulos, J. (eds.), The Semantic Web \u2013 ISCW 2003, 1\u201316"},{"key":"2_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198252177.001.0001","volume-title":"General Theory of Norms","author":"H. Kelsen","year":"1991"},{"key":"2_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J. (1998). Mind in a Physical World: An Essay on the Mind-Body Problem and Mental Causation. In Representation and Mind. MIT Press","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4629.001.0001"},{"key":"2_CR41","unstructured":"Kralingen, R. W. V. (1995). Frame-based Conceptual Models of Statute Law. Ph.D. thesis, University of Leiden, The Hague, The Netherlands"},{"key":"2_CR42","unstructured":"Lakoff, G. and N\u00fa\u00f1ez, R. (2000). Where Mathematics Comes From. Basic Books"},{"key":"2_CR43","unstructured":"Lame, G. (2002). Construction d une ontologie \u00e0 partir de textes. Une ontologie de droit d\u00e9di\u00e9 \u00e0 la recherche dinformation sur le Web\u2019. Ph.D. thesis, Ecole des Mines, Paris, http:\/\/www.cri.ensmp.fr\/."},{"key":"2_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lame, G. (2004). Using NLP Techniques to Identify Legal Ontology Components: Concepts and Relations. In this volume","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-32253-5_11"},{"key":"2_CR45","unstructured":"Lehmann, J. (2003). Causation in Artificial Intelligence and Law: A Modelling Approach. Ph.D. thesis, University of Amsterdam"},{"key":"2_CR46","unstructured":"Lehmann, J., Breuker, J., and Brouwer, P. (2005). CAUSATIONT: Causation in AI & Law. In Benjamins, V., Casanovas, P., Breuker, J., and Gangemi, A. (eds.), Law and the Semantic Web, 77\u201396. Springer Verlag"},{"key":"2_CR47","unstructured":"Masolo, C., Vieu, L., Bottazzi, E., Catenacci, C., Ferrario, R., Gangemi, A., and Guarino, N. (2004). Social Roles and their Descriptions. In Proceedings of Knowledge Representation Workshop"},{"key":"2_CR48","unstructured":"Massolo, C., Borgo, S., Gangemi, A., Guarino, N., Oltramari, A., and Schneider, L. (2002). The WonderWeb foundational ontologies: Preliminary Report. Technical Report Deliverable D17, version 2, ISTC-CNR (Italy)"},{"key":"2_CR49","unstructured":"McCarty, T. (1989). A Language for Legal Discourse I. Basic Structures. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on AI and Law, 180\u2013189. Vancouver: ACM"},{"key":"2_CR50","unstructured":"McNamara, P. and Prakken, H. (eds.) (1999). Norms, Logics and Information Systems; New Studies in Deontic Logic and Computer Science. Amsterdam: IOS-Press"},{"key":"2_CR51","first-page":"211","volume-title":"The Psychology of Computer Vision","author":"M. Minsky","year":"1975"},{"key":"2_CR52","unstructured":"Mommers, L. (2002). Applied Legal Epistemology: Building a Knowledge-based Ontology of the Legal Domain\u2019. Ph.D. thesis, University of Leiden"},{"key":"2_CR53","first-page":"278","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","author":"A. Muntjewerff","year":"2001"},{"key":"2_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021884118023","volume":"6","author":"O. Pacheco","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems"},{"key":"2_CR55","first-page":"347","volume-title":"Exploring Artificial Intelligence: Survey Talks from the National Conferences on Artificial Intelligence: Morgan Kaufmann","author":"R. Patil","year":"1988"},{"key":"2_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888902000395","volume":"17","author":"A. Pease","year":"2002","journal-title":"Knowledge Engineering Review"},{"key":"2_CR57","unstructured":"Pinker, S. (1997). How the mind works. Penguin Books"},{"key":"2_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.2307\/795152","volume":"81","author":"J. Raz","year":"1972","journal-title":"The Yale Law Journal"},{"key":"2_CR59","unstructured":"Rector, A. (2002). Medical Informatics. In Baader, F., Calvanese, D., McGuinness, D., Nardi, D., and Patel-Schneider, P. (eds.), Description Logic Handbook, 415\u2013435. Cambridge University Press"},{"key":"2_CR60","volume-title":"Scripts, Plans Goals and Understanding","author":"R. Schank","year":"1977"},{"key":"2_CR61","volume-title":"Knowledge Representation: Logical Philosophical, and Computational Foundations","author":"J. F. Sowa","year":"2000"},{"key":"2_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(00)00023-9","volume":"35","author":"F. Steimann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Data and Knowledge Engineering"},{"key":"2_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevens, R., Wroe, C., Lord, P., and Goble, C. (2004). Ontologies in Bioinformatics. In Staab, S. and Studer, R. (eds.), Handbook of Ontologies, 635\u2013657. Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24750-0_32"},{"key":"2_CR64","unstructured":"Strawson, P. (1959). Individuals: An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics. Routledge"},{"key":"2_CR65","unstructured":"Tulving, E. (1991). Concepts of Human Memory. In Squire, L., Lynx, G., Weinberger, N., and McGaugh, J. (eds.), Memory: Organization and Locus of Change, 3\u201332. Oxford University Press"},{"key":"2_CR66","volume-title":"Legal Knowledge Engineering: A Modelling Approach","author":"A. Valente","year":"1995"},{"key":"2_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valente, A. and Breuker, J. (1995). ON-LINE: An Architecture for Modelling Legal Information. In Bench-Capon, T. (ed.), Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, 95\u2013104, ACM Press","DOI":"10.1145\/222092.222265"},{"key":"2_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1999.0298","volume":"51","author":"A. Valente","year":"1999a","journal-title":"International Journal of Human Computer Studies"},{"key":"2_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1109\/5254.747903","volume":"14","author":"A. Valente","year":"1999b","journal-title":"IEEE Intelligent Systems"},{"key":"2_CR70","unstructured":"Van Der Velden, W. (1992). Coherence in Law: A Semantic and Deductive Explanation. In Brouwer, B., Hol, T., Soeteman, A., Van Der Velden, W., and De Wild, A. (eds.), Coherence and Conflict in Law. Deventer, Boston\/Zwolle, 257\u2013287. Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers\/W.E.J. Tjeenk Willink. Proceedings of the Third Benelux-Scandinavian Symposium in Legal Theory, January 3\u20135, 1991, Amsterdam"},{"key":"2_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1999.0300","volume":"51","author":"R. Van Kralingen","year":"1999","journal-title":"International Journal of Human Computer Studies"},{"key":"2_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3650.001.0001","volume-title":"The Illusion of Conscious Will","author":"D. Wegner","year":"2002"},{"key":"2_CR73","unstructured":"West, M. (2004). Some Industrial Experiences in the Development and Use of Ontologies. In Proceedings of EKAW Workshop on Core ontologies. Http:\/\/sunsite.informatik.rwth-aachen.de\/Publications\/CEUR-WS\/,Ceur"},{"key":"2_CR74","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Artificial Intelligence-2002, Lyon (F)","author":"R. Winkels","year":"2002"},{"key":"2_CR75","first-page":"182","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law (ICAIL-99)","author":"R. Winkels","year":"1999"}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence and Law"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10506-006-0002-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10506-006-0002-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10506-006-0002-1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]],"date-time":"2019-05-29T14:57:14Z","timestamp":1559141834000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10506-006-0002-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10506-006-0002-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-8463","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}}}