{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T20:44:17Z","timestamp":1773521057272,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Artif Intell Law"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-012-9125-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,13]],"date-time":"2012-06-13T05:09:19Z","timestamp":1339564159000},"page":"181-214","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["A factor-based definition of precedential constraint"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"John F.","family":"Horty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Trevor J. M.","family":"Bench-Capon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"9125_CR1","unstructured":"Aleven V (1997) Teaching case-based argumentation through a model and examples. PhD thesis, Intelligent Systems Program, University of Pittsburgh"},{"key":"9125_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aleven V, Ashley KD (1997) Evaluating a learning environment for case-based argumentation skills. In: Proceedings of the sixth international conference on artificial intelligence and law (ICAIL-97). The Association for Computing Machinery Press, pp 170\u2013179","DOI":"10.1145\/261618.261650"},{"key":"9125_CR3","first-page":"1","volume":"63","author":"Larry Alexander","year":"1989","unstructured":"Alexander L (1989) Constrained by precedent. South Calif Law Rev 63:1\u201364","journal-title":"Southern California Law Review"},{"key":"9125_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822380023","volume-title":"The Rule of Rules: Morality, Rules, and the Dilemmas of Law","author":"Larry Alexander","year":"2001","unstructured":"Alexander L, Sherwin E (2001) The rule of rules: morality, rules, and the dilemmas of law. Duke University Press, Durham"},{"key":"9125_CR5","volume-title":"Modeling Legal Argument: Reasoning with Cases and Hypotheticals","author":"KD Ashley","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ashley KD (1990) Modeling legal argument: reasoning with cases and hypotheticals. The MIT Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"9125_CR6","unstructured":"Ashley KD, Br\u00fcninghaus S (2003) A predictive role for intermediate legal concepts. In: Bourcier D (ed) JURIX 2003: the sixteenth annual conference on legal knowledge and information systems. IOS Press, pp 153\u201362"},{"issue":"2","key":"9125_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-009-9077-9","volume":"17","author":"Kevin~D Ashley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ashley KD, Br\u00fcninghaus S (2009) Automatically classifying case texts and predicting outcomes. Artif Intell Law 17(2):125\u2013165","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Law"},{"key":"9125_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bench-Capon TJM, Sartor G (2001) Theory based explanation of case law domains. In: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on artificial intelligence and law. ACM, pp 12\u201321","DOI":"10.1145\/383535.383537"},{"issue":"3","key":"9125_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1093\/logcom\/13.3.429","volume":"13","author":"TJM Bench-Capon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bench-Capon TJM (2003) Persuasion in practical argument using value-based argumentation frameworks. J Logic Comput 13(3):429\u2013448","journal-title":"Journal of Logic and Computation"},{"key":"9125_CR10","unstructured":"Bench-Capon TJM (1991) Practical legal expert systems: the relation between a formalisation of law and expert knowledge. In: Bennun M, Narayanan A (eds) Computers, law and AI. Ablex Publishers, Norwood, pp 191\u2013201"},{"key":"9125_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bench-Capon TJM (1999) Some observations on modelling case based reasoning with formal argument models. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on AI and Law, pp 36\u201342","DOI":"10.1145\/323706.323713"},{"key":"9125_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bench-Capon TJM, Modgil S (2009) Case law in extended argumentation frameworks. In: Proceedings of the 12th international conference on AI and Law, pp 118\u2013127","DOI":"10.1145\/1568234.1568248"},{"key":"9125_CR13","unstructured":"Bench-Capon TJM, Rissland EL (2001) Back to the future: dimensions revisited. In: Verheij B, Lodder A, Loui RP, Muntjewerff A (eds) JURIX 2001: the fourteenth annual conference on legal knowledge and information systems. IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp 41\u201352"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"9125_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(03)00108-5","volume":"150","author":"TJM Bench-Capon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bench-Capon TJM, Sartor G (2003) A model of legal reasoning with cases incorporating theories and values. Artif Intell 150(1\u20132):97\u2013143","journal-title":"Artif Intell"},{"key":"9125_CR15","unstructured":"Berman DH, Hafner CL (1993) Representing teleological structure in case-based legal reasoning: the missing link. In: Proceedings of fourth international conference on AI and Law, pp 50\u201359"},{"key":"9125_CR16","unstructured":"Berman DH, Hafner CL (1995) Understanding precedents in a temporal context of evolving legal doctrine. In: Proceedings of fifth international conference on AI and Law, pp 42\u201351"},{"key":"9125_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Br\u00fcninghaus S, Ashley KD (2003) Predicting outcomes of case-based legal arguments. In: Proceedings of the ninth international conference on AI and Law, pp 233\u2013242","DOI":"10.1145\/1047788.1047838"},{"key":"9125_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Br\u00fcninghaus S, Ashley KD (2005) Reasoning with textual cases. In: Mu\u00f1oz-Avila H, Ricci F (eds) ICCBR, Lecture notes in computer science, vol 3620. Springer, Berlin, pp 137\u2013151","DOI":"10.1007\/11536406_13"},{"issue":"1","key":"9125_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-006-9004-2","volume":"13","author":"Alison Chorley","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chorley A, Bench-Capon TJM (2005) Agatha: using heuristic search to automate the construction of case law theories. Artif Intell Law 13(1):9\u201351","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence and Law"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"9125_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-006-9016-y","volume":"13","author":"Alison Chorley","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chorley A, Bench-Capon TJM (2005) An empirical investigation of reasoning with legal cases through theory construction and application. Artif Intell Law 13(3\u20134):323\u2013371","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence and Law"},{"key":"9125_CR21","volume-title":"Precedent in English Law, Second edition","author":"Rupert Cross","year":"1968","unstructured":"Cross R (1968) Precedent in English law, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"9125_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hage J (1993) Monological reason-based logic: A low level integration of rule-based reasoning and case-based reasoning. In: Proceedings of the fourth international conference on AI and Law, pp 30\u201339","DOI":"10.1145\/158976.158980"},{"key":"9125_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-8873-7","volume-title":"Reasoning with Rules","author":"Jaap Hage","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hage J (1997) Reasoning with rules. Kluwer, Dordrecht"},{"key":"9125_CR24","volume-title":"Studies in Legal Logic","author":"Jaap Hage","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hage J (2005) Studies in legal logic. Springer, Dordrecht"},{"key":"9125_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352325204000151","volume":"10","author":"JF Horty","year":"2004","unstructured":"Horty JF (2004) The result model of precedent. Leg Theory 10:19\u201331","journal-title":"Leg Theory"},{"key":"9125_CR26","unstructured":"Horty JF (2007) Reasons as defaults. Philosopher\u2019s Imprint 7(3):1\u201328"},{"key":"9125_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199744077.001.0001","volume-title":"Reasons as Defaults","author":"JF Horty","year":"2012","unstructured":"Horty JF (2012) Reasons as defaults. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"9125_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horty JF (2011) Reasons and precedent. In: Proceedings of the 13th international conference on artificial intelligence and law, pp 41\u201350","DOI":"10.1145\/2018358.2018363"},{"key":"9125_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352325211000036","volume":"17","author":"F Horty John","year":"2011","unstructured":"Horty JF (2011) Rules and reasons in the theory of precedent. Leg Theory 17:1\u201333","journal-title":"Leg Theory"},{"key":"9125_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2307\/796436","volume":"96","author":"Lewis Kornhauser","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kornhauser L, Sager L (1986) Unpacking the court. Yale Law J 96:82\u2013117","journal-title":"Yale Law Journal"},{"key":"9125_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352325205050019","volume":"11","author":"Grant Lamond","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lamond G (2005) Do precedents create rules. Leg Theory 11:1\u201326","journal-title":"Leg Theory"},{"key":"9125_CR32","volume-title":"An Introduction to Legal Reasoning","author":"Edward Levi","year":"1949","unstructured":"Levi E (1949) An introduction to legal reasoning. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago"},{"key":"9125_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindahl L, Odelstad J (2006) Intermediate concepts in normative systems. In: Goble L, Meyer J-J (eds) Deontic logic and artificial normative systems, Lecture notes in computer science, vol 4048. Springer, Berlin, pp 187\u2013200","DOI":"10.1007\/11786849_16"},{"issue":"3","key":"9125_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00872529","volume":"3","author":"Ronald~Prescott Loui","year":"1995","unstructured":"Loui RP, Norman J (1995) Rationales and argument moves. Artif Intell Law 3(3):159\u2013189","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Law"},{"key":"9125_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loui RP, Norman J, Olson J, Merrill A (1993) A design for reasoning with policies, precedents, and rationales. In: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on AI and Law, pp 202\u2013211","DOI":"10.1145\/158976.159002"},{"key":"9125_CR36","volume-title":"Interpreting Precedents: A Comparative Study","author":"D. Neil MacCormick","year":"1997","unstructured":"MacCormick DN, Summers R (1997) Interpreting precedents: a comparative study. Dartmouth Publishing, Hanover"},{"issue":"9-10","key":"9125_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2009.02.001","volume":"173","author":"Sanjay Modgil","year":"2009","unstructured":"Modgil S (2009) Reasoning about preferences in argumentation frameworks. Artif Intell 173(9\u201310):901\u2013934","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"9125_CR38","unstructured":"Modgil S, Bench-Capon TJM (2010) Integrating dialectical and accrual modes of argumentation. In: Baroni P, Cerutti F, Giacomin M, Simari GR (eds) Computational models of argument. Proceedings of COMMA 2010, Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications, vol 216. IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp. 335\u2013346"},{"key":"9125_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prakken H (2005) A study of accrual of arguments, with applications to evidential reasoning. In: Proceedings of the tenth international conference on artificial intelligence and law, pp 85\u201394","DOI":"10.1145\/1165485.1165500"},{"key":"9125_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008278309945","volume":"6","author":"Henry Prakken","year":"1998","unstructured":"Prakken H, Sartor G (1998) Modelling reasoning with precedents in a formal dialogue game. Artif Intell Law 6:231\u2013287","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence and Law"},{"key":"9125_CR41","unstructured":"Raz J (1975) Practical reasoning and norms. Hutchinson and Company (second edition with new Postscript printed in 1990 by Princeton University Press, and reprinted by Oxford University Press in 2002; pagination refers to the Oxford edition)"},{"key":"9125_CR42","volume-title":"The Authority of Law","author":"Joseph Raz","year":"1979","unstructured":"Raz J (1979) The authority of law. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"9125_CR43","unstructured":"Rissland EL, Ashley KD (1987) A case-based system for trade secrets law. In: Proceedings of the first international conference on AI and Law, pp 60\u201366"},{"key":"9125_CR44","unstructured":"Rissland EL, Xu X (2011) Catching gray cygnets: an initial exploration. In: Proceedings of the 13th international conference on AI and Law, pp 151\u201360"},{"key":"9125_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.2307\/1337744","volume":"70","author":"Alfred Ross","year":"1957","unstructured":"Ross A (1957) Tu-tu. Harvard Law Rev 70:812\u2013825","journal-title":"Harvard Law Review"},{"key":"9125_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roth B, Verheij B (2004) Cases and dialectical arguments\u2014an approach to case-based reasoning. In: Meersman R, Tari Z, Corsaro A (eds) OTM workshops, Lecture notes in computer science, vol 3292. Springer, Berlin, pp 634\u2013651","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30470-8_75"},{"key":"9125_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.2307\/3480610","volume":"77","author":"Frederick Schauer","year":"1989","unstructured":"Schauer F (1989) Is the common law law. Calif Law Rev 77:455\u2013471","journal-title":"California Law Review"},{"key":"9125_CR48","volume-title":"Playing by the Rules: A Philosophical Examination of Rule-Based Decision-Making in Law and Life","author":"Frederick Schauer","year":"1991","unstructured":"Schauer F (1991) Playing by the rules: a philosophical examination of rule-based decision-making in law and life. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"9125_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schild U, Herzog S (1993) The use of meta-rules in rule based legal computer systems. In: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on AI and Law, pp 100\u2013109","DOI":"10.1145\/158976.158989"},{"key":"9125_CR50","unstructured":"Simpson AWB (1961) The ratio decidendi of a case and the doctrine of binding precedent. In: Guest AG (ed) Oxford assays in jurisprudence. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 148\u2013175"},{"issue":"6","key":"9125_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1093\/logcom\/exp009","volume":"19","author":"AZ Wyner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wyner AZ, Bench-Capon TJM (2009) Modelling judicial context in argumentation frameworks. J Logic Comput 19(6):941\u2013968","journal-title":"Journal of Logic Computation"},{"key":"9125_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wyner AZ, Bench-Capon TJM, Atkinson KM (2011) Towards formalising argumentation about legal cases. In: Proceedings of the 13th international conference on artificial intelligence and law, pp 1\u201310","DOI":"10.1145\/2018358.2018359"}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence and Law"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10506-012-9125-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10506-012-9125-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10506-012-9125-8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,29]],"date-time":"2019-06-29T23:01:52Z","timestamp":1561849312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10506-012-9125-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}},"alternative-id":["9125"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10506-012-9125-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-8463","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}}}