{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T01:23:00Z","timestamp":1769995380658,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]],"date-time":"2018-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539129600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Artif Intell Law"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-018-9233-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]],"date-time":"2018-10-10T03:32:35Z","timestamp":1539142355000},"page":"91-109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Assessment criteria or standards of proof? An effort in clarification"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Tuzet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"9233_CR1","first-page":"483","volume":"37","author":"D Accatino","year":"2011","unstructured":"Accatino D (2011) Certezas, dudas y propuestas en torno al est\u00e1ndar de la prueba penal. Revista de Derecho de la Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso 37(2):483\u2013511","journal-title":"Revista de Derecho de la Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso"},{"key":"9233_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/lpr\/mgu005","volume":"13","author":"RJ Allen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Allen RJ (2014) Burdens of proof. Law Probab Risk 13:195\u2013219","journal-title":"Law Probab Risk"},{"issue":"1","key":"9233_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1086\/508269","volume":"36","author":"RJ Allen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Allen RJ, Pardo M (2007) The problematic value of mathematical models of evidence. J Leg Stud 36(1):107\u2013140","journal-title":"J Leg Stud"},{"key":"9233_CR4","first-page":"557","volume":"55","author":"RJ Allen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Allen RJ, Stein A (2013) Evidence, probability, and the burden of proof. Ariz Law Rev 55:557\u2013602","journal-title":"Ariz Law Rev"},{"key":"9233_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511610585","volume-title":"Analysis of evidence","author":"T Anderson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Anderson T, Schum D, Twining W (2005) Analysis of evidence, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge","edition":"2"},{"issue":"5","key":"9233_CR6","first-page":"1957","volume":"83","author":"C Barzun","year":"2008","unstructured":"Barzun C (2008) Rules of weight. Notre Dame Law Rev 83(5):1957\u20132017","journal-title":"Notre Dame Law Rev"},{"key":"9233_CR7","first-page":"15","volume":"2008","author":"JC Bay\u00f3n","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bay\u00f3n JC (2008) Epistemolog\u00eda, moral y prueba de los hechos: hacia un enfoque no benthamiano. Analisi e diritto 2008:15\u201334","journal-title":"Analisi e diritto"},{"key":"9233_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.2307\/1143569","volume":"78","author":"RS Bell","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bell RS (1987) Decision theory and due process: a critique of the Supreme Court\u2019s lawmaking for burdens of proof. J Crim Law Criminol 78:557\u2013585","journal-title":"J Crim Law Criminol"},{"key":"9233_CR9","first-page":"51","volume":"52","author":"F Caprioli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Caprioli F (2009) L\u2019accertamento della responsabilit\u00e0 penale \u201coltre ogni ragionevole dubbio\u201d. Rivista italiana di diritto e procedura penale 52:51\u201392","journal-title":"Rivista italiana di diritto e procedura penale"},{"issue":"5","key":"9233_CR10","first-page":"1254","volume":"122","author":"E Cheng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cheng E (2013) Reconceptualizing the burden of proof. Yale Law J 122(5):1254\u20131279","journal-title":"Yale Law J"},{"key":"9233_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.2307\/840821","volume":"50","author":"K Clermont","year":"2002","unstructured":"Clermont K, Sherwin E (2002) A comparative view of standards of proof. Am J Comp Law 50:243\u2013275","journal-title":"Am J Comp Law"},{"key":"9233_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198244127.001.0001","volume-title":"The probable and the provable","author":"LJ Cohen","year":"1977","unstructured":"Cohen LJ (1977) The probable and the provable. Clarendon Press, Oxford"},{"issue":"3","key":"9233_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-34372012000300007","volume":"39","author":"R Coloma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Coloma R (2012) \u00bfRealmente importa la sana cr\u00edtica? Revista Chilena de Derecho 39(3):753\u2013781","journal-title":"Revista Chilena de Derecho"},{"key":"9233_CR14","volume-title":"The faces of justice and state authority. A comparative approach to the legal process","author":"M Dama\u0161ka","year":"1986","unstructured":"Dama\u0161ka M (1986) The faces of justice and state authority. A comparative approach to the legal process. Yale University Press, New Haven"},{"key":"9233_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/lpr\/2.2.117","volume":"2","author":"M Dama\u0161ka","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dama\u0161ka M (2003) Epistemology and legal regulation of proof. Law Probab Risk 2:117\u2013130","journal-title":"Law Probab Risk"},{"key":"9233_CR16","unstructured":"Della Torre J (2014) Il lungo cammino della giurisprudenza italiana sull\u2019\u201coltre ogni ragionevole dubbio\". Diritto Penale Contemporaneo. https:\/\/www.penalecontemporaneo.it . Accessed 20 June 2014"},{"key":"9233_CR17","first-page":"53","volume":"23","author":"M Delmas-Marty","year":"1996","unstructured":"Delmas-Marty M (1996) La preuve p\u00e9nale. Droits 23:53\u201365","journal-title":"Droits"},{"key":"9233_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199677474.001.0001","volume-title":"The functions of law","author":"KM Ehrenberg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ehrenberg KM (2016) The functions of law. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"9233_CR19","volume-title":"Diritto e ragione. Teoria del garantismo penale","author":"L Ferrajoli","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ferrajoli L (1989) Diritto e ragione. Teoria del garantismo penale. Laterza, Roma-Bari"},{"key":"9233_CR20","volume-title":"La valoraci\u00f3n racional de la prueba","author":"J Ferrer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ferrer J (2007) La valoraci\u00f3n racional de la prueba. Marcial Pons, Madrid"},{"key":"9233_CR21","volume-title":"Los hechos en el derecho. Bases argumentales de la prueba","author":"M Gasc\u00f3n","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gasc\u00f3n M (2010) Los hechos en el derecho. Bases argumentales de la prueba, 3rd edn. Marcial Pons, Madrid","edition":"3"},{"key":"9233_CR22","volume-title":"Quaestio facti. Ensayos sobre prueba, causalidad y acci\u00f3n","author":"D Gonz\u00e1lez Lagier","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez Lagier D (2013) Quaestio facti. Ensayos sobre prueba, causalidad y acci\u00f3n. Fontamara, Mexico"},{"issue":"2","key":"9233_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.5840\/cogito19981227","volume":"12","author":"L Green","year":"1998","unstructured":"Green L (1998) The functions of law. Cogito 12(2):117\u2013124","journal-title":"Cogito"},{"key":"9233_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139626866","volume-title":"Evidence matters. Science, proof, and truth in the law","author":"S Haack","year":"2014","unstructured":"Haack S (2014) Evidence matters. Science, proof, and truth in the law. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"issue":"2","key":"9233_CR25","first-page":"737","volume":"86","author":"V Hans","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hans V, Germain C (2011) The French jury at a crossroads. Chic Kent Law Rev 86(2):737\u2013768","journal-title":"Chic Kent Law Rev"},{"key":"9233_CR26","first-page":"3869","volume":"46","author":"FM Iacoviello","year":"2006","unstructured":"Iacoviello FM (2006) Lo standard probatorio dell\u2019al di l\u00e0 di ogni ragionevole dubbio e il suo controllo in Cassazione. Cassazione penale 46:3869\u20133884","journal-title":"Cassazione penale"},{"key":"9233_CR27","volume-title":"Mario Pagano. Il pensiero giuspolitico di un illuminista","author":"D Ippolito","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ippolito D (2008) Mario Pagano. Il pensiero giuspolitico di un illuminista. Giappichelli, Torino"},{"key":"9233_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139093606","volume-title":"The internationalisation of criminal evidence. Beyond the common law and civil law traditions","author":"JD Jackson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jackson JD, Summers SJ (2012) The internationalisation of criminal evidence. Beyond the common law and civil law traditions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"9233_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.2307\/1227491","volume":"20","author":"J Kaplan","year":"1968","unstructured":"Kaplan J (1968) Decision theory and the factfinding process. Stanf Law Rev 20:1065\u20131092","journal-title":"Stanf Law Rev"},{"key":"9233_CR30","first-page":"738","volume":"121","author":"L Kaplow","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kaplow L (2012) Burden of proof. Yale Law J 121:738\u2013859","journal-title":"Yale Law J"},{"key":"9233_CR31","first-page":"657","volume":"66","author":"DH Kaye","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kaye DH (1986) Do we need a calculus of weight to understand proof beyond a reasonable doubt? Boston Univ Law Rev 66:657\u2013672","journal-title":"Boston Univ Law Rev"},{"key":"9233_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.14198\/DOXA2005.28.08","volume":"28","author":"L Laudan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Laudan L (2005) Por qu\u00e9 un est\u00e1ndar de prueba subjetivo y ambiguo no es un est\u00e1ndar. Doxa 28:95\u2013113","journal-title":"Doxa"},{"key":"9233_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511617515","volume-title":"Truth, error, and criminal law. An essay in legal epistemology","author":"L Laudan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Laudan L (2006) Truth, error, and criminal law. An essay in legal epistemology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"9233_CR34","first-page":"85","volume":"36","author":"E Lillquist","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lillquist E (2002) Recasting reasonable doubt: decision theory and the virtues of variability. U C Davis Law Rev 36:85\u2013197","journal-title":"U C Davis Law Rev"},{"key":"9233_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.14198\/DOXA2012.35.08","volume":"35","author":"XA Lluch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lluch XA (2012) La dosis de la prueba: entre el common law y el civil law. Doxa 35:173\u2013200","journal-title":"Doxa"},{"key":"9233_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.2307\/1337319","volume":"68","author":"JT McNaughton","year":"1955","unstructured":"McNaughton JT (1955) Burden of production of evidence: a function of a burden of persuasion. Harv Law Rev 68:1382\u20131391","journal-title":"Harv Law Rev"},{"key":"9233_CR37","volume-title":"La giuria penale in Francia","author":"A Padoa-Schioppa","year":"1994","unstructured":"Padoa-Schioppa A (1994) La giuria penale in Francia. LED, Milano"},{"key":"9233_CR38","volume-title":"Italia ed Europa nella storia del diritto","author":"A Padoa-Schioppa","year":"2003","unstructured":"Padoa-Schioppa A (2003) Italia ed Europa nella storia del diritto. il Mulino, Bologna"},{"key":"9233_CR39","volume-title":"Principj del codice penale e Logica de\u2019 probabili","author":"FM Pagano","year":"1828","unstructured":"Pagano FM (1828) Principj del codice penale e Logica de\u2019 probabili. Raffaello di Napoli, Napoli"},{"issue":"5","key":"9233_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2230.12038","volume":"76","author":"F Picinali","year":"2013","unstructured":"Picinali F (2013) Two meanings of \u201creasonableness\u201d: dispelling the \u201cfloating\u201d reasonable doubt. Mod Law Rev 76(5):845\u2013875","journal-title":"Mod Law Rev"},{"key":"9233_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1177\/1365712715571511","volume":"19","author":"F Picinali","year":"2015","unstructured":"Picinali F (2015) The threshold lies in the method: instructing jurors about reasoning beyond reasonable doubt. Int J Evid Proof 19:139\u2013153","journal-title":"Int J Evid Proof"},{"key":"9233_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511625398","volume-title":"Reason, truth and history","author":"H Putnam","year":"1981","unstructured":"Putnam H (1981) Reason, truth and history. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"9233_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352325200000045","volume":"1","author":"H Putnam","year":"1995","unstructured":"Putnam H (1995) Are moral and legal values made or discovered? Leg Theory 1:5\u201319","journal-title":"Leg Theory"},{"key":"9233_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2230.00200","volume":"62","author":"M Redmayne","year":"1999","unstructured":"Redmayne M (1999) Standards of proof in civil litigation. Mod Law Rev 62:167\u2013195","journal-title":"Mod Law Rev"},{"key":"9233_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/lpr\/2.4.275","volume":"2","author":"M Redmayne","year":"2003","unstructured":"Redmayne M (2003) Objective probability and the assessment of evidence. Law Probab Risk 2:275\u2013294","journal-title":"Law Probab Risk"},{"key":"9233_CR46","volume-title":"Criminal evidence","author":"P Roberts","year":"2010","unstructured":"Roberts P, Zuckerman A (2010) Criminal evidence, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford","edition":"2"},{"key":"9233_CR47","volume-title":"La prova dei fatti giuridici","author":"M Taruffo","year":"1992","unstructured":"Taruffo M (1992) La prova dei fatti giuridici. Giuffr\u00e8, Milano"},{"key":"9233_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.2307\/3649122","volume":"51","author":"M Taruffo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Taruffo M (2003a) Rethinking the standards of proof. Am J Comp Law 51:659\u2013677","journal-title":"Am J Comp Law"},{"key":"9233_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.52292\/j.dsc.2003.2406","volume":"3","author":"M Taruffo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Taruffo M (2003b) Algunos comentarios sobre la valoraci\u00f3n de la prueba. Discusiones 3:81\u201397","journal-title":"Discusiones"},{"key":"9233_CR50","volume-title":"La semplice verit\u00e0. Il giudice e la costruzione dei fatti","author":"M Taruffo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Taruffo M (2009) La semplice verit\u00e0. Il giudice e la costruzione dei fatti. Laterza, Roma-Bari"},{"key":"9233_CR51","volume-title":"Est\u00e1ndares de prueba y prueba cient\u00edfica: ensayos de epistemolog\u00eda jur\u00eddica","year":"2013","unstructured":"V\u00e1zquez C (ed) (2013) Est\u00e1ndares de prueba y prueba cient\u00edfica: ensayos de epistemolog\u00eda jur\u00eddica. Marcial Pons, Madrid"},{"key":"9233_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/lpr\/mgu011","volume":"13","author":"B Verheij","year":"2014","unstructured":"Verheij B (2014) To catch a thief with and without numbers. Arguments, scenarios and probabilities in evidential reasoning. Law Probab Risk 13:307\u2013325","journal-title":"Law Probab Risk"},{"key":"9233_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1093\/lpr\/mgv013","volume":"15","author":"B Verheij","year":"2016","unstructured":"Verheij B et al (2016) Arguments, scenarios and probabilities: connections between three normative frameworks for evidential reasoning. Law Probab Risk 15:35\u201370","journal-title":"Law Probab Risk"},{"key":"9233_CR54","volume-title":"The origins of reasonable doubt. Theological roots of the criminal trial","author":"J Whitman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Whitman J (2008) The origins of reasonable doubt. Theological roots of the criminal trial. Yale University Press, New Haven"}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence and Law"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10506-018-9233-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10506-018-9233-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10506-018-9233-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]],"date-time":"2022-09-03T18:16:50Z","timestamp":1662229010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10506-018-9233-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["9233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10506-018-9233-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-8463","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 October 2018","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}