{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T05:34:05Z","timestamp":1778564045106,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649116800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["726032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["726032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Erasmus Initiative \u2018Dynamics of Inclusive Prosperity\u2019","award":["Erasmus Initiative \u2018Dynamics of Inclusive Prosperity\u2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Erasmus Initiative \u2018Dynamics of Inclusive Prosperity\u2019"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007620","name":"Erasmus Research Institute of Management","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Erasmus Research Institute of Management (NL)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Erasmus Research Institute of Management (NL)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007620","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Artif Intell Law"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Artificial Intelligence and algorithms are increasingly able to replace human workers in cognitively sophisticated tasks, including ones related to justice. Many governments and international organizations are discussing policies related to the application of algorithmic judges in courts. In this paper, we investigate the public perceptions of algorithmic judges. Across two experiments (N\u2009=\u20091,822), and an internal meta-analysis (N\u2009=\u20093,039), our results show that even though court users acknowledge several advantages of algorithms (i.e., cost and speed), they trust human judges more and have greater intentions to go to the court when a human (vs. an algorithmic) judge adjudicates. Additionally, we demonstrate that the extent that individuals trust algorithmic and human judges depends on the nature of the case: trust for algorithmic judges is especially low when legal cases involve emotional complexities (vs. technically complex or uncomplicated cases).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-022-09312-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T15:02:53Z","timestamp":1649170973000},"page":"269-292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Perceptions of Justice By Algorithms"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Gizem","family":"Yalcin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Erlis","family":"Themeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Evert","family":"Stamhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Philipsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Puntoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"9312_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.93","volume":"2","author":"N Aletras","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aletras N, Tsarapatsanis D, Preo\u0163iuc-Pietro D, Lampos V (2016) Predicting judicial decisions of the European Court of Human Rights: a Natural Language Processing perspective. PeerJ Comput Sci 2:e93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj-cs.93","journal-title":"PeerJ Comput Sci"},{"key":"9312_CR2","volume-title":"The Effect of Specialised Courts over Time. Time, Law and Change: An Interdisciplinary Study (Ranchordas","author":"Y Aran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aran Y, Ofir M (2020) The Effect of Specialised Courts over Time. In: Roznai Y, Ranchord\u00e1s S (eds) Time, Law, and Change Hart Publishing, p 167\u2013188"},{"key":"9312_CR3","unstructured":"Araujo T, de Vreese C, Helberger N, Kruikemeier S, van Weert J, Bol N, Oberski D, Pechenizkiy M, Schaap G, Taylor L (2018) Automated Decision-Making Fairness in an AI-driven World: Public Perceptions, Hopes and Concerns. University of Amsterdam Digital Communication Methods Lab. http:\/\/www.digicomlab.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/20180925_ADMbyAI.pdf. Accessed 23 February 2021"},{"key":"9312_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagherian-Marandi N, Ravanshadnia M, Akbarzadeh-T M (2021) Two-layered fuzzy logic-based model for predicting court decisions in construction contract disputes. Artificial Intelligence and Law 29:453\u2013484","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-021-09281-9"},{"key":"9312_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett RR, Wiegand RB (1994) Observations on crime reporting in a developing nation. Criminology. 32:135\u20131481","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1994.tb01149.x"},{"key":"9312_CR6","unstructured":"Biard A, Hoevenaars J, Kramer XE et al (2021) Introduction: The Future of Access to Justice\u2013Beyond Science Fiction. In: Kramer XE, Biard A, Hoevenaars J (eds) New Pathways to Civil Justice Springer, p\u00a01\u201320"},{"key":"9312_CR7","unstructured":"BlackBox Research Pte (2016) Study on governing law & jurisdictional choices in cross-border transactions. Singapore Academy of Law. http:\/\/www.ciarb.org.sg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/SAL_Singapore_Law_Survey.pdf. Accessed 23 February 2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"9312_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-020-09273-1","volume":"29","author":"LK Branting","year":"2021","unstructured":"Branting LK, Pfeifer C, Brown B, Ferro L, Aberdeen J, Weiss B, Pfaff M, Liao B (2021) Scalable and explainable legal prediction. Artif Intell Law 29(2):213\u2013238","journal-title":"Artif Intell Law"},{"issue":"3","key":"9312_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-5073(81)90031-3","volume":"27","author":"C Camerer","year":"1981","unstructured":"Camerer C (1981) General conditions for the success of bootstrapping models. Organ Behav Hum Perform 27(3):411\u2013422","journal-title":"Organ Behav Hum Perform"},{"issue":"1","key":"9312_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2307\/258353","volume":"13","author":"DJ Campbell","year":"1988","unstructured":"Campbell DJ (1988) Task complexity: A review and analysis. Acad Manage Rev 13(1):40\u201352","journal-title":"Acad Manage Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"9312_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1984.tb02245.x","volume":"37","author":"DJ Campbell","year":"1984","unstructured":"Campbell DJ (1984) The Effects Of Goal-Contingent Payment On The Performance Of A Complex Task. Pers Psychol 37(1):23\u201340","journal-title":"Pers Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9312_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(86)90014-2","volume":"38","author":"DJ Campbell","year":"1986","unstructured":"Campbell DJ, Gingrich KF (1986) The interactive effects of task complexity and participation on task performance: A field experiment. Organ Behav Hum Dec 38(2):162\u2013180","journal-title":"Organ Behav Hum Dec"},{"key":"9312_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2020.105489","volume":"39","author":"G Canal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Canal G, Borgo R, Coles A, Drake A, Huynh D, Keller P, Krivi\u0107 S, Luff P, Mahesar Q, Moreau L, Parsons S, Patel M, Sklar EI (2020) Building Trust in Human-Machine Partnerships. Comput Law Secur Rev 39:105489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clsr.2020.105489","journal-title":"Comput Law Secur Rev"},{"key":"9312_CR14","unstructured":"Cappelletti M, Garth BG, Weisner J et al (1978) Access to justice. JSTOR"},{"key":"9312_CR15","unstructured":"Castelluccia C, Le M\u00e9tayer D (2019) Understanding algorithmic decision-making: Opportunities and challenges. European Parliamentary Research Service. https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/thinktank\/en\/document.html?reference=EPRS_STU(2019)624261. Accessed 23 February 2021"},{"issue":"5","key":"9312_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1177\/0022243719851788","volume":"56","author":"N Castelo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Castelo N, Bos MW, Lehmann DR (2019) Task-Dependent Algorithm Aversion. J Mark Res 56(5):809\u2013825","journal-title":"J Mark Res"},{"key":"9312_CR17","unstructured":"Commission for the Evaluation of the Efficiency of Justice (2019) The 2019 EU Justice Scoreboard. Publications Office of the European Union. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/sites\/info\/files\/justice_scoreboard_2019_en.pdf. Accessed 23 February 2021"},{"key":"9312_CR18","unstructured":"Cummings ML (2017) Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Warfare. Chatham House - The Royal Institute of International Affairs. https:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/research\/2017-01-26-artificial-intelligence-future-warfare-cummings-final.pdf. Accessed 23 February 2021"},{"issue":"4899","key":"9312_CR19","first-page":"1668","volume":"243","author":"RM Dawes","year":"1989","unstructured":"Dawes RM, Faust D, Meehl PE (1989) Clinical Versus Actuarial Judgment. Science 243(4899):1668\u20131674","journal-title":"Clin Versus Actuar Judgm Sci"},{"key":"9312_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Souza S, Spohr M (2021) Technology, Innovation and Access to Justice: Dialogues on the Future of Law. Edinburgh University Press","DOI":"10.1515\/9781474473880"},{"key":"9312_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Mestdagh V, Cornelis NJ (2020) A Reasonable Model of Complexity for the Legal Domain. In: Burgin M, Dodig-Crnkovic G (eds) Theoretical Information Studies, vol 11. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, pp 435\u2013450","DOI":"10.1142\/9789813277496_0019"},{"key":"9312_CR22","unstructured":"Dekker S (2018) Artifici\u00eble intelligentie en algoritmen in de rechtspleging. Ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid. https:\/\/www.rijksoverheid.nl\/binaries\/rijksoverheid\/documenten\/kamerstukken\/2018\/12\/19\/ek-artificiele-intelligentie-en-algoritmen-in-de-rechtspleging\/ek-artificiele-intelligentie-en-algoritmen-in-de-rechtspleging.pdf. Accessed 23 February 2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"9312_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2016.2643","volume":"64","author":"BJ Dietvorst","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dietvorst BJ, Simmons JP, Massey C (2018) Overcoming Algorithm Aversion: People Will Use Imperfect Algorithms If They Can (Even Slightly) Modify Them. Manage Sci 64(3):1155\u20131170","journal-title":"Manage Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"9312_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000033","volume":"144","author":"BJ Dietvorst","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dietvorst BJ, Simmons JP, Massey C (2015) Algorithm aversion: People erroneously avoid algorithms after seeing them err. J Exp Psychol Gen 144(1):114\u2013126","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"key":"9312_CR25","unstructured":"Donahue L (2018) A Primer on Using Artificial Intelligence in the Legal Profession. Journal of Law and Technology Digest https:\/\/jolt.law.harvard.edu\/digest\/a-primer-on-using-artificial-intelligence-in-the-legal-profession. Accessed 23 February 2021"},{"issue":"6","key":"9312_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00038-7","volume":"58","author":"MT Dzindolet","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dzindolet MT, Peterson SA, Pomranky RA, Pierce LG, Beck HP (2003) The role of trust in automation reliance. Int J Hum-Comput St 58(6):697\u2013718","journal-title":"Int J Hum-Comput St"},{"issue":"3","key":"9312_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.70.3.481","volume":"70","author":"PC Earley","year":"1985","unstructured":"Earley PC (1985) Influence of information, choice and task complexity upon goal acceptance, performance, and personal goals. J Appl Psychol 70(3):481\u2013491","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9312_CR28","first-page":"552","volume":"17","author":"DJ Elardo","year":"1968","unstructured":"Elardo DJ (1968) A Case for Computers in Law Practice. Clevel State Law Rev 17(3):552\u2013566","journal-title":"Clevel State Law Rev"},{"key":"9312_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elliot MAA, Arthur R (2020) Organizational Justice: Does \u201cIT\u201d Matter? Empirical Analysis of the Influence of Information Technology on Employee Justice Perceptions. In: Anonymous International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Springer, p\u00a083\u201389","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-51369-6_12"},{"key":"9312_CR30","unstructured":"European Commission (2019) Building Trust in Human-Centric Artificial Intelligence. European Union News"},{"key":"9312_CR31","unstructured":"European Union (2018) Artificial Intelligence for Europe. Euroepan Union"},{"key":"9312_CR32","unstructured":"Faggella D (2020) AI in Law and Legal Practice \u2013 A Comprehensive View of 35 Current Applications. Emerj. https:\/\/emerj.com\/ai-sector-overviews\/ai-in-law-legal-practice-current-applications\/. Accessed 23 February 2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"9312_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1353\/jod.2019.0003","volume":"30","author":"S Feldstein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feldstein S (2019) The Road to Digital Unfreedom: How Artificial Intelligence is Reshaping Repression. J Democr 30(1):40\u201352","journal-title":"J Democr"},{"key":"9312_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forrest KB (2021) When Machines Can Be Judge, Jury, and Executioner: Justice in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. World Scientific","DOI":"10.1142\/12172"},{"key":"9312_CR35","volume-title":"Hello world: how to be human in the age of the machine","author":"H Fry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fry H (2018) Hello world: how to be human in the age of the machine. Transworld Digital, London"},{"key":"9312_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139192378","volume-title":"Judging Civil Justice","author":"H Genn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Genn H (2009) Judging Civil Justice. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"issue":"10","key":"9312_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0670-y","volume":"3","author":"A Granulo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Granulo A, Fuchs C, Puntoni S (2019) Psychological reactions to human versus robotic job replacement. Nat Hum Behav 3(10):1062\u20131069","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"9312_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gray K, Wegner DM (2012) Feeling robots and human zombies: Mind perception and the uncanny valley. Cognition. 125:125\u20131301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2012.06.007"},{"issue":"1","key":"9312_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/lasr.12315","volume":"52","author":"HAM Grootelaar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grootelaar HAM, van den Bos K (2018) How Litigants in Dutch Courtrooms Come to Trust Judges: The Role of Perceived Procedural Justice, Outcome Favorability, and Other Sociolegal Moderators. Law Soc Rev 52(1):234\u2013268","journal-title":"Law Soc Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"9312_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.12.1.19","volume":"12","author":"WM Grove","year":"2000","unstructured":"Grove WM, Zald DH, Lebow BS, Snitz BE, Nelson C (2000) Clinical Versus Mechanical Prediction. Psychol Assess 12(1):19\u201330","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"9312_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2020.105456","volume":"39","author":"N Helberger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Helberger N, Araujo T, de Vreese CH (2020) Who is the fairest of them all? Public attitudes and expectations regarding automated decision-making. Comput Law Secur Rev 39:105456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clsr.2020.105456","journal-title":"Comput Law Secur Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"9312_CR42","first-page":"492","volume":"70","author":"High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence","year":"2019","unstructured":"High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence (2019) Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI.Huber VL (1985) Effects of task difficulty, goal setting, and strategy on performance of a heuristic task. J Appl Psychol 70(3):492\u2013504","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"key":"9312_CR43","unstructured":"Hutchens B (2018) Passing control of a discretionary trust to the next generation. Bulletin (Law Society of South Australia). 40:26\u2013285"},{"key":"9312_CR44","unstructured":"IPSOS (2019) 2019 Study On Governing Law & Jurisdictional Choices In Crossborder Transactions. Singapore Academy of Law. https:\/\/www.sal.org.sg\/sites\/default\/files\/PDF%20Files\/Newsroom\/News_Release_PSL%20Survey_2019_Appendix_A.pdf. Accessed 23 February 2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"9312_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1177\/1477370811411458","volume":"8","author":"J Jackson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jackson J, Bradford B, Hough M, Kuha J, Stares S, Widdop S, Fitzgerald R, Yordanova M, Galev T (2011) Developing European indicators of trust in justice. Eur J Criminol 8(4):267\u2013285","journal-title":"Eur J Criminol"},{"key":"9312_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jago AS (2019) Algorithms and Authenticity. Academy of Management Discoveries. 5:38\u2013561","DOI":"10.5465\/amd.2017.0002"},{"key":"9312_CR47","first-page":"16","volume":"12","author":"U Karpen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Karpen U (2010) Good Governance. European. J Law Reform 12:16\u201331","journal-title":"J Law Reform"},{"issue":"4","key":"9312_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0174698","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174698","volume":"12","author":"DM Katz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Katz DM, Bommarito IIMJ, Blackman J (2017) A general approach for predicting the behavior of the Supreme Court of the United States. PLoS ONE 12(4):e0174698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0174698","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"9312_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kaufmann E, Wittmann WW (2016) The Success of Linear Bootstrapping Models: Decision Domain-, Expertise-, and Criterion-Specific Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE. 11:e0157914. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0157914. 6","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157914"},{"key":"9312_CR50","first-page":"351","volume-title":"E-Access to Justice","author":"XE Kramer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kramer XE (2016) Access to justice and technology: Transforming the face of Cross-border civil litigation and adjudication in the EU. In: Benyekhlef K, Bailey J, Burkell J et al (eds) E-Access to Justice. University of Ottawa Press, Ottawa, pp 351\u2013375"},{"key":"9312_CR51","unstructured":"Kramer XE, Sorabji J (2019) International business courts: a European and global perspective. Eleven International Publishing The Hague"},{"key":"9312_CR52","unstructured":"Lafrance A (2015) Self-Driving Cars Could Save 300,000 Lives Per Decade in America. The Atlantic. https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/technology\/archive\/2015\/09\/self-driving-cars-could-save-300000-lives-per-decade-in-america\/407956\/. Accessed 23 February 2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"9312_CR53","first-page":"337","volume":"49","author":"RC Lawlor","year":"1963","unstructured":"Lawlor RC (1963) What Computers Can Do: Analysis and Prediction of Judicial Decisions. Am Bar Assoc J 49(4):337\u2013344","journal-title":"Am Bar Assoc J"},{"issue":"1","key":"9312_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951718756684","volume":"5","author":"MK Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee MK (2018) Understanding perception of algorithmic decisions: Fairness, trust, and emotion in response to algorithmic management. Big Data Soc 5(1):1\u201316","journal-title":"Big Data Soc"},{"key":"9312_CR55","unstructured":"Lein E, McCorquodale R, McNamara L, Kupelyants H, Del Rio J (2015) Factors Influencing International Litigants\u2019 Decisions to Bring Commercial Claims to the London Based Courts. Ministry of Justice Analytical Series (United Kingdom). https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/396343\/factors-influencing-international-litigants-with-commercial-claims.pdf. Accessed 23 February 2021"},{"key":"9312_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.22459\/OG.04.2018.08","volume-title":"Opening Government: Transparency and Engagement in the Information Age","author":"EA Lind","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lind EA (2018) Transparency, trust and public value. In: Wanna J, Vincent S (eds) Opening Government: Transparency and Engagement in the Information Age. ANU Press, Canberra, pp 87\u2013105"},{"issue":"2","key":"9312_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.2307\/2393412","volume":"38","author":"EA Lind","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lind EA, Kulik CT, Ambrose M, De Vera Park MV (1993) Individual and Corporate Dispute Resolution: Using Procedural Fairness as a Decision Heuristic. Admin Sci Quart 38(2):224\u2013251","journal-title":"Admin Sci Quart"},{"key":"9312_CR58","unstructured":"Lindquist SA, Cross FC (2012) Stability, Predictability and The Rule of Law: Stare Decisis As Reciprocity Norm. Citeseerx. http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.614.4067&rep=rep1&type=pdf. Accessed 23 February 2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"9312_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1093\/ijlit\/eaz001","volume":"27","author":"H Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu H, Lin C, Chen Y (2019) Beyond State v Loomis: artificial intelligence, government algorithmization and accountability. Int J Law Inform Technol 27(2):122\u2013141","journal-title":"Int J Law Inform Technol"},{"key":"9312_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2018.12.005","volume":"151","author":"JM Logg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Logg JM, Minson JA, Moore DA (2019) Algorithm appreciation: People prefer algorithmic to human judgment. Organ Behav Hum Dec 151:90\u2013103","journal-title":"Organ Behav Hum Dec"},{"issue":"4","key":"9312_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1093\/jcr\/ucz013","volume":"46","author":"C Longoni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Longoni C, Bonezzi A, Morewedge CK (2019) Resistance to Medical Artificial Intelligence. J Consum Res 46(4):629\u2013650","journal-title":"J Consum Res"},{"key":"9312_CR62","unstructured":"Mandri J (2019) Kohtunikud saavad robotabilised: riik otsib v\u00f5imalusi kohtus\u00fcsteemis tehisintellekti rakendamiseks. Forte. https:\/\/forte.delfi.ee\/news\/digi\/kohtunikud-saavad-robotabilised-riik-otsib-voimalusi-kohtususteemis-tehisintellekti-rakendamiseks?id=85777829. Accessed 23 February 2021"},{"key":"9312_CR63","volume-title":"The Law Governing Lawyers: Model Rules, Standards, Statutes, and State Lawyer Rules of Professional Conduct, 2017\u20132018 Edition","author":"SR Martyn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martyn SR, Fox LJ, Wendel WB (2017) The Law Governing Lawyers: Model Rules, Standards, Statutes, and State Lawyer Rules of Professional Conduct, 2017\u20132018 Edition. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, New York"},{"key":"9312_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/11281-000","volume-title":"Clinical versus statistical prediction: A theoretical analysis and review of the literature","author":"PE Meehl","year":"1954","unstructured":"Meehl PE (1954) Clinical versus statistical prediction: A theoretical analysis and review of the literature. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis"},{"key":"9312_CR65","unstructured":"Mehr H (2017) Artificial intelligence for citizen services and government. Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation. https:\/\/ash.harvard.edu\/files\/ash\/files\/artificial_intelligence_for_citizen_services.pdf. Accessed 23 February 2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"9312_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkg.64.3.50.18024","volume":"64","author":"ML Meuter","year":"2000","unstructured":"Meuter ML, Ostrom AL, Roundtree RI, Bitner MJ (2000) Self-Service Technologies: Understanding Customer Satisfaction with Technology-Based Service Encounters. J Mark 64(3):50\u201364","journal-title":"J Mark"},{"key":"9312_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Micklitz H, Pollicino O, Reichman A et al (2021) Constitutional Challenges in the Algorithmic Society. Cambridge University Press","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108914857"},{"issue":"5","key":"9312_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.2307\/795824","volume":"88","author":"RH Mnookin","year":"1979","unstructured":"Mnookin RH, Kornhauser L (1979) Bargaining in the Shadow of the Law: The Case of Divorce. Yale Law J 88(5):950\u2013997","journal-title":"Yale Law J"},{"issue":"1","key":"9312_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2020.101536","volume":"38","author":"R Nagtegaal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nagtegaal R (2021) The impact of using algorithms for managerial decisions on public employees\u2019 procedural justice. Government Inform Q 38(1):101536","journal-title":"Government Inform Q"},{"issue":"2","key":"9312_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/1094670515576315","volume":"18","author":"AL Ostrom","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ostrom AL, Parasuraman A, Bowen DE, Patr\u00edcio L, Voss CA (2015) Service Research Priorities in a Rapidly Changing Context. J Serv Res 18(2):127\u2013159","journal-title":"J Serv Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"9312_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1017\/S1867299X00005742","volume":"7","author":"U Pagallo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pagallo U, Durante M (2016) The Pros and Cons of Legal Automation and its Governance. Eur J Risk Regul 7(2):323\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1867299X00005742","journal-title":"Eur J Risk Regul"},{"issue":"3","key":"9312_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721414531598","volume":"23","author":"G Paolacci","year":"2014","unstructured":"Paolacci G, Chandler J (2014) Inside the Turk: Understanding Mechanical Turk as a participant pool. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 23(3):184\u2013188","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"9312_CR74","first-page":"1","volume":"92","author":"R Parmar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Parmar R, Mackenzie I, Cohn D, Gann D (2014) The New Patterns of Innovation. Harv Bus Rev 92:1\u201311","journal-title":"Harv Bus Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"9312_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.542","volume":"19","author":"M Promberger","year":"2006","unstructured":"Promberger M, Baron J (2006) Do patients trust computers? J Behav Decis Mak 19(5):455\u2013468","journal-title":"J Behav Decis Mak"},{"key":"9312_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quattrocolo S (2020) Artificial Intelligence, Computational Modelling and Criminal Proceedings. Springer International Publishing AG, Cham","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-52470-8"},{"key":"9312_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00e4dler P (1997) Independence and impartiality of judges. In: Weissbrodt D, Wolfrum R (eds) The Right to a Fair Trial Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p 727\u2013746","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-60274-0_27"},{"key":"9312_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2014.10.001","volume":"126","author":"TS Rai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rai TS, Diermeier D (2015) Corporations are Cyborgs: Organizations elicit anger but not sympathy when they can think but cannot feel. Organ Behav Hum Dec 126:18\u201326","journal-title":"Organ Behav Hum Dec"},{"key":"9312_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5117\/9789087280710","volume-title":"Technology for Justice. How Information Technology can support Judicial Reform","author":"D Reiling","year":"2010","unstructured":"Reiling D (2010) Technology for Justice. How Information Technology can support Judicial Reform. Leiden University Press, Leiden"},{"key":"9312_CR80","first-page":"77","volume":"10","author":"J Resnik","year":"2013","unstructured":"Resnik J (2013) The democracy in courts: Jeremy Bentham,\u2018Publicity\u2019, and the privatization of process in the twenty-first century. No Found 10:77\u2013119","journal-title":"No Found"},{"issue":"5","key":"9312_CR81","first-page":"1046","volume":"4","author":"D Rottman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rottman D, Tyler T (2014) Thinking about Judges and Judicial Performance: Perspective of the Public and Court Users. O\u00f1ati. Socio-Legal Ser 4(5):1046\u20131070","journal-title":"Socio-Legal Ser"},{"key":"9312_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruggeri F, Lagioia F, Lippi M, Torroni P (2021) Detecting and explaining unfairness in consumer contracts through memory networks.Artificial Intelligence and Law:1\u201334","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-021-09288-2"},{"issue":"2","key":"9312_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-006-9011-3","volume":"13","author":"C Rule","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rule C, Friedberg L (2005) The appropriate role of dispute resolution in building trust online. Artif Intell Law 13(2):193\u2013205","journal-title":"Artif Intell Law"},{"issue":"2","key":"9312_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.2013.0836","volume":"33","author":"RT Rust","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rust RT, Huang M (2014) The Service Revolution and the Transformation of Marketing Science. Market Sci 33(2):206\u2013221","journal-title":"Market Sci"},{"key":"9312_CR85","unstructured":"Savela A (2006) Evaluation of the quality of adjudication in courts of law: principles and proposed Quality Benchmarks; quality project of the courts in the jurisdiction of the Court of Appeal of Rovaniemi. Rovaniemi Court of Appeal. http:\/\/www.courtexcellence.com\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0024\/6765\/qualitybenchmarksfinlanddetailed.pdf. Accessed 23 February 2021"},{"key":"9312_CR86","first-page":"2381","volume":"88","author":"AJ Schmitz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schmitz AJ (2019) Measuring\u201d Access to Justice\u201d in the Rush to Digitize. Fordham L Rev 88:2381","journal-title":"Fordham L Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"9312_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1701329","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1701329","volume":"4","author":"ML Schneider","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schneider ML, Donnelly CA, Russek SE, Baek B, Pufall MR, Hopkins PF, Dresselhaus PD, Benz SP, Rippard WH (2018) Ultralow power artificial synapses using nanotextured magnetic Josephson junctions. Sci Adv 4(1):e1701329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.1701329","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"3","key":"9312_CR88","first-page":"677","volume":"44","author":"M Schwarzschild","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schwarzschild M (2007) Keeping It Private. San Diego Law Rev 44(3):677\u2013694","journal-title":"San Diego Law Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"9312_CR89","first-page":"91","volume":"33","author":"A Sela","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sela A (2018) Can Computers Be Fair: How Automated and Human-Powered Online Dispute Resolution Affect Procedural Justice in Mediation and Arbitration. Ohio State. J Dispute Resolution 33(1):91\u2013148","journal-title":"J Dispute Resolution"},{"issue":"3","key":"9312_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2004.tb00529.x","volume":"42","author":"E Silver","year":"2004","unstructured":"Silver E, Miller LL (2004) Sources of informal social control in Chicago neighborhoods. Criminology 42(3):551\u2013584","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"9312_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-03443-0_4","volume-title":"Goals of Civil Justice and Civil Procedure in Contemporary Judicial Systems","author":"E Silvestri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Silvestri E (2014) Goals of Civil Justice When Nothing Works: The Case of Italy. In: Uzelac A (ed) Goals of Civil Justice and Civil Procedure in Contemporary Judicial Systems. Springer International Publishing, Dordrecht, pp 79\u2013103"},{"issue":"17","key":"9312_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8554","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1812995116","volume":"116","author":"S Soltanian-Zadeh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Soltanian-Zadeh S, Sahingur K, Blau S, Gong Y, Farsiu S (2019) Fast and robust active neuron segmentation in two-photon calcium imaging using spatiotemporal deep learning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116(17):8554\u20138563","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"9312_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sulea O, Zampieri M, Vela M, van Genabith J (2017) Predicting the Law Area and Decisions of French Supreme Court Cases. arXiv. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1708.01681. Accessed 23 February 2021","DOI":"10.26615\/978-954-452-049-6_092"},{"issue":"2","key":"9312_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2018.09.008","volume":"36","author":"TQ Sun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sun TQ, Medaglia R (2019) Mapping the challenges of Artificial Intelligence in the public sector: Evidence from public healthcare. Gov Inf Q 36(2):368\u2013383","journal-title":"Gov Inf Q"},{"key":"9312_CR95","unstructured":"The Danish Court Administration (2015) A closer look at the courts of Denmark. The Danish Court Administration. https:\/\/domstol.dk\/media\/1634\/a-closer-look-at-the-courts-of-denmark.pdf. Accessed 23 February 2021"},{"key":"9312_CR96","volume-title":"Civil justice system competition in the European Union: The great race of court","author":"E Themeli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Themeli E (2018) Civil justice system competition in the European Union: The great race of court. Eleven International Publishing, Portland"},{"key":"9312_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Themeli E, Philipsen S (2021) AI as the Court: Assessing AI Deployment in Civil Cases. In: Benyekhlef K (ed) AI and Law: A Critical Overview \u00c9ditions Th\u00e9mis, Montreal, p\u00a0213\u2013232","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3791553"},{"key":"9312_CR98","unstructured":"Tuomi I, Cabrera M, Vuorikari R, Punie Y (2018) The impact of artificial intelligence on learning, teaching, and education policies for the future. Publications Office of the European Union. https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/en\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/5cb8eee3-e888-11e8-b690-01aa75ed71a1\/language-en. Accessed 23 February 2021"},{"key":"9312_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429306310","volume-title":"Social Justice in a Diverse Society, online edn","author":"T Tyler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tyler T, Boeckmann RJ, Smith HJ, Huo YJ (2019) Social Justice in a Diverse Society, online edn. Routledge, New York. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780429306310"},{"key":"9312_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-03443-0_1","volume-title":"Goals of Civil Justice and Civil Procedure in Contemporary Judicial Systems","author":"A Uzelac","year":"2014","unstructured":"Uzelac A (2014) Goals of civil justice and civil procedure in the contemporary world: Global developments \u2013 towards harmonisation (and back). In: Uzelac A (ed) Goals of Civil Justice and Civil Procedure in Contemporary Judicial Systems. Springer International Publishing, Dordrecht, pp 3\u201331"},{"issue":"4","key":"9312_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18352\/ulr.287","volume":"10","author":"K Van den Bos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Van den Bos K, van der Velden L, Lind EA (2014) On the role of perceived procedural justice in citizens\u2019 reactions to government decisions and the handling of conflicts. Utrecht Law Review 10(4):1\u201326","journal-title":"Utrecht Law Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"9312_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/1094670516679272","volume":"20","author":"J Van Doorn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van Doorn J, Mende M, Noble SM, Hulland J, Ostrom AL, Grewal D, Petersen JA (2017) Domo Arigato Mr. Roboto: Emergence of Automated Social Presence in Organizational Frontlines and Customers\u2019 Service Experiences. J Serv Res 20(1):43\u201358","journal-title":"J Serv Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"9312_CR103","first-page":"12","volume":"37","author":"RK Warren","year":"2000","unstructured":"Warren RK (2000) Public trust and procedural justice. Court Rev 37(3):12\u201316","journal-title":"Court Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"9312_CR104","first-page":"434","volume":"14","author":"A Waytz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Waytz A, Norton MI (2014) Botsourcing and outsourcing: Robot, British, Chinese, and German workers are for thinking\u2014not. feeling\u2014jobs Emot 14(2):434\u2013444","journal-title":"feeling\u2014jobs Emot"},{"issue":"4","key":"9312_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.2118","volume":"32","author":"M Yeomans","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yeomans M, Shah A, Mullainathan S, Kleinberg J (2019) Making sense of recommendations. J Behav Decis Mak 32(4):403\u2013414","journal-title":"J Behav Decis Mak"}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence and Law"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10506-022-09312-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10506-022-09312-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10506-022-09312-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T07:20:00Z","timestamp":1681370400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10506-022-09312-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10506-022-09312-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-8463","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 February 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 March 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 April 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflict of interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}},{"value":"For each study, Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants, and ethics approval was granted by the internal Ethics Committee of Erasmus Research Institute of Management.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}