{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T16:30:52Z","timestamp":1780677052213,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685664000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Artif Intell Law"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper analyses and compares some of the automated reasoners that have been used in recent research for compliance checking. Although the list of the considered reasoners is not exhaustive, we believe that our analysis is representative enough to take stock of the current state of the art in the topic. We are interested here in formalizations at the <jats:italic>first-order<\/jats:italic> level. Past literature on normative reasoning mostly focuses on the <jats:italic>propositional<\/jats:italic> level. However, the propositional level is of little usefulness for concrete LegalTech applications, in which compliance checking must be enforced on (large) sets of individuals. Furthermore, we are interested in technologies that are <jats:italic>freely available<\/jats:italic> and that can be further investigated and compared by the scientific community. In other words, this paper does not consider technologies only employed in industry and\/or whose source code is non-accessible. This paper formalizes a selected use case in the considered reasoners and compares the implementations, also in terms of simulations with respect to shared synthetic datasets. The comparison will highlight that lot of further research still needs to be done to integrate the benefits featured by the different reasoners into a single standardized first-order framework, suitable for LegalTech applications. All source codes are freely available at <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/liviorobaldo\/compliancecheckers\">https:\/\/github.com\/liviorobaldo\/compliancecheckers<\/jats:ext-link>, together with instructions to locally reproduce the simulations.\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-023-09360-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T15:02:33Z","timestamp":1685718153000},"page":"505-555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Compliance checking on first-order knowledge with conflicting and compensatory norms: a comparison among currently available technologies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4713-8990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livio","family":"Robaldo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sotiris","family":"Batsakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Calegari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Calimeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megumi","family":"Fujita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Governatori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Concetta","family":"Morelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Pacenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Pisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Satoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilias","family":"Tachmazidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Zangari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"9360_CR1","first-page":"911","volume":"8","author":"G Antoniou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Antoniou G, Atkinson K, Baryannis G, Batsakis S, Di Caro L, Governatori G, Robaldo L, Siragusa G, Tachmazidis I (2021) Large-scale legal reasoning with rules and databases. J Appl Logics IfCoLog J 8(4):911","journal-title":"J Appl Logics IfCoLog J"},{"key":"9360_CR2","volume-title":"LegalRuleML: design principles and foundations","author":"T Athan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Athan T, Governatori G, Palmirani M, Paschke A, Wyner A (2015) LegalRuleML: design principles and foundations. Springer"},{"issue":"6","key":"9360_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-160248","volume":"8","author":"S Batsakis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Batsakis S, Petrakis EGM, Tachmazidis I, Grigoris A (2017) Temporal representation and reasoning in OWL 2. Semant Web 8(6):1\u201320","journal-title":"Semant Web"},{"key":"#cr-split#-9360_CR4.1","unstructured":"Batsakis S, Baryannis G, Governatori G, Tachmazidis I, Antoniou G (2018) Legal representation and reasoning in practice: a critical comparison. In: Palmirani M"},{"key":"#cr-split#-9360_CR4.2","unstructured":"(ed) Legal knowledge and information systems, JURIX 2018, volume 313 of Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press"},{"issue":"4","key":"9360_CR5","first-page":"897","volume":"4","author":"M Billi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Billi M, Calegari R, Contissa G, Lagioia F, Pisano G, Sartor G, Sartor G (2021) Argumentation and defeasible reasoning in the law. J 4(4):897 (special issue The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Law)","journal-title":"J"},{"issue":"12","key":"9360_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1145\/2043174.2043195","volume":"54","author":"G Brewka","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brewka G, Eiter T, Truszczynski M (2011) Answer set programming at a glance. Commun ACM 54(12):92\u2013103","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"key":"9360_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1017\/S1471068402001394","volume":"2","author":"F Buccafurri","year":"2002","unstructured":"Buccafurri F, Faber W, Leone N (2002) Disjunctive logic programs with inheritance. Theory Pract Logic Program 2:293","journal-title":"Theory Pract Logic Program"},{"issue":"4","key":"9360_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3143804","volume":"18","author":"M Calautti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Calautti M, Greco S, Trubitsyna I (2017) Detecting decidable classes of finitely ground logic programs with function symbols. ACM Trans Comput Logic 18(4):1\u201342","journal-title":"ACM Trans Comput Logic"},{"issue":"2","key":"9360_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1093\/logcom\/exab089","volume":"32","author":"R Calegari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Calegari R, Omicini A, Pisano G, Sartor G (2022) Arg2P: an argumentation framework for explainable intelligent systems. J Logic Comput 32(2):369","journal-title":"J Logic Comput"},{"key":"9360_CR10","volume-title":"Logic programming and nonmonotonic reasoning","author":"F Calimeri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Calimeri F, Cozza S, Ianni G, Leone N (2009) An ASP system with functions, lists, and sets. In: Erdem E, Lin F, Schaub T (eds) Logic programming and nonmonotonic reasoning. Springer, Berlin"},{"key":"9360_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2015.09.008","volume":"231","author":"F Calimeri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Calimeri F, Gebser M, Maratea M, Ricca F (2016) Design and results of the fifth answer set programming competition. Artif Intell 231:151\u2013181","journal-title":"Artif Intell"},{"key":"9360_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calimeri F, Fusc\u00e0 D, Perri S, Zangari J (2017) External computations and interoperability in the new DLV grounder. In: Floriana E, Roberto B, Stefano F, Francesca AL (eds.) Proceedings of 16th international conference of the Italian association for artificial intelligence (AI*IA 2017), volume 10640 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70169-1_13"},{"issue":"1","key":"9360_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00354-018-0046-2","volume":"37","author":"F Calimeri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Calimeri F, Fusc\u00e0 D, Germano S, Perri S, Zangari J (2019) Fostering the use of declarative formalisms for real-world applications: the embasp framework. New Gener Comput 37(1):29\u201365","journal-title":"New Gener Comput"},{"key":"9360_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calimeri F, Dodaro C, Fusc\u00e0 D, Perri S, Zangari J (2020a) Efficiently coupling the I-DLV grounder with ASP solvers. Theory Pract Logic Program 20(2):205","DOI":"10.1017\/S1471068418000546"},{"key":"9360_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calimeri F, Faber W, Gebser M, Ianni G, Kaminski R, Krennwallner T, Leone N, Ricca F, Schaub T (2020b) Asp-core-2 input language format. Theory Pract Logic Program 20(2):294\u2013309","DOI":"10.1017\/S1471068419000450"},{"key":"9360_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuteri, B, Dodaro C, Ricca F, Sch\u00fcller P (2020) Overcoming the grounding bottleneck due to constraints in ASP solving: constraints become propagators. In: Christian B (ed.) Proceedings of the twenty-ninth international joint conference on artificial intelligence, IJCAI 2020","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2020\/234"},{"key":"9360_CR17","unstructured":"Cuteri B, Dodaro C, Ricca F (2019) Debugging of answer set programs using paracoherent reasoning. In: Alberto C, Eugenio GO (eds.) Proceedings of the 34th Italian conference on computational logic (CILC 2019), volume 2396 of CEUR Workshop Proceedings. CEUR-WS.org"},{"key":"9360_CR18","unstructured":"Cyras K, Francesca T (2016) ABA+: assumption-based argumentation with preferences. In: Baral C, Delgrande JP, Wolter F (eds) Principles of knowledge representation and reasoning: Proceedings of the fifteenth international conference, KR 2016, Cape Town. AAAI Press"},{"key":"9360_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dauphin J, Satoh K (2019) Explainable ASP. In: Matteo B, Mehdi D, Beishui L, Yuko S, Rym Z-W (eds) Proceedings of 22nd international conference on principles and practice of multi-agent systems (PRIMA 2019), volume 11873 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33792-6_47"},{"key":"9360_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faber W, Leone N, Perri S (2012) The intelligent grounder of DLV. In: Erdem E, Lee J, Lierler Y, Pearce D (eds) Correct reasoning\u2014essays on logic-based AI in Honour of Vladimir Lifschitz, vol 7265. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, pp 247\u2013264","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30743-0_17"},{"key":"9360_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francesconi E, Governatori G (2022) Patterns for legal compliance checking in a decidable framework of linked open data. Artif Intell Law (to appear)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-022-09317-8"},{"key":"9360_CR22","unstructured":"Fungwacharakorn W, Tsushima K, Satoh K (2020) On the legal revision in PROLEG program. In: Yada K, Katagami D, Takama Y, Ito T, Abe A, Sato-Shimokawara E, Mori J, Matsumura N, Kashima H (eds) Advances in artificial intelligence\u2014selected papers from the annual conference of japanese society of artificial intelligence, JSAI 2020, Kumamoto-ken, Japan, 9\u201312 June 2020, volume 1357 of Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Springer"},{"key":"9360_CR23","volume-title":"Handbook of deontic logic and normative systems","author":"D Gabbay","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gabbay D, Horty J, Parent X, van der Meyden R, van der Torre L (2013) Handbook of deontic logic and normative systems. College Publications"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"9360_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1017\/S1471068403001674","volume":"4","author":"AJ Garc\u00eca","year":"2004","unstructured":"Garc\u00eca AJ, Simari GR (2004) Defeasible logic programming: an argumentative approach. Theory Pract Logic Program 4(1\u20132):95","journal-title":"Theory Pract Logic Program"},{"key":"9360_CR25","unstructured":"Gebser M, P\u00fchrer J, Schaub T, Tompits H (2008) A meta-programming technique for debugging answer-set programs. In: Proceedings of the 23rd national conference on artificial intelligence - Volume 1. AAAI Press"},{"key":"9360_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gebser M, Kaminski R, K\u00f6nig A, Schaub T (2011) Advances in gringo series 3. In: James\u00a0PD, Wolfgang F (eds) Logic programming and nonmonotonic reasoning\u201411th international conference, LPNMR 2011, Vancouver, Canada, May 16\u201319, 2011. Proceedings, volume 6645 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20895-9_39"},{"key":"9360_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03037169","volume":"9","author":"M Gelfond","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gelfond M, Lifschitz V (1991) Classical negation in logic programs and disjunctive databases. New Gener Comput 9:365\u2013385","journal-title":"New Gener Comput"},{"key":"9360_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giordano L, Martelli A, Dupr\u00e9 D (2013) Temporal deontic action logic for the verification of compliance to Norms in ASP. In: Proceedings of the 145th international conference on artificial intelligence and law (ICAIL 2013). Association for Computing Machinery","DOI":"10.1145\/2514601.2514608"},{"key":"9360_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Governatori G (2015) The regorous approach to process compliance. In: Kolb J, Weber B, Hall\u00e9 S, Mayer W, Ghose AK, Grossmann G (eds) 19th IEEE international enterprise distributed object computing workshop. IEEE Computer Society","DOI":"10.1109\/EDOCW.2015.28"},{"key":"9360_CR30","first-page":"193","volume":"4","author":"G Governatori","year":"2006","unstructured":"Governatori G, Rotolo A (2006) Logic of violations: a Gentzen system for reasoning with contrary-to-duty obligations. Australas J Logic 4:193","journal-title":"Australas J Logic"},{"issue":"5","key":"9360_CR31","first-page":"815","volume":"6","author":"G Governatori","year":"2019","unstructured":"Governatori G, Rotolo A (2019) Time and compensation mechanisms in checking legal compliance. J Appl Logics IfCoLog J 6(5):815\u2013846","journal-title":"J Appl Logics IfCoLog J"},{"issue":"4","key":"9360_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-018-9223-3","volume":"26","author":"G Governatori","year":"2018","unstructured":"Governatori G, Idelberger F, Milosevic Z, Riveret R, Sartor G, Xiwei X (2018) On legal contracts, imperative and declarative smart contracts, and blockchain systems. Artif Intell Law 26(4):377\u2013409","journal-title":"Artif Intell Law"},{"issue":"4","key":"9360_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-018-9218-0","volume":"26","author":"MB Islam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Islam MB, Governatori G (2018) Rulers: a rule-based architecture for decision support systems. Artif Intell Law 26(4):315\u2013344","journal-title":"Artif Intell Law"},{"issue":"3","key":"9360_CR34","first-page":"25","volume":"37","author":"B Kaufmann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kaufmann B, Leone N, Perri S, Schaub T (2016) Grounding and solving in answer set programming. AI Mag 37(3):25","journal-title":"AI Mag"},{"key":"9360_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lam H-P, Governatori G (2009) The making of SPINdle. In: Adrian P, Guido G, John H (eds) Proceedings of international symposium on rule interchange and applications (RuleML 2009), http:\/\/spindle.data61.csiro.au\/spindle. Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04985-9_29"},{"issue":"3","key":"9360_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1145\/1149114.1149117","volume":"7","author":"N Leone","year":"2006","unstructured":"Leone N, Pfeifer G, Faber W, Eiter T, Gottlob G, Perri S, Scarcello R (2006) The DLV system for knowledge representation and reasoning. ACM Trans Comput Logic 7(3):499","journal-title":"ACM Trans Comput Logic"},{"key":"9360_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leone N, Allocca C, Alviano M, Calimeri F, Civili C, Costabile R, Fiorentino A, Fusc\u00e0 D, Germano S, Laboccetta G, Cuteri B, Manna M, Perri S, Reale K, Ricca F, Veltri P, Zangari J (2019) Enhancing DLV for large-scale reasoning. In: Marcello B, Yuliya L, Stefan W (eds) Proceedings of 15th international conference in logic programming and nonmonotonic reasoning LPNMR, volume 11481 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-20528-7_23"},{"key":"9360_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leone N, Ricca F (2015) Answer set programming: a tour from the basics to advanced development tools and industrial applications. In: Wolfgang F, Adrian P (eds) Reasoning Web. Web Logic Rules\u201411th international summer school 2015, Berlin, Germany, July 31\u2013August 4, 2015, Tutorial Lectures, volume 9203 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, pp 308\u2013326","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-21768-0_10"},{"key":"9360_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Libal T (2022) The legai editor: a tool for the construction of legal knowledge bases. In: JURIX, volume 362 of Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications. IOS Press, pp 286\u2013289","DOI":"10.3233\/FAIA220482"},{"issue":"4","key":"9360_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218213001000623","volume":"10","author":"MJ Maher","year":"2001","unstructured":"Maher MJ, Rock A, Antoniou G, Billington D, Miller T (2001) Efficient defeasible reasoning systems. Int J Artif Intell Tools 10(4):483","journal-title":"Int J Artif Intell Tools"},{"issue":"1","key":"9360_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/19462166.2013.869766","volume":"5","author":"S Modgil","year":"2014","unstructured":"Modgil S, Prakken H (2014) The ASPIC$$^{+}$$ framework for structured argumentation: a tutorial. Argum Comput 5(1):31\u201362","journal-title":"Argum Comput"},{"key":"9360_CR42","unstructured":"Nazarenko A, L\u00e9vy L, Wyner A (2018) An annotation language for semantic search of legal sources. In: Proceedings of international conference on language resources and evaluation"},{"key":"9360_CR43","volume-title":"Defeasible reasoning: a philosophical analysis in prolog","author":"D Nute","year":"1988","unstructured":"Nute D (1988) Defeasible reasoning: a philosophical analysis in prolog. Springer, Netherlands"},{"key":"9360_CR44","volume-title":"Handbook of logic in artificial intelligence and logic programming","author":"D Nute","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nute D (1994) Defeasible logic. In: Gabbay (ed) Handbook of logic in artificial intelligence and logic programming. Oxford University Press"},{"issue":"1","key":"9360_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1017\/S1471068417000217","volume":"18","author":"J Oetsch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oetsch J, P\u00fchrer J, Tompits H (2018) Stepwise debugging of answer-set programs. Theory Pract Logic Program 18(1):30","journal-title":"Theory Pract Logic Program"},{"key":"9360_CR46","unstructured":"Palmirani M, Governatori G (2018) Modelling legal knowledge for GDPR compliance checking. In: Legal knowledge and information systems JURIX, volume 313 of Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press"},{"key":"9360_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmirani M, Martoni M, Rossi A, Bartolini C, Robaldo L (2018) Pronto: privacy ontology for legal compliance. In: Proceedings of the 18th European conference on digital government (ECDG)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-98349-3_11"},{"key":"9360_CR48","volume-title":"Rules on the Web. From Theory to Applications","author":"A Paschke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Paschke A (2014) Reaction ruleml 1.0 for rules, events and actions in semantic complex event processing. In: Bikakis A, Fodor P, Roman D (eds) Rules on the Web. From Theory to Applications. Springer"},{"key":"9360_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2015.06.005","volume":"227","author":"H Prakken","year":"2015","unstructured":"Prakken H, Sartor G (2015) Law and logic: a review from an argumentation perspective. Artif Intell Law 227:214\u2013245","journal-title":"Artif Intell Law"},{"key":"9360_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reale K, Calimeri F, Leone N, Ricca F (2022) Smart devices and large scale reasoning via ASP: tools and applications. In: Cheney J, Perri S (eds) Practical aspects of declarative languages\u201424th international symposium, PADL 2022, Philadelphia, PA, USA, January 17\u201318, 2022, Proceedings, vol 13165. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, pp 154\u2013161","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-94479-7_10"},{"key":"9360_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robaldo L (2021) Towards compliance checking in reified I\/O logic via SHACL. In: Maranh\u00e3o J, Wyner A (eds) Proceedings of 18th international conference for artificial intelligence and law (ICAIL 2021). ACM","DOI":"10.1145\/3462757.3466065"},{"key":"9360_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1093\/logcom\/exx009","volume":"7","author":"L Robaldo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Robaldo L, Sun X (2017) Reified input\/output logic: combining input\/output logic and reification to represent norms coming from existing legislation. J Logic Comput 7:2471","journal-title":"J Logic Comput"},{"issue":"2","key":"9360_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-019-09251-2","volume":"27","author":"L Robaldo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Robaldo L, Villata S, Wyner A, Grabmair M (2019) Introduction for artificial intelligence and law: special issue \u201cnatural language processing for legal texts\u2019\u2019. Artif Intell Law 27(2):113","journal-title":"Artif Intell Law"},{"key":"9360_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s10849-019-09309-z","volume":"29","author":"L Robaldo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Robaldo L, Bartolini C, Palmirani M, Rossi A, Martoni M, Lenzini G (2020) Formalizing GDPR provisions in reified I\/O logic: the DAPRECO knowledge base. J Logic Lang Inf 29:401","journal-title":"J Logic Lang Inf"},{"issue":"3","key":"9360_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-009-9079-7","volume":"17","author":"G Sartor","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sartor G (2009) Legal concepts as inferential nodes and ontological categories. Artif Intell Law 17(3):217\u2013251","journal-title":"Artif Intell Law"},{"key":"9360_CR56","volume-title":"New frontiers in artificial intelligence","author":"K Satoh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Satoh K, Asai K, Kogawa T, Kubota M, Nakamura M, Nishigai Y, Shirakawa K, Takano C (2011) PROLEG: an implementation of the presupposed ultimate fact theory of Japanese Civil Code by PROLOG technology. In: Onada T, Bekki D, McCready E (eds) New frontiers in artificial intelligence. Springer"},{"key":"9360_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satoh K, Giordano L, Baldoni M (2021) Implementation of choice of jurisdiction and law in private international law by PROLEG meta-interpreter. In: Baroni P, Benzm\u00fcller C, W\u00e1ng Y (eds) Proceedings of 4th international conference in logic and argumentation, volume 13040 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-89391-0_4"},{"key":"9360_CR58","unstructured":"Satoh K, Kogawa T, Okada N, Omori K, Omura S, Tsuchiya K (2012) On generality of proleg knowledge representation. In: Proceedings of the 6th international workshop on juris-informatics (JURISIN 2012), Miyazaki, Japan"},{"key":"9360_CR59","unstructured":"Satoh K, Kubota M, Nishigai Y, Takano C (2009) Translating the Japanese presupposed ultimate fact theory into logic programming. In: Proceedings of the 22nd conference on Legal Knowledge and Information Systems JURIX 2009. IOS Press"},{"key":"9360_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jal.2017.03.002","volume":"25","author":"X Sun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun X, Robaldo L (2017) On the complexity of input\/output logic. J Appl Logic 25:69\u201388","journal-title":"J Appl Logic"}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence and Law"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10506-023-09360-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10506-023-09360-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10506-023-09360-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]],"date-time":"2024-05-25T08:09:29Z","timestamp":1716624569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10506-023-09360-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9360"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10506-023-09360-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-8463","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 March 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}