{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T23:40:54Z","timestamp":1768866054443,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Autom Softw Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10515-025-00561-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T10:19:29Z","timestamp":1760091569000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Decomposition then watermarking: Enhancing code traceability with dual-channel code watermarking"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Haibo","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruihua","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minxue","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuandong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"561_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dey, A., Bhattacharya, S., Chaki, N.: Software watermarking: Progress and challenges. INAE Letters 4, 65\u201375 (2019)","DOI":"10.1007\/s41403-018-0058-8"},{"key":"561_CR2","unstructured":"Dohmke, T.: 100 million developers and counting. [Online]. https:\/\/github.blog\/2023-01-25-100-million-developers-and-counting\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"561_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.56578\/ataiml020405","volume":"2","author":"N Alaoui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alaoui, N.: Dwt-based digital watermarking for various attacks. Acadlore Trans. Mach. Learn 2(4), 226\u2013234 (2023)","journal-title":"Acadlore Trans. Mach. Learn"},{"issue":"10","key":"561_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6105","DOI":"10.3390\/app13106105","volume":"13","author":"M Ali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ali, M.: Robust image watermarking in spatial domain utilizing features equivalent to svd transform. Appl. Sci. 13(10), 6105 (2023)","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"561_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15799","DOI":"10.1007\/S11227-024-06069-X","volume":"80","author":"A Antelmi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Antelmi, A., Torquati, M., Corridori, G., Gregori, D., Polzella, F., Spinatelli, G., Aldinucci, M.: Analyzing foss license usage in publicly available software at scale via the swh-analytics framework. J. Supercomput. 80(11), 15799\u201315833 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11227-024-06069-X","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"561_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rahman, F., Devanbu, P.T.: Ownership, experience and defects: a fine-grained study of authorship. In: Taylor, R.N., Gall, H.C., Medvidovic, N. (eds.) Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Software Engineering, ICSE 2011, pp. 491\u2013500. ACM, Waikiki, Honolulu , HI, USA (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1985793.1985860","DOI":"10.1145\/1985793.1985860"},{"key":"561_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thongtanunam, P., McIntosh, S., Hassan, A.E., Iida, H.: Revisiting code ownership and its relationship with software quality in the scope of modern code review. In: Dillon, L.K., Visser, W., Williams, L.A. (eds.) Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Software Engineering, ICSE 2016, pp. 1039\u20131050. ACM, Austin, TX, USA (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2884781.2884852","DOI":"10.1145\/2884781.2884852"},{"key":"561_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ryman, D., Imbrie, P.K., Kastner, J.: Enhancement of plagiarism detection techniques via watermarking. In: IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, FIE 2022, pp. 1\u20135. IEEE, Uppsala, Sweden (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FIE56618.2022.9962396","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE56618.2022.9962396"},{"key":"561_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, C., Lin, Z., Lou, J., Wen, L., Zhang, D.: Can neural clone detection generalize to unseen functionalities$$f$$. In: 36th IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering, ASE 2021, pp. 617\u2013629. IEEE, Melbourne, Australia (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ASE51524.2021.9678907","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE51524.2021.9678907"},{"key":"561_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eghbali, A., Pradel, M.: Crystalbleu: Precisely and efficiently measuring the similarity of code. In: 37th IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering, ASE 2022, pp. 28\u201312812. ACM, Rochester, MI, USA (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3551349.3556903","DOI":"10.1145\/3551349.3556903"},{"issue":"8","key":"561_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2001.940043","volume":"39","author":"M Barni","year":"2001","unstructured":"Barni, M., Bartolini, F., Cox, I.J., Hern\u00e1ndez, J., P\u00e9rez-Gonz\u00e1lez, F.: Digital watermarking for copyright protection: a communications perspective. IEEE Commun. Mag. 39(8), 90\u201391 (2001). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCOM.2001.940043","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"561_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Wang, X., Zhang, H., Sun, H., Wang, K., Liu, X.: A novel neural source code representation based on abstract syntax tree. In: Atlee, J.M., Bultan, T., Whittle, J. (eds.) Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Software Engineering, ICSE 2019, pp. 783\u2013794. IEEE \/ ACM, Montreal, QC, Canada (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICSE.2019.00086","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE.2019.00086"},{"key":"561_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, Z., Chen, Q.G., Chen, C., Zou, Y., Xu, S.: Ropgen: Towards robust code authorship attribution via automatic coding style transformation. In: 44th IEEE\/ACM 44th International Conference on Software Engineering, ICSE 2022, pp. 1906\u20131918. ACM, Pittsburgh, PA, USA (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3510003.3510181","DOI":"10.1145\/3510003.3510181"},{"issue":"2","key":"561_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1162\/COLI_A_00176","volume":"40","author":"C Chang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chang, C., Clark, S.: Practical linguistic steganography using contextual synonym substitution and a novel vertex coding method. Comput. Linguistics 40(2), 403\u2013448 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/COLI_A_00176","journal-title":"Comput. Linguistics"},{"key":"561_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Ji, S., Liu, C., Wu, C.: A practical black-box attack on source code authorship identification classifiers. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 16, 3620\u20133633 (2021) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2021.3080507","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2021.3080507"},{"key":"561_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abuhamad, M., AbuHmed, T., Mohaisen, A., Nyang, D.: Large-scale and language-oblivious code authorship identification. In: Lie, D., Mannan, M., Backes, M., Wang, X. (eds.) Proceedings of the 2018 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS 2018, pp. 101\u2013114. ACM, Toronto, ON, Canada (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3243734.3243738","DOI":"10.1145\/3243734.3243738"},{"key":"561_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barni, M., Bartolini, F., Cox, I.J., Hern\u00e1ndez, J., P\u00e9rez-Gonz\u00e1lez, F.: Digital watermarking for copyright protection: a communications perspective. IEEE Commun. Mag. 39(8), 90\u201391 (2001) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCOM.2001.940043","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2001.940043"},{"key":"561_CR18","unstructured":"Singh, P., Chadha, R.S.: A survey of digital watermarking techniques, applications and attacks. (2013). https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:17581290"},{"key":"561_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kadian, P., Arora, S.M., Arora, N.: Robust digital watermarking techniques for copyright protection of digital data: A survey. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 118(4), 3225\u20133249 (2021) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11277-021-08177-W","DOI":"10.1007\/S11277-021-08177-W"},{"key":"561_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s41403-018-0058-8","volume":"4","author":"A Dey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dey, A., Bhattacharya, S., Chaki, N.: Software watermarking: progress and challenges. INAE Letters 4, 65\u201375 (2019)","journal-title":"INAE Letters"},{"key":"561_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bamatraf, A., Ibrahim, R., Salleh, M.N.B.M.: Digital watermarking algorithm using lsb. In: 2010 International Conference on Computer Applications and Industrial Electronics, pp. 155\u2013159 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCAIE.2010.5735066","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAIE.2010.5735066"},{"key":"561_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, Y., Li, J., Shao, C., Bhatti, U.A., Ma, J.: Robust multi-watermarking algorithm for medical images using patchwork-dct. In: Sun, X., Zhang, X., Xia, Z., Bertino, E. (eds.) Artificial Intelligence and Security - 8th International Conference, ICAIS 2022, Proceedings, Part III. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 13340, pp. 386\u2013399. Springer, Qinghai, China (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-06791-4_31","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-06791-4_31"},{"key":"561_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thakur, S., Singh, A.K., Ghrera, S., Dave, M.: Watermarking Techniques and Its Applications in Tele-health: A Technical Survey, pp. 467\u2013511. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2018)","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429435461-17"},{"key":"561_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7571","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2022.3223559","volume":"25","author":"H Fang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fang, H., Jia, Z., Qiu, Y., Zhang, J., Zhang, W., Chang, E.: De-end: decoder-driven watermarking network. IEEE Trans. Multim. 25, 7571\u20137581 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMM.2022.3223559","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multim."},{"key":"561_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hosseini, S.A., Farahmand, P.: An attack resistant hybrid blind image watermarking scheme based on combination of dwt, DCT and PCA. Multim. Tools Appl. 83(7), 18829\u201318852 (2024) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11042-023-16202-2","DOI":"10.1007\/S11042-023-16202-2"},{"key":"561_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alaoui, N.: Dwt-based digital watermarking for various attacks. Acadlore Trans. Mach. Learn 2(4), 226\u2013234 (2023)","DOI":"10.56578\/ataiml020405"},{"key":"561_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fang, H., Jia, Z., Qiu, Y., Zhang, J., Zhang, W., Chang, E.: De-end: Decoder-driven watermarking network. IEEE Trans. Multim. 25, 7571\u20137581 (2023) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMM.2022.3223559","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2022.3223559"},{"key":"561_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COSREV.2024.100662","volume":"53","author":"KM Hosny","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hosny, K.M., Magdi, A., El-Komy, O., Hamza, H.M.: Digital image watermarking using deep learning: a survey. Comput. Sci. Rev. 53, 100662 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.COSREV.2024.100662","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Rev."},{"issue":"7","key":"561_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18829","DOI":"10.1007\/S11042-023-16202-2","volume":"83","author":"SA Hosseini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hosseini, S.A., Farahmand, P.: An attack resistant hybrid blind image watermarking scheme based on combination of dwt. DCT and PCA. Multim. Tools Appl. 83(7), 18829\u201318852 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11042-023-16202-2","journal-title":"DCT and PCA. Multim. Tools Appl."},{"key":"561_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Topkara, U., Topkara, M., Atallah, M.J.: The hiding virtues of ambiguity: quantifiably resilient watermarking of natural language text through synonym substitutions. In: Voloshynovskiy, S., Dittmann, J., Fridrich, J.J. (eds.) Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Multimedia & Security, MM&Sec 2006, pp. 164\u2013174. ACM, Geneva, Switzerland (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1161366.1161397","DOI":"10.1145\/1161366.1161397"},{"key":"561_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Topkara, M., Topkara, U., Atallah, M.J.: Words are not enough: sentence level natural language watermarking. In: Proceedings of the 4th ACM International Workshop on Contents Protection and Security, pp. 37\u201346 (2006)","DOI":"10.1145\/1178766.1178777"},{"key":"561_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meral, H.M., Sevin\u00e7, E., \u00dcnkar, E., Sankur, B., \u00d6zsoy, A.S., G\u00fcng\u00f6r, T.: Syntactic tools for text watermarking. In: III, E.J.D., Wong, P.W. (eds.) Security, Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents IX. SPIE Proceedings, vol. 6505, p. 65050. SPIE, San Jose, CA, USA (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.708111","DOI":"10.1117\/12.708111"},{"key":"561_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abdelnabi, S., Fritz, M.: Adversarial watermarking transformer: Towards tracing text provenance with data hiding. In: 42nd IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, SP 2021, pp. 121\u2013140. IEEE, San Francisco, CA, USA (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SP40001.2021.00083","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40001.2021.00083"},{"issue":"4","key":"561_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.9734\/BJAST\/2015\/14975","volume":"7","author":"A Joshi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., Pal, D.K.: Likert scale: explored and explained. British journal of applied science & technology 7(4), 396\u2013403 (2015)","journal-title":"British journal of applied science & technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"561_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3225","DOI":"10.1007\/S11277-021-08177-W","volume":"118","author":"P Kadian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kadian, P., Arora, S.M., Arora, N.: Robust digital watermarking techniques for copyright protection of digital data: a survey. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 118(4), 3225\u20133249 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11277-021-08177-W","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"561_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, J., Li, K., Wen, W., Chen, W., Yan, C.: Software watermarking for java program based on method name encoding. In: Hassanien, A.E., Shaalan, K., Gaber, T., Tolba, M.F. (eds.) Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Systems and Informatics 2017, AISI 2017. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol. 639, pp. 865\u2013874. Springer, Cairo, Egypt (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-64861-3_81","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-64861-3_81"},{"key":"561_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kang, H., Kwon, Y., Lee, S., Koo, H.: Softmark: Software watermarking via a binary function relocation. In: ACSAC \u201921: Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, pp. 169\u2013181. ACM, New York, NY, USA (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3485832.3488027","DOI":"10.1145\/3485832.3488027"},{"key":"561_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Monden, A., Iida, H., Matsumoto, K., Torii, K., Inoue, K.: A practical method for watermarking java programs. In: 24th International Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC 2000), pp. 191\u2013197. IEEE Computer Society, Taipei, Taiwan (2000). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CMPSAC.2000.884716","DOI":"10.1109\/CMPSAC.2000.884716"},{"key":"561_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Jia, C., Xu, D.: Hidden path: Dynamic software watermarking based on control flow obfuscation. In: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering, CSE 2017, and IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing, EUC 2017, Volume 2, pp. 443\u2013450. IEEE Computer Society, Guangzhou, China (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CSE-EUC.2017.280","DOI":"10.1109\/CSE-EUC.2017.280"},{"key":"561_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ma, H., Jia, C., Li, S., Zheng, W., Wu, D.: Xmark: Dynamic software watermarking using collatz conjecture. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 14(11), 2859\u20132874 (2019) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2019.2908071","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2019.2908071"},{"key":"561_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Collberg, C.S., Thomborson, C.D.: Software watermarking: Models and dynamic embeddings. In: Appel, A.W., Aiken, A. (eds.) POPL \u201999, Proceedings of the 26th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, pp. 311\u2013324. ACM, San Antonio, TX, USA (1999). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/292540.292569","DOI":"10.1145\/292540.292569"},{"key":"561_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Collberg, C.S., Carter, E., Debray, S.K., Huntwork, A., Kececioglu, J.D., Linn, C., Stepp, M.: Dynamic path-based software watermarking. In: Pugh, W.W., Chambers, C. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2004 Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation 2004, pp. 107\u2013118. ACM, Washington, DC, USA (2004). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/996841.996856","DOI":"10.1145\/996841.996856"},{"key":"561_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ren, C., Chen, K., Liu, P.: Droidmarking: resilient software watermarking for impeding android application repackaging. In: Crnkovic, I., Chechik, M., Gr\u00fcnbacher, P. (eds.) ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering, ASE \u201914, pp. 635\u2013646. ACM, Vasteras, Sweden (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2642937.2642977","DOI":"10.1145\/2642937.2642977"},{"key":"561_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3620","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2021.3080507","volume":"16","author":"Q Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Ji, S., Liu, C., Wu, C.: A practical black-box attack on source code authorship identification classifiers. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 16, 3620\u20133633 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2021.3080507","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"561_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, W., Yang, B., Sun, Y., Chen, S., Song, Z., Xiang, L., Wang, X., Zhou, C.: Towards tracing code provenance with code watermarking. CoRR abs\/2305.12461 (2023) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2305.12461","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2305.12461"},{"issue":"11","key":"561_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2019.2908071","volume":"14","author":"H Ma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ma, H., Jia, C., Li, S., Zheng, W., Wu, D.: Xmark: dynamic software watermarking using collatz conjecture. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 14(11), 2859\u20132874 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2019.2908071","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"561_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stahlberg, F.: Neural machine translation: A review. J. Artif. Intell. Res. 69, 343\u2013418 (2020) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1613\/JAIR.1.12007","DOI":"10.1613\/JAIR.1.12007"},{"key":"561_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, B., Wan, Y., Bi, Z., Wang, Z., Zhang, H., Sui, Y., Zhou, P., Sun, L.: CodeIP: A Grammar-Guided Multi-Bit Watermark for Large Language Models of Code (2024)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-emnlp.541"},{"issue":"4","key":"561_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2022.3177228","volume":"49","author":"W Ou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ou, W., Ding, S.H.H., Tian, Y., Song, L.: Scs-gan: learning functionality-agnostic stylometric representations for source code authorship verification. IEEE Trans. Software Eng. 49(4), 1426\u20131442 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSE.2022.3177228","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."},{"key":"561_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chakraborty, S., Ahmed, T., Ding, Y., Devanbu, P.T., Ray, B.: Natgen: generative pre-training by \u201cnaturalizing\u201d source code. In: Roychoudhury, A., Cadar, C., Kim, M. (eds.) Proceedings of the 30th ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering, ESEC\/FSE 2022, pp. 18\u201330. ACM, Singapore, Singapore (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3540250.3549162","DOI":"10.1145\/3540250.3549162"},{"key":"561_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Casalnuovo, C., Barr, E.T., Dash, S.K., Devanbu, P., Morgan, E.: A theory of dual channel constraints. In: Rothermel, G., Bae, D. (eds.) ICSE-NIER 2020: 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering, New Ideas and Emerging Results, pp. 25\u201328. ACM, Seoul, South Korea (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3377816.3381720","DOI":"10.1145\/3377816.3381720"},{"key":"561_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wan, Y., Zhang, S., Zhang, H., Sui, Y., Xu, G., Yao, D., Jin, H., Sun, L.: You see what I want you to see: poisoning vulnerabilities in neural code search. In: Roychoudhury, A., Cadar, C., Kim, M. (eds.) Proceedings of the 30th ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering, ESEC\/FSE 2022, pp. 1233\u20131245. ACM, Singapore, Singapore (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3540250.3549153","DOI":"10.1145\/3540250.3549153"},{"key":"561_CR53","unstructured":"Vaswani, A., Shazeer, N., Parmar, N., Uszkoreit, J., Jones, L., Gomez, A.N., Kaiser, L., Polosukhin, I.: Attention is all you need. In: Guyon, I., Luxburg, U., Bengio, S., Wallach, H.M., Fergus, R., Vishwanathan, S.V.N., Garnett, R. (eds.) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2017, Long Beach, CA, USA, pp. 5998\u20136008 (2017). https:\/\/proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper\/2017\/hash\/3f5ee243547dee91fbd053c1c4a845aa-Abstract.html"},{"key":"561_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qin, L., Chen, Q., Feng, X., Wu, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Li, M., Che, W., Yu, P.S.: Large language models meet NLP: A survey. CoRR abs\/2405.12819 (2024) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2405.12819","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2405.12819"},{"key":"561_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hou, X., Zhao, Y., Liu, Y., Yang, Z., Wang, K., Li, L., Luo, X., Lo, D., Grundy, J.C., Wang, H.: Large language models for software engineering: A systematic literature review. CoRR abs\/2308.10620 (2023) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2308.10620","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2308.10620"},{"key":"561_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1613\/JAIR.1.12007","volume":"69","author":"F Stahlberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stahlberg, F.: Neural machine translation: a review. J. Artif. Intell. Res. 69, 343\u2013418 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1613\/JAIR.1.12007","journal-title":"J. Artif. Intell. Res."},{"key":"561_CR57","unstructured":"Jang, E., Gu, S., Poole, B.: Categorical reparameterization with gumbel-softmax. In: 5th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2017, Conference Track Proceedings. OpenReview.net, Toulon, France (2017). https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=rkE3y85ee"},{"key":"561_CR58","unstructured":"Husain, H., Wu, H., Gazit, T., Allamanis, M., Brockschmidt, M.: Codesearchnet challenge: Evaluating the state of semantic code search. CoRR (2019) arXiv:1909.09436"},{"key":"561_CR59","unstructured":"Lu, S., Guo, D., Ren, S., Huang, J., Svyatkovskiy, A., Blanco, A., Clement, C.B., Drain, D., Jiang, D., Tang, D., Li, G., Zhou, L., Shou, L., Zhou, L., Tufano, M., Gong, M., Zhou, M., Duan, N., Sundaresan, N., Deng, S.K., Fu, S., Liu, S.: Codexglue: A machine learning benchmark dataset for code understanding and generation. In: Vanschoren, J., Yeung, S. (eds.) Proceedings of the Neural Information Processing Systems Track on Datasets and Benchmarks 1, NeurIPS Datasets and Benchmarks 2021 (2021). https:\/\/datasets-benchmarks-proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper\/2021\/hash\/c16a5320fa475530d9583c34fd356ef5-Abstract-round1.html"},{"key":"561_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jha, A., Reddy, C.K.: Codeattack: Code-based adversarial attacks for pre-trained programming language models. In: Williams, B., Chen, Y., Neville, J. (eds.) Thirty-Seventh AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI 2023, Thirty-Fifth Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence, IAAI 2023, Thirteenth Symposium on Educational Advances in Artificial Intelligence, EAAI 2023, pp. 14892\u201314900. AAAI Press, Washington, DC, USA (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1609\/AAAI.V37I12.26739","DOI":"10.1609\/AAAI.V37I12.26739"},{"key":"561_CR61","unstructured":"Athiwaratkun, B., Gouda, S.K., Wang, Z., Li, X., Tian, Y., Tan, M., Ahmad, W.U., Wang, S., Sun, Q., Shang, M., Gonugondla, S.K., Ding, H., Kumar, V., Fulton, N., Farahani, A., Jain, S., Giaquinto, R., Qian, H., Ramanathan, M.K., Nallapati, R.: Multi-lingual evaluation of code generation models. In: The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2023. OpenReview.net, Kigali, Rwanda (2023). https:\/\/openreview.net\/pdf?id=Bo7eeXm6An8"},{"key":"561_CR62","unstructured":"tree-sitter\/tree-sitter: An incremental parsing system for programming tools. https:\/\/github.com\/tree-sitter\/tree-sitter (2024)"},{"key":"561_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cho, K., Merrienboer, B., G\u00fcl\u00e7ehre, \u00c7., Bahdanau, D., Bougares, F., Schwenk, H., Bengio, Y.: Learning phrase representations using RNN encoder-decoder for statistical machine translation. In: Moschitti, A., Pang, B., Daelemans, W. (eds.) Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP 2014, A Meeting of SIGDAT, a Special Interest Group of The ACL, pp. 1724\u20131734. ACL, Doha, Qatar (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3115\/V1\/D14-1179","DOI":"10.3115\/V1\/D14-1179"},{"key":"561_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhu, J., Kaplan, R., Johnson, J., Fei-Fei, L.: Hidden: Hiding data with deep networks. In: Ferrari, V., Hebert, M., Sminchisescu, C., Weiss, Y. (eds.) Computer Vision - ECCV 2018 - 15th European Conference, Proceedings, Part XV. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11219, pp. 682\u2013697. Springer, Munich, Germany (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-01267-0_40","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01267-0_40"},{"key":"561_CR65","unstructured":"Baluja, S.: Hiding images in plain sight: Deep steganography. In: Guyon, I., Luxburg, U., Bengio, S., Wallach, H.M., Fergus, R., Vishwanathan, S.V.N., Garnett, R. (eds.) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2017, pp. 2069\u20132079 (2017). https:\/\/proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper\/2017\/hash\/838e8afb1ca34354ac209f53d90c3a43-Abstract.html"},{"key":"561_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUCOM.2022.02.083","volume":"488","author":"W Wan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wan, W., Wang, J., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Yu, H., Sun, J.: A comprehensive survey on robust image watermarking. Neurocomputing 488, 226\u2013247 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEUCOM.2022.02.083","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"561_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, Z., Zhang, C., Pan, M., Zhang, T., Li, X.: Aacegen: Attention guided adversarial code example generation for deep code models. In: Proceedings of the 39th IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering. ASE \u201924, pp. 1245\u20131257. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3691620.3695500","DOI":"10.1145\/3691620.3695500"},{"key":"561_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tian, Z., Chen, J., Jin, Z.: Code difference guided adversarial example generation for deep code models. In: 38th IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering, ASE 2023, pp. 850\u2013862. IEEE, Luxembourg (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ASE56229.2023.00149","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE56229.2023.00149"},{"key":"561_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., Pal, D.K.: Likert scale: Explored and explained. British journal of applied science & technology 7(4), 396\u2013403 (2015)","DOI":"10.9734\/BJAST\/2015\/14975"},{"issue":"3","key":"561_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1145\/3511887","volume":"31","author":"H Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Fu, Z., Li, G., Ma, L., Zhao, Z., Yang, H., Sun, Y., Liu, Y., Jin, Z.: Towards robustness of deep program processing models - detection, estimation, and enhancement. ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol. 31(3), 50\u201315040 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3511887","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol."},{"key":"561_CR71","unstructured":"Venugopal, A., Uszkoreit, J., Talbot, D., Och, F.J., Ganitkevitch, J.: Watermarking the outputs of structured prediction with an application in statistical machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP 2011, A Meeting of SIGDAT, a Special Interest Group of The ACL, pp. 1363\u20131372. ACL, John McIntyre Conference Centre, Edinburgh, UK (2011). https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/D11-1126\/"}],"container-title":["Automated Software Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10515-025-00561-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10515-025-00561-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10515-025-00561-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T11:15:01Z","timestamp":1768821301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10515-025-00561-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["561"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10515-025-00561-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0928-8910","1573-7535"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0928-8910","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7535","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"16"}}