{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T15:14:53Z","timestamp":1778858093320,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"This research was funded by Collaborative Research Fund by Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia and Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan","award":["(CRF) (015ME0-383)."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(CRF) (015ME0-383)."]}]},{"name":"This research was funded by Collaborative Research Fund by Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia and Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan","award":["(CRF) (015ME0-383)."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(CRF) (015ME0-383)."]}]},{"name":"This research was funded by Collaborative Research Fund by Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia and Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan","award":["(CRF) (015ME0-383)."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(CRF) (015ME0-383)."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Autom Softw Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10515-026-00609-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T06:28:48Z","timestamp":1774074528000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Standard-compliant security requirement assessment with attention-based models"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Aftab Alam","family":"Janisar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khairul Shafee","family":"bin Kalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aliza Bt","family":"Sarlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdul Rehman","family":"Gilal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayman","family":"Meidan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shariq","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuf","family":"Aliyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"609_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AbuSalim, S. W. G., Ibrahim, R., Mostafa, S. A., Wahab, J. A.: Analyzing the Impact of Assessing Requirements Specifications on the Software Development Life Cycle. In: Gervasi, O., et al. (eds.) Computational Science and Its Applications \u2013 ICCSA 2020, Cham, pp. 632\u2013648. Springer International Publishing, (2020)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58817-5_46"},{"issue":"11","key":"609_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4647","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2021.3124332","volume":"48","author":"O Amaral","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amaral, O., Abualhaija, S., Torre, D., Sabetzadeh, M., Briand, L.C.: AI-enabled automation for completeness checking of privacy policies. IEEE Trans. Software Eng. 48(11), 4647\u20134674 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."},{"issue":"11","key":"609_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8963","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-019-04067-3","volume":"44","author":"MN Anwar Mohammad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anwar Mohammad, M.N., Nazir, M., Mustafa, K.: A systematic review and analytical evaluation of security requirements engineering approaches. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 44(11), 8963\u20138987 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13369-019-04067-3","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"609_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18020","DOI":"10.48084\/etasr.8859","volume":"14","author":"D Ariyus","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ariyus, D., Manongga, D., Sembiring, I.: Enhancing sentiment analysis of indonesian tourism video content commentary on tiktok: A FastText and Bi-LSTM approach. Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res. 14(6), 18020\u201318028 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48084\/etasr.8859","journal-title":"Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"609_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-019-09693-x","volume":"24","author":"C Arora","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arora, C., Sabetzadeh, M., Briand, L.C.: An empirical study on the potential usefulness of domain models for completeness checking of requirements. Empir. Softw. Eng. 24(4), 2509\u20132539 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10664-019-09693-x","journal-title":"Empir. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"609_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3736654","volume-title":"Advanced Persistent Threats (APT) Attribution Using Deep Reinforcement Learning","author":"AS Basnet","year":"2025","unstructured":"Basnet, A.S., Ghanem, M.C., Dunsin, D., Kheddar, H., Sowinski-Mydlarz, W.: Advanced Persistent Threats (APT) Attribution Using Deep Reinforcement Learning. Research and Practice, Digital Threats (2025). (in press)"},{"key":"609_CR7","unstructured":"Brownlee, J.: What is the difference between a parameter and hyperparameter? Machine learning Process: Machine learning Mastery, vol. 2024 (2019)"},{"key":"609_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chattopadhyay, A., Malla, G., Niu, N., Bhowmik, T., Savolainen, J.: Completeness of natural language requirements: A comparative study of user stories and feature descriptions, IEEE, pp. 52\u201357, (2023).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/iri58017.2023.00017","DOI":"10.1109\/iri58017.2023.00017"},{"key":"609_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K., Van Merri\u00ebnboer, B., Gulcehre, C., Bahdanau, D., Bougares, F., Schwenk, H., Bengio, Y.: Learning phrase representations using RNN encoder-decoder for statistical machine translation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1406.1078 (2014)","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1179"},{"key":"609_CR46","unstructured":"Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. ArXiv:1810.04805 (2019)"},{"key":"609_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fazelnia, M., Koscinski, V., Herzog, S., Mirakhorli, M.: Lessons from the use of natural language inference (NLI) in requirements engineering tasks. arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.05135, (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/RE59067.2024.00020"},{"key":"609_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fei, X., Bin, C., Siming, Z.: A methodology of requirements validation for aviation system development. In: 2020 Chinese Control And Decision Conference (CCDC), IEEE, pp. 4484\u20134489 (2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/CCDC49329.2020.9164301"},{"key":"609_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrari, A., dell\u2019Orletta, F., Spagnolo, G. O., Gnesi, S.: Measuring and improving the completeness of natural language requirements. In: Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality: 20th International Working Conference, REFSQ 2014, Essen, Germany, April 7\u201310, 2014. Proceedings 20, Springer, pp. 23\u201338 (2014)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-05843-6_3"},{"issue":"1","key":"609_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5121\/ijsea.2016.7102","volume":"7","author":"HA Galal Elsayed","year":"2016","unstructured":"Galal Elsayed, H.A., Syed, L.: Requirements elicitation frame-work for quality enhancement of critical systems: A case study. Int. J. Softw. Eng. Appl. 7(1), 13\u201330 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5121\/ijsea.2016.7102","journal-title":"Int. J. Softw. Eng. Appl."},{"key":"609_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129840","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3332834","volume":"11","author":"MC Ghanem","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ghanem, M.C., Chen, T.M., Ferrag, M.A., Kettouche, M.E.: ESASCF: Expertise extraction, generalization and reply framework for optimized automation of network security compliance. IEEE Access 11, 129840\u2013129853 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"609_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayrapetian, A., Raje, R.: Empirically analyzing and evaluating security features in software requirements. In: Proceedings of the 11th Innovations in Software Engineering Conference, pp. 1\u201311 (2018)","DOI":"10.1145\/3172871.3172879"},{"issue":"8","key":"609_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735","volume":"9","author":"S Hochreiter","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hochreiter, S., Schmidhuber, J.: Long short-term memory. Neural Comput. 9(8), 1735\u20131780 (1997). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"609_CR19","unstructured":"IoT-A Consortium (2025) IoT-A requirements repository. Available at: https:\/\/www.iot-a.eu\/public\/requirements\/"},{"key":"609_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janisar, A. A., Afzal, H., Kumar, G.: Identification of HATE speech tweets in Pashto language using Machine Learning techniques. Int. J. 10(3) (2021)","DOI":"10.30534\/ijatcse\/2021\/021032021"},{"key":"609_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Janisar, A. A., Shafee bin Kalid, K., Sarlan, A. B., Maiwada, U. D.: Software development teams knowledge and awareness of security requirement engineering and security requirement elicitation and analysis. Procedia Computer Science, vol. 234, pp. 1348\u20131355, (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2024.03.133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2024.03.133"},{"key":"609_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Janisar, A., Shafee, K., Sarlan, A., Maiwada, U., Salameh, A. A.: Securing software development: A holistic exploration of security awareness in software development teams. Int. J. Acad. Res. Bus. Soc. Sci. 14(1) (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6007\/IJARBSS\/v14-i1\/20545","DOI":"10.6007\/IJARBSS\/v14-i1\/20545"},{"key":"609_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kadebu, P., Thada, V., Chiurunge, P.: Security requirements extraction and classification: A survey. IEEE, (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ic3i44769.2018.9007263","DOI":"10.1109\/ic3i44769.2018.9007263"},{"key":"609_CR24","first-page":"e01496","volume":"19","author":"P Kadebu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kadebu, P., Sikka, S., Tyagi, R.K., Chiurunge, P.: A classification approach for software requirements towards maintainable security. Sci African 19, e01496 (2023)","journal-title":"Sci African"},{"key":"609_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, R. A., Khan, S. U.: A preliminary structure of software security assurance model. Presented at the Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Global Software Engineering (2018)","DOI":"10.1145\/3196369.3196385"},{"key":"609_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khatian, V. M., Arain, Q. A., Alenezi, M., Raza, M. O., Shaikh, F., Farah, I.: Comparative analysis for predicting non-functional requirements using supervised machine learning. In: 2021 1st International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics (CAIDA), pp. 7\u201312, IEEE (2021)","DOI":"10.1109\/CAIDA51941.2021.9425236"},{"key":"609_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kobilica, A., Ayub, M., Hassine, J.: Automated identification of security requirements: A machine learning approach. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering, pp. 475\u2013480 (2020)","DOI":"10.1145\/3383219.3383288"},{"issue":"1","key":"609_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12524","DOI":"10.48084\/etasr.6515","volume":"14","author":"K Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar, K., Tanwar, S., Kumar, S.: Deep-learning-based cryptanalysis through topic modeling. Eng Technol Appl Sci Res 14(1), 12524\u201312529 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48084\/etasr.6515","journal-title":"Eng Technol Appl Sci Res"},{"key":"609_CR29","unstructured":"Langstrof, T., Sabau, A. R.: The current state of security-Insights from the German software industry. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.08436 (2024)"},{"issue":"11","key":"609_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1109\/5.726791","volume":"86","author":"Y LeCun","year":"2002","unstructured":"LeCun, Y., Bottou, L., Bengio, Y., Haffner, P.: Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. Proc. IEEE 86(11), 2278\u20132324 (2002). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/5.726791","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"issue":"11","key":"609_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8667","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3041049","volume":"8","author":"FAA Lins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lins, F.A.A., Vieira, M.: Security requirements and solutions for iot gateways: A comprehensive study. IEEE Internet Things J. 8(11), 8667\u20138679 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"609_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-29786-1_7","volume-title":"International working conference on requirements engineering: foundation for software quality","author":"D Luitel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luitel, D., Hassani, S., Sabetzadeh, M.: Using language models for enhancing the completeness of natural-language requirements. In: International working conference on requirements engineering: foundation for software quality, pp. 87\u2013104. Springer (2023)"},{"issue":"1","key":"609_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s00766-024-00416-3","volume":"29","author":"D Luitel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luitel, D., Hassani, S., Sabetzadeh, M.: Improving requirements completeness: Automated assistance through large language models. Requirements Eng. 29(1), 73\u201395 (2024)","journal-title":"Requirements Eng."},{"key":"609_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, A.D., Mustafa, K.: Formalization of security requirements: A case study on a web-based application. J. Sci. Res. 66(2), (2022)","DOI":"10.37398\/JSR.2022.660214"},{"issue":"5","key":"609_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6702","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.6702","volume":"34","author":"AD Mishra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mishra, A.D., Mustafa, K.: A review on security requirements specification by formal methods. Concurr. Comput. Pract. Exper. 34(5), e6702 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpe.6702","journal-title":"Concurr. Comput. Pract. Exper."},{"key":"609_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41847","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-17218-4","volume":"83","author":"AD Mishra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mishra, A.D., Mustafa, K.: Security requirements specification by formal methods: A research metadata analysis. Multimed. Tools Appl. 83, 41847\u201341866 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-023-17218-4","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"609_CR37","unstructured":"Motger de la Encarnaci\u00f3n, J.: Natural language processing methods for document-based requirements specification and validation tasks (2024)"},{"key":"609_CR38","unstructured":"Mustafa, N., et al.: Security requirements template-based approach to improve the writing of complete security requirements. J. Theor. Appl. Inf. Technol. 99(01), (2021)"},{"key":"609_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2020.101852","volume":"95","author":"M Niazi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Niazi, M., Saeed, A.M., Alshayeb, M., Mahmood, S., Zafar, S.: A maturity model for secure requirements engineering. Comput. Secur. 95, 1 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cose.2020.101852","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"issue":"2","key":"609_CR40","first-page":"203","volume":"10","author":"A Sharma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sharma, A., Misra, P.K.: Aspects of enhancing security in software development life cycle. Adv. Comput. Sci. Technol. 10(2), 203\u2013210 (2017)","journal-title":"Adv. Comput. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"609_CR41","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"AS Shibgatullah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shibgatullah, A.S., Othman, I.S., Basari, A.S.H., Noh, Z.A.M.: The awareness of security breach among IT users in Kolej PolyTech MARA, Batu Pahat. J. Adv. Res. Comput. Appl. 5(1), 1\u201310 (2016)","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"609_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44756","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3168716","volume":"10","author":"N Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun, N., et al.: Defining security requirements with the common criteria: Applications, adoptions, and challenges. IEEE Access 10, 44756\u201344777 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"2","key":"609_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.4236\/jsea.2023.162003","volume":"16","author":"MM Taye","year":"2023","unstructured":"Taye, M.M., Ghoul, S.: An approach towards goal-oriented requirements ontology: Consistency and completeness based requirements analysis. J. Softw. Eng. Appl. 16(2), 31\u201349 (2023)","journal-title":"J. Softw. Eng. Appl."},{"key":"609_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehman, S. u., Allgaier, C., Gruhn, V.: Security Requirements Engineering: A Framework for Cyber-Physical Systems. Presented at the 2018 International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology (FIT), (2018)","DOI":"10.1109\/FIT.2018.00062"},{"key":"609_CR45","unstructured":"Vaswani, A., et al.: Attention is all you need. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 30, (2017)"}],"container-title":["Automated Software Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10515-026-00609-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10515-026-00609-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10515-026-00609-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T14:31:09Z","timestamp":1778855469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10515-026-00609-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["609"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10515-026-00609-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0928-8910","1573-7535"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0928-8910","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7535","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"In this work, no animal or human is involved in any type of testing.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"66"}}