{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T01:49:12Z","timestamp":1777081752279,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685923200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lang Resources &amp; Evaluation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-023-09663-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T04:01:15Z","timestamp":1685937675000},"page":"1745-1765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["OMCD: Offensive Moroccan Comments Dataset"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5352-1550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kabil","family":"Essefar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Ait Baha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abdelkader","family":"El Mahdaouy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abdellah","family":"El Mekki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ismail","family":"Berrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"9663_CR1","unstructured":"Abdelali, A., Hassan, S., Mubarak, H., Darwish, K., & Samih, Y. (2021). Pre-training BERT on Arabic tweets: Practical considerations. CoRR. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/2102.10684"},{"key":"9663_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdul-Mageed, M., Elmadany, A. A., & Nagoudi, E. M. B. (2021). ARBERT & MARBERT: Deep bidirectional transformers for Arabic. CoRR. arXiv:abs\/2101.01785","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-long.551"},{"issue":"2","key":"9663_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.7763\/IJKE.2015.V1.19","volume":"1","author":"EA Abozinadah","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abozinadah, E. A., Mbaziira, A. V., & Jones, J. (2015). Detection of abusive accounts with Arabic tweets. International Journal of Knowledge Engineering-IACSIT, 1(2), 113\u2013119.","journal-title":"International Journal of Knowledge Engineering-IACSIT"},{"key":"9663_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Agarwal, S., & Sureka, A. (2014). A focused crawler for mining hate and extremism promoting videos on YouTube. In Proceedings of the 25th ACM conference on hypertext and social media. HT \u201914 (pp. 294\u2013296). Association for Computing Machinery. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2631775.2631776","DOI":"10.1145\/2631775.2631776"},{"key":"9663_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.10.473","volume":"142","author":"A Alakrot","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alakrot, A., Murray, L., & Nikolov, N. S. (2018a). Dataset construction for the detection of anti-social behaviour in online communication in Arabic. Procedia Computer Science, 142, 174\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2018.10.473","journal-title":"Procedia Computer Science"},{"key":"9663_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.10.491","volume":"142","author":"A Alakrot","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alakrot, A., Murray, L., & Nikolov, N. S. (2018b). Towards accurate detection of offensive language in online communication in Arabic. Procedia Computer Science, 142, 315\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2018.10.491","journal-title":"Procedia Computer Science"},{"key":"9663_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albadi, N., Kurdi, M., & Mishra, S. (2018). Are they our brothers? Analysis and detection of religious hate speech in the Arabic Twittersphere. In 2018 IEEE\/ACM international conference on advances in social networks analysis and mining (ASONAM) (pp. 69\u201376).","DOI":"10.1109\/ASONAM.2018.8508247"},{"key":"9663_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Antoine, J.-Y., Villaneau, J., & Lefeuvre, A. (2014). Weighted Krippendorff\u2019s alpha is a more reliable metrics for multi-coders ordinal annotations: Experimental studies on emotion, opinion and coreference annotation. In Proceedings of the 14th conference of the European chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (pp. 550\u2013559). Association for Computational Linguistics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3115\/v1\/E14-1058, https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/E14-1058","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/E14-1058"},{"key":"9663_CR9","unstructured":"Antoun, W., Baly, F., & Hajj, H. M. (2020). Arabert: Transformer-based model for Arabic language understanding. CoRR. arXiv:abs\/2003.00104"},{"issue":"4","key":"9663_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1162\/coli.07-034-R2","volume":"34","author":"R Artstein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Artstein, R., & Poesio, M. (2008). Survey article: Inter-coder agreement for computational linguistics. Computational Linguistics, 34(4), 555\u2013596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/coli.07-034-R2","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"9663_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbieri, F., Ballesteros, M., & Saggion, H. (2017). Are emojis predictable? CoRR. arXiv:abs\/1702.07285","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/E17-2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"9663_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1973.32.2.399","volume":"32","author":"ES Baudhuin","year":"1973","unstructured":"Baudhuin, E. S. (1973). Obscene language and evaluative response: An empirical study. Psychological Reports, 32(2), 399\u2013402.","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"9663_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/poi3.85","volume":"7","author":"P Burnap","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burnap, P., & Williams, M. L. (2015). Cyber hate speech on Twitter: An application of machine classification and statistical modeling for policy and decision making. Policy & Internet, 7(2), 223\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/poi3.85","journal-title":"Policy & Internet"},{"key":"9663_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chatzakou, D., Kourtellis, N., Blackburn, J., De\u00a0Cristofaro, E., Stringhini, G., & Vakali, A. (2017). Mean birds: Detecting aggression and bullying on twitter. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on web science conference. WebSci \u201917 (pp. 13\u201322). Association for Computing Machinery. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3091478.3091487","DOI":"10.1145\/3091478.3091487"},{"key":"9663_CR15","unstructured":"Chowdhury, S .A., Mubarak, H., Abdelali, A., Jung, S.-G., Jansen, B. J., & Salminen, J. (2020). A multi-platform Arabic news comment dataset for offensive language detection. In Proceedings of the 12th language resources and evaluation conference (pp. 6203\u20136212). European Language Resources Association. https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/2020.lrec-1.761"},{"issue":"1","key":"9663_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104","volume":"20","author":"J Cohen","year":"1960","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001316446002000104","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"issue":"3","key":"9663_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994018","volume":"20","author":"C Cortes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cortes, C., & Vapnik, V. (1995). Support-vector networks. Machine Learning, 20(3), 273\u2013297.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"9663_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1958.tb00292.x","volume":"20","author":"DR Cox","year":"1958","unstructured":"Cox, D. R. (1958). The regression analysis of binary sequences. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 20(2), 215\u2013232.","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological)"},{"key":"9663_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dai, W., Yu, T., Liu, Z., & Fung, P. (2020). Kungfupanda at SemEval-2020 task 12: BERT-based multi-task learning for offensive language detection. In Proceedings of the fourteenth workshop on semantic evaluation (pp. 2060\u20132066). International Committee for Computational Linguistics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2020.semeval-1.272, https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2020.semeval-1.272","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.semeval-1.272"},{"issue":"4","key":"9663_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1145\/3447735","volume":"64","author":"K Darwish","year":"2021","unstructured":"Darwish, K., Habash, N., Abbas, M., Al-Khalifa, H., Al-Natsheh, H. T., Bouamor, H., Bouzoubaa, K., Cavalli-Sforza, V., El-Beltagy, S. R., El-Hajj, W., Jarrar, M., & Mubarak, H. (2021). A panoramic survey of natural language processing in the Arab world. Communications of the ACM, 64(4), 72\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3447735","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"1","key":"9663_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v11i1.14955","volume":"11","author":"T Davidson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Davidson, T., Warmsley, D., Macy, M., & Weber, I. (2017). Automated hate speech detection and the problem of offensive language. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 11(1), 512\u2013515.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media"},{"key":"9663_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"El\u00a0Mekki, A., El\u00a0Mahdaouy, A., Berrada, I., & Khoumsi, A. (2021a). Domain adaptation for Arabic cross-domain and cross-dialect sentiment analysis from contextualized word embedding. In Proceedings of the 2021 conference of the North American chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (pp. 2824\u20132837). Association for Computational Linguistics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2021.naacl-main.226, https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2021.naacl-main.226","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.naacl-main.226"},{"key":"9663_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"El\u00a0Mekki, A., El\u00a0Mahdaouy, A., Berrada, I., & Khoumsi, A. (2021b). On the role of orthographic variations in building multidialectal Arabic word embeddings. In Proceedings of the Canadian conference on artificial intelligence. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21428\/594757db.5febef29, https:\/\/caiac.pubpub.org\/pub\/pdf9jqoh","DOI":"10.21428\/594757db.5febef29"},{"key":"9663_CR24","unstructured":"El\u00a0Mekki, A., El\u00a0Mahdaouy, A., Essefar, K., El\u00a0Mamoun, N., Berrada, I., & Khoumsi, A. (2021c). BERT-based multi-task model for country and province level MSA and dialectal Arabic identification. In Proceedings of the sixth Arabic natural language processing workshop (pp. 271\u2013275). Association for Computational Linguistics, Kyiv (Virtual). https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2021.wanlp-1.31"},{"key":"9663_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erdmann, A., Zalmout, N., & Habash, N. (2018). Addressing noise in multidialectal word embeddings. In Proceedings of the 56th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Vol. 2: Short Papers, pp. 558\u2013565).","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-2089"},{"key":"9663_CR26","unstructured":"Eryani, F., Habash, N., Bouamor, H., & Khalifa, S. (2020). A spelling correction corpus for multiple Arabic dialects. In N. Calzolari, F. B\u00e9chet, P. Blache, K. Choukri, C. Cieri, T. Declerck, S. Goggi, H. Isahara, B. Maegaard, J. Mariani, H. Mazo, A. Moreno, J. Odijk, & S. Piperidis (Eds.), Proceedings of the 12th language resources and evaluation conference, LREC 2020, Marseille, May 11\u201316, 2020 (pp. 4130\u20134138). European Language Resources Association."},{"key":"9663_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Essefar, K., El\u00a0Mekki, A., El\u00a0Mahdaouy, A., El\u00a0Mamoun, N., & Berrada, I. (2021). CS-UM6P at SemEval-2021 task 7: Deep multi-task learning model for detecting and rating humor and offense. In Proceedings of the 15th international workshop on semantic evaluation (SemEval-2021) (pp. 1135\u20131140). Association for Computational Linguistics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2021.semeval-1.159, https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2021.semeval-1.159","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.semeval-1.159"},{"issue":"5","key":"9663_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2019.02.006","volume":"33","author":"I Guellil","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guellil, I., Sa\u00e2dane, H., Azouaou, F., Gueni, B., & Nouvel, D. (2021). Arabic natural language processing: An overview. Journal of King Saud University: Computer and Information Sciences, 33(5), 497\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jksuci.2019.02.006","journal-title":"Journal of King Saud University: Computer and Information Sciences"},{"key":"9663_CR29","unstructured":"Gwet, Kilem. (2011). On the Krippendorff\u2019s alpha coefficient. Retrieved October 2, 2011"},{"key":"9663_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32959-4_18","volume-title":"Arabic language processing: From theory to practice","author":"H Haddad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haddad, H., Mulki, H., & Oueslati, A. (2019). T-HSAB: A Tunisian hate speech and abusive dataset. In K. Sma\u00efli (Ed.), Arabic language processing: From theory to practice (pp. 251\u2013263). Springer."},{"issue":"3","key":"9663_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2010.494133","volume":"14","author":"S Hinduja","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2010). Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Archives of Suicide Research, 14(3), 206\u2013221.","journal-title":"Archives of Suicide Research"},{"key":"9663_CR32","unstructured":"Ho, T. K. (1995). Random decision forests. In Proceedings of 3rd international conference on document analysis and recognition (Vol. 1, pp. 278\u2013282). IEEE."},{"issue":"8","key":"9663_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735","volume":"9","author":"S Hochreiter","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hochreiter, S., & Schmidhuber, J. (1997). Long short-term memory. Neural Computation, 9(8), 1735\u20131780.","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"key":"9663_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.34103\/ARGUMENTUM\/2021\/8","volume":"17","author":"C Hodeib","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hodeib, C. (2021). Variability in perceptions of (im)politeness in Syrian Arabic: The observers\u2019 perspective. Argumentum, 17, 125\u2013160.","journal-title":"Argumentum"},{"key":"9663_CR35","unstructured":"Husain, F., & Uzuner, O. (2021a). Exploratory Arabic offensive language dataset analysis. arXiv Preprint. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2101.11434"},{"key":"9663_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3421504","author":"F Husain","year":"2021","unstructured":"Husain, F., & Uzuner, O. (2021b). A survey of offensive language detection for the Arabic language. ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3421504","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing"},{"key":"9663_CR37","unstructured":"Inoue, G., Alhafni, B., Baimukan, N., Bouamor, H., & Habash, N. (2021). The interplay of variant, size, and task type in Arabic pre-trained language models. CoRR. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/2103.06678"},{"key":"9663_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1108\/eb026526","volume":"28","author":"KS Jones","year":"1972","unstructured":"Jones, K. S. (1972). A statistical interpretation of term specificity and its application in retrieval. Journal of Documentation, 28, 11\u201321.","journal-title":"Journal of Documentation"},{"key":"9663_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khaddaj, A., Hajj, H., & El-Hajj, W. (2019). Improved generalization of Arabic text classifiers. In Proceedings of the fourth Arabic natural language processing workshop (pp. 167\u2013174). Association for Computational Linguistics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/W19-4618. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/W19-4618","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W19-4618"},{"key":"9663_CR40","unstructured":"Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (p. 241). Sage."},{"key":"9663_CR41","unstructured":"Kumar, R., Ojha, A. K., Malmasi, S., & Zampieri, M. (2018). Benchmarking aggression identification in social media. In Proceedings of the first workshop on trolling, aggression and cyberbullying (TRAC-2018) (pp. 1\u201311). Association for Computational Linguistics. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/W18-4401"},{"issue":"1","key":"9663_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","volume":"33","author":"JR Landis","year":"1977","unstructured":"Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159\u2013174.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"9663_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364904045481","volume":"23","author":"SM LaValle","year":"2004","unstructured":"LaValle, S. M., Branicky, M. S., & Lindemann, S. R. (2004). On the relationship between classical grid search and probabilistic roadmaps. The International Journal of Robotics Research, 23(7\u20138), 673\u2013692.","journal-title":"The International Journal of Robotics Research"},{"key":"9663_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s10940-011-9137-7","volume":"27","author":"Y Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Yang, M., Ramsay, M., Li, X., & Coid, J. (2011). A comparison of logistic regression, classification and regression tree, and neural networks models in predicting violent re-offending. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 27, 547\u2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10940-011-9137-7","journal-title":"Journal of Quantitative Criminology"},{"key":"9663_CR45","unstructured":"McCallum, A., Nigam, K., et al. (1998). A comparison of event models for Naive Bayes text classification. In AAAI-98 workshop on learning for text categorization (Vol. 752, pp. 41\u201348). CiteSeer."},{"issue":"3","key":"9663_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.30958\/ajmmc.1-3-4","volume":"1","author":"M Meng\u00fc","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meng\u00fc, M., & Meng\u00fc, S. (2015). Violence and social media. Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications, 1(3), 211\u2013227.","journal-title":"Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications"},{"key":"9663_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mouheb, D., Ismail, R., Qaraghuli, S. A., Aghbari, Z. A., & Kamel, I. (2018). Detection of offensive messages in Arabic social media communications. In 2018 international conference on innovations in information technology (IIT) (pp. 24\u201329). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/INNOVATIONS.2018.8606030","DOI":"10.1109\/INNOVATIONS.2018.8606030"},{"key":"9663_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mubarak, H., Darwish, K., & Magdy, W. (2017). Abusive language detection on Arabic social media. In Proceedings of the first workshop on abusive language online (pp. 52\u201356). Association for Computational Linguistics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/W17-3008. https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/W17-3008","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-3008"},{"key":"9663_CR49","unstructured":"Mubarak, H., Darwish, K., Magdy, W., Elsayed, T., & Al-Khalifa, H. (2020a). Overview of OSACT4 Arabic offensive language detection shared task. In Proceedings of the 4th workshop on open-source Arabic corpora and processing tools, with a shared task on offensive language detection (pp. 48\u201352). European Language Resource Association. https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/2020.osact-1.7"},{"key":"9663_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mubarak, H., Hassan, S., & Chowdhury, S. A. (2022). Emojis as anchors to detect Arabic offensive language and hate speech. CoRR. arXiv:abs\/2201.06723","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324923000402"},{"key":"9663_CR51","unstructured":"Mubarak, H., Rashed, A., Darwish, K., Samih, Y., & Abdelali, A. (2020b). Arabic offensive language on twitter: Analysis and experiments. arXiv Preprint. arXiv:2004.02192"},{"key":"9663_CR52","unstructured":"Mubarak, H., Rashed, A., Darwish, K., Samih, Y., & Abdelali, A. (2020c). Arabic offensive language on twitter: Analysis and experiments. CoRR. arXiv:2004.02192"},{"key":"9663_CR53","unstructured":"Muhammad, A.-M., Chiyu, Z., Houda, B., & Nizar, H. (2020). NADI 2020: The first nuanced Arabic dialect identification shared task. arXiv:2010.11334arXiv:2010.11334"},{"key":"9663_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mulki, H., Haddad, H., Bechikh\u00a0Ali, C., & Alshabani, H. (2019). L-HSAB: A Levantine Twitter dataset for hate speech and abusive language. In Proceedings of the third workshop on abusive language online (pp. 111\u2013118). Association for Computational Linguistics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/W19-3512. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/W19-3512","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W19-3512"},{"key":"9663_CR55","unstructured":"Obeid, O., Zalmout, N., Khalifa, S., Taji, D., Oudah, M., Alhafni, B., Inoue, G., Eryani, F., Erdmann, A., & Habash, N. (2020). CAMeL tools: An open source python toolkit for Arabic natural language processing. In Proceedings of the 12th language resources and evaluation conference (pp. 7022\u20137032). European Language Resources Association. https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/2020.lrec-1.868"},{"key":"9663_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ousidhoum, N., Lin, Z., Zhang, H., Song, Y., & Yeung, D.-Y. (2019). Multilingual and multi-aspect hate speech analysis. In Proceedings of the 2019 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing and the 9th international joint conference on natural language processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP) (pp. 4675\u20134684). Association for Computational Linguistics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/D19-1474, https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/D19-1474","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1474"},{"key":"9663_CR57","first-page":"2825","volume":"12","author":"F Pedregosa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pedregosa, F., Varoquaux, G., Gramfort, A., Michel, V., Thirion, B., Grisel, O., Blondel, M., Prettenhofer, P., Weiss, R., Dubourg, V., Vanderplas, J., Passos, A., Cournapeau, D., Brucher, M., Perrot, M., & Duchesnay, E. (2011). Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 12, 2825\u20132830.","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"9663_CR58","unstructured":"Qwaider, C., Chatzikyriakidis, S., & Dobnik, S. (2019). Can modern standard Arabic approaches be used for Arabic dialects? Sentiment analysis as a case study. In Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on Arabic corpus linguistics (pp. 40\u201350). Association for Computational Linguistics. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/W19-5606"},{"key":"9663_CR59","volume-title":"The future of free speech, trolls, anonymity and fake news online","author":"H Rainie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rainie, H., Anderson, J. Q., & Albright, J. (2017). The future of free speech, trolls, anonymity and fake news online. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center."},{"key":"9663_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saadane, H., & Habash, N. (2015). A conventional orthography for Algerian Arabic. In N. Habash, S. Vogel, & K. Darwish (Eds.), Proceedings of the second workshop on Arabic natural language processing, ANLP@ACL 2015, Beijing, July 30, 2015 (pp. 69\u201379). Association for Computational Linguistics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/W15-3208","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W15-3208"},{"key":"9663_CR61","unstructured":"Sarika. (2022). 84 YouTube statistics you can\u2019t ignore in 2022. https:\/\/invideo.io\/blog\/youtube-statistics\/"},{"issue":"11","key":"9663_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1109\/78.650093","volume":"45","author":"M Schuster","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schuster, M., & Paliwal, K. K. (1997). Bidirectional recurrent neural networks. Transactions on Signal Processing, 45(11), 2673\u20132681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/78.650093","journal-title":"Transactions on Signal Processing"},{"key":"9663_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Waseem, Z., & Hovy, D. (2016). Hateful symbols or hateful people? Predictive features for hate speech detection on Twitter. In Proceedings of the NAACL student research workshop (pp. 88\u201393). Association for Computational Linguistics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/N16-2013, https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/N16-2013","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N16-2013"},{"key":"9663_CR64","unstructured":"Whillock, R. K., & Slayden, D. (1995). Hate speech. ERIC."},{"issue":"4","key":"9663_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-020-09490-9","volume":"54","author":"J Younes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Younes, J., Souissi, E., Achour, H., & Ferchichi, A. (2020). Language resources for Maghrebi Arabic dialects\u2019 NLP: A survey. Language Resources and Evaluation, 54(4), 1079\u20131142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10579-020-09490-9","journal-title":"Language Resources and Evaluation"},{"key":"9663_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zampieri, M., Malmasi, S., Nakov, P., Rosenthal, S., Farra, N., & Kumar, R. (2019). Predicting the type and target of offensive posts in social media. In Proceedings of the 2019 conference of the North American chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Vol. 1 (Long and Short Papers), pp. 1415\u20131420). Association for Computational Linguistics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/N19-1144, https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/N19-1144","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-1144"}],"container-title":["Language Resources and Evaluation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10579-023-09663-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10579-023-09663-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10579-023-09663-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T19:49:11Z","timestamp":1729540151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10579-023-09663-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9663"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10579-023-09663-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1574-020X","1574-0218"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1574-020X","type":"print"},{"value":"1574-0218","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 April 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 June 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}