{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T06:12:50Z","timestamp":1765260770869,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-JSTS-0001-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-JSTS-0001-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lang Resources & Evaluation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-025-09856-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T08:13:38Z","timestamp":1752826418000},"page":"3741-3764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["EMMI\u2013Empathic Multimodal Motivational Interviews: automatic multimodal features extraction and patient type definition"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Lucie","family":"Galland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Pelachaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Pecune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"9856_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20635","volume":"65","author":"LE Angus","year":"2009","unstructured":"Angus, L. E., & Kagan, F. (2009). Therapist empathy and client anxiety reduction in motivational interviewing: \"she carries with me, the experience\". Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(11), 1156\u20131167.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"9856_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tadas, Baltrusaitis and Amir, Zadeh and Chong, Lim Yao and Louis-Philippe, Morency(2018). Openface 2.0: Facial behavior analysis toolkit. In 2018 13th IEEE international conference on automatic face & gesture recognition (FG 2018), pp. 59\u201366. IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2018.00019"},{"key":"9856_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beauvais, C. (2019). Motivational interviewing to improve treatment adherence.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2019.02.005"},{"key":"9856_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker, H.S. (2006). Sur le concept d\u2019engagement. SociologieS.","DOI":"10.4000\/sociologies.642"},{"key":"9856_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bickmore, T.W., Pfeifer, L.M., Jack, B.W. (2009). Taking the time to care: empowering low health literacy hospital patients with virtual nurse agents. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems, pp. 1265\u20131274.","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518891"},{"key":"9856_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bickmore, T. W., Kimani, E., Trinh, H., Pusateri, A., Paasche-Orlow, M. K., & Magnani, J. W. (2018). Managing chronic conditions with a smartphone-based conversational virtual agent. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp. 119\u2013124.","DOI":"10.1145\/3267851.3267908"},{"key":"9856_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cameron, G., Cameron, D., Megaw, G., Bond, R., Mulvenna, M., O\u2019neill, S.,... & McTear, M (2017). Towards a chatbot for digital counselling. In Proceedings of the 31st International BCS Human Computer Interaction Conference (HCI 2017) 31, pp. 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.14236\/ewic\/HCI2017.24"},{"key":"9856_CR8","unstructured":"Campano S, Durand J, Clavel C (2014) Comparative analysis of verbal alignment in human-human and human-agent interactions. In LREC, Citeseer, pp. 4415\u20134422."},{"key":"9856_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, Z., Simon, T., Wei, S. E., & Sheikh, Y. (2017). Realtime multi-person 2d pose estimation using part affinity fields. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 7291\u20137299.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.143"},{"key":"9856_CR10","unstructured":"Chiu, Y. Y., Sharma, A., Lin, I. W., & Althoff, T. (2024). A computational framework for behavioral assessment of llm therapists. arXiv preprint https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2401.00820"},{"key":"9856_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corrigan, L. J., Peters, C., K\u00fcster, D., & Castellano, G. (2016). Engagement perception and generation for social robots and virtual agents (pp. 29\u201351). Toward Robotic Socially Believable Behaving Systems-Volume I: Modeling Emotions.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-31056-5_4"},{"issue":"2","key":"9856_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2015.08.031","volume":"99","author":"RM Creber","year":"2016","unstructured":"Creber, R. M., Patey, M., Lee, C. S., Kuan, A., Jurgens, C., & Riegel, B. (2016). Motivational interviewing to improve self-care for patients with chronic heart failure: Miti-hf randomized controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling, 99(2), 256\u2013264.","journal-title":"Patient Education and Counseling"},{"issue":"3","key":"9856_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465813000039","volume":"42","author":"SE Decker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Decker, S. E., Nich, C., Carroll, K. M., & Martino, S. (2014). Development of the therapist empathy scale. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 42(3), 339\u2013354","journal-title":"Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"9856_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2020.2974478","volume":"9","author":"K Denecke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Denecke, K., Vaaheesan, S., & Arulnathan, A. (2020). A mental health chatbot for regulating emotions (sermo)-concept and usability test. IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing, 9(3), 1170\u20131182.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing"},{"key":"9856_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-021-09532-w","volume":"55","author":"G Dubuisson Duplessis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dubuisson Duplessis, G., Langlet, C., Clavel, C., & Landragin, F. (2021). Towards alignment strategies in human-agent interactions based on measures of lexical repetitions. Language Resources and Evaluation, 55, 353\u2013388.","journal-title":"Language Resources and Evaluation"},{"key":"9856_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R.J. (1994). An introduction to the bootstrap: CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429246593"},{"key":"9856_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekman, P., & Friesen, W.V. (1978). Manual for the facial action coding system.","DOI":"10.1037\/t27734-000"},{"key":"9856_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eyben, F., W\u00f6llmer, M., & Schuller, B. (2010). Opensmile: the munich versatile and fast open-source audio feature extractor. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM international conference on Multimedia, pp. 1459\u20131462.","DOI":"10.1145\/1873951.1874246"},{"issue":"5","key":"9856_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/13216","volume":"21","author":"A Fiske","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fiske, A., Henningsen, P., & Buyx, A. (2019). Your robot therapist will see you now: Ethical implications of embodied artificial intelligence in psychiatry, psychology, and psychotherapy. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(5), Article e13216.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"9856_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7785","DOI":"10.2196\/mental.7785","volume":"4","author":"KK Fitzpatrick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick, K. K., Darcy, A., & Vierhile, M. (2017). Delivering cognitive behavior therapy to young adults with symptoms of depression and anxiety using a fully automated conversational agent (woebot): A randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mental Health, 4(2), e7785.","journal-title":"JMIR Mental Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"9856_CR21","first-page":"5","volume":"3","author":"E Friesen","year":"1978","unstructured":"Friesen, E., & Ekman, P. (1978). Facial action coding system: A technique for the measurement of facial movement. Palo Alto, 3(2), 5.","journal-title":"Palo Alto"},{"key":"9856_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galland, L., Pelachaud, C., & Pecune, F. (2024). Seeing and hearing what has not been said, pp 1\u20139. IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/FG59268.2024.10581979"},{"issue":"2","key":"9856_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3390\/dj7020051","volume":"7","author":"DG Gillam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gillam, D. G., & Yusuf, H. (2019). Brief motivational interviewing in dental practice. Dentistry Journal, 7(2), 51.","journal-title":"Dentistry Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"9856_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1159\/000342998","volume":"19","author":"BD Jani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jani, B. D., Blane, D. N., & Mercer, S. W. (2012). The role of empathy in therapy and the physician-patient relationship. Forschende Komplement\u00e4rmedizin\/Research in Complementary Medicine, 19(5), 252\u2013257.","journal-title":"Forschende Komplement\u00e4rmedizin\/Research in Complementary Medicine"},{"key":"9856_CR25","unstructured":"Jiang, A. Q., Sablayrolles, A., & Mensch, A. (2023). Mistral 7b. arXiv preprint https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2310.06825"},{"issue":"3","key":"9856_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2014.11.002","volume":"46","author":"SP Lord","year":"2015","unstructured":"lLord, S. P., Sheng, E., Imel, Z. E., Baer, J., & Atkins, D. C. (2015). More than reflections: Empathy in motivational interviewing includes language style synchrony between therapist and client. Behavior Therapy, 46(3), 296\u2013303.","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"9856_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036833","volume":"82","author":"M Magill","year":"2014","unstructured":"Magill, M., Gaume, J., Apodaca, T. R., Walthers, J., Mastroleo, N. R., Borsari, B., & Longabaugh, R. (2014). The technical hypothesis of motivational interviewing: A meta-analysis of mi\u2019s key causal model. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(6), 973.","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9856_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000250","volume":"86","author":"M Magill","year":"2018","unstructured":"Magill, M., Apodaca, T. R., Borsari, B., Gaume, J., Hoadley, A., Gordon, R. E.,... & Moyers, T. (2018). A meta-analysis of motivational interviewing process: Technical, relational, and conditional process models of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86(2), 140.","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"9856_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malhotra, G., Waheed, A., Srivastava, A., Akhtar, M. S., & Chakraborty, T. (2022). Speaker and time-aware joint contextual learning for dialogue-act classification in counselling conversations. In Proceedings of the fifteenth ACM international conference on web search and data mining, pp. 735\u2013745.","DOI":"10.1145\/3488560.3498509"},{"key":"9856_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52097","DOI":"10.2196\/52097","volume":"25","author":"J Mercado","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mercado, J., Espinosa-Curiel, I. E., & Mart\u00ednez-Miranda, J. (2023). Embodied conversational agents providing motivational interviewing to improve health-related behaviors: Scoping review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25, e52097.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"9856_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000179","volume":"85","author":"WR Miller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miller, W. R., & Moyers, T. B. (2017). Motivational interviewing and the clinical science of carl rogers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85(8), 757.","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"9856_CR32","volume-title":"Motivational interviewing: Helping people change","author":"WR Miller","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (2012). Motivational interviewing: Helping people change. Guilford Press."},{"key":"9856_CR33","unstructured":"Miller, W. R., Moyers, T. B., Ernst, D., & Amrhein, P. (2003). Manual for the motivational interviewing skill code (misc) Unpublished manuscript Albuquerque: Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse and Addictions, University of New Mexico."},{"issue":"4","key":"9856_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.73.4.590","volume":"73","author":"TB Moyers","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moyers, T. B., Miller, W. R., & Hendrickson, S. M. (2005). How does motivational interviewing work? therapist interpersonal skill predicts client involvement within motivational interviewing sessions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(4), 590.","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"9856_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakano, Y. I., Hirose, E., Sakato, T., Okada, S., & Martin, J. C. (2022). Detecting change talk in motivational interviewing using verbal and facial information. In Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, pp. 5\u201314.","DOI":"10.1145\/3536221.3556607"},{"key":"9856_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Rosas, V., Mihalcea, R., Resnicow, K., Singh, S., & An, L.(2016). Building a motivational interviewing dataset. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology, pp. 42\u201351.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-0305"},{"key":"9856_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Rosas, V., Mihalcea, R., Resnicow, K., Singh, S., & An, L.(2017a). Understanding and predicting empathic behavior in counseling therapy. In Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pp. 1426\u20131435.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1131"},{"key":"9856_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Rosas, V., Mihalcea, R., Resnicow, K., Singh, S., An, L., Goggin, K. J., & Catley, D. (2017b). Predicting counselor behaviors in motivational interviewing encounters. In Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers, pp. 1128\u20131137.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/E17-1106"},{"key":"9856_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Rosas, V., Wu, X., Resnicow, K., & Mihalcea, R.(2019). What makes a good counselor? learning to distinguish between high-quality and low-quality counseling conversations. In Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 926\u2013935.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1088"},{"key":"9856_CR40","unstructured":"Rauzy, S., & Goujon, A. (2018). Automatic annotation of facial actions from a video record: The case of eyebrows raising and frowning. In Workshop on\" Affects, Compagnons Artificiels et Interactions\", WACAI 2018, pp. 7."},{"key":"9856_CR41","unstructured":"Ring, L., Bickmore, T., & Pedrelli, P. (2016). An affectively aware virtual therapist for depression counseling. In: ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) workshop on Computing and Mental Health, pp. 01951\u201312."},{"issue":"1","key":"9856_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1978.1163055","volume":"26","author":"H Sakoe","year":"1978","unstructured":"Sakoe, H., & Chiba, S. (1978). Dynamic programming algorithm optimization for spoken word recognition. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 26(1), 43\u201349.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing"},{"issue":"1","key":"9856_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-6566(73)90030-5","volume":"7","author":"KR Scherer","year":"1973","unstructured":"Scherer, K. R., London, H., & Wolf, J. J. (1973). The voice of confidence: Paralinguistic cues and audience evaluation. Journal of Research in Personality, 7(1), 31\u201344.","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"key":"9856_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74479-5_14","volume-title":"Coordination: Neural, behavioral and social dynamics","author":"RC Schmidt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmidt, R. C., & Richardson, M. J. (2008). Dynamics of interpersonal coordination. Coordination: Neural, behavioral and social dynamics (pp. 281\u2013308). Springer."},{"key":"9856_CR45","unstructured":"Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (US). (1993). Treatment improvement protocol (TIP) series. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment."},{"key":"9856_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tavabi, L., Stefanov, K., Zhang, L., Borsari, B., Woolley, J. D., Scherer, S., & Soleymani, M. (2020). Multimodal automatic coding of client behavior in motivational interviewing. In Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, pp. 406\u2013413.","DOI":"10.1145\/3382507.3418853"},{"issue":"4","key":"9856_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289263","volume":"18","author":"RL Thorndike","year":"1953","unstructured":"Thorndike, R. L. (1953). Who belongs in the family? Psychometrika, 18(4), 267\u2013276.","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"9856_CR48","unstructured":"Vickers, E. (2010). The loudness war: Background, speculation, and recommendations. In Audio Engineering Society Convention 129, Audio Engineering Society."},{"key":"9856_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Balloccu, S., Kumar, V., Helaoui, R., Reiter, E., Recupero, D. R., & Riboni, D. (2022). Anno-mi: A dataset of expert-annotated counselling dialogues. ICASSP 2022\u20132022 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics (pp. 6177\u20136181). Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP): IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP43922.2022.9746035"},{"issue":"3","key":"9856_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3390\/fi15030110","volume":"15","author":"Z Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Balloccu, S., Kumar, V., Helaoui, R., Reforgiato Recupero, D., & Riboni, D.(2023). Creation, analysis and evaluation of annomi, a dataset of expert-annotated counselling dialogues. Future Internet, 15(3), 110.","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"key":"9856_CR51","unstructured":"Younsi, N., Pelachaud, C., Chaby, L. (2024). Beyond words: Decoding facial expression dynamics in motivational interviewing. In Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024), pp. 2365\u20132374."}],"container-title":["Language Resources and Evaluation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10579-025-09856-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10579-025-09856-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10579-025-09856-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T05:15:40Z","timestamp":1765257340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10579-025-09856-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9856"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10579-025-09856-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1574-020X","1574-0218"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1574-020X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1574-0218"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 June 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"While the primary aim of our research is not to replace therapists but rather to extend support and accessibility to underserved populations, the personalized adaptability we propose could inadvertently open avenues for manipulation. Introducing an empathetic virtual therapist also raises concerns regarding human-agent attachment, which necessitates careful consideration. In our final application, we are committed to transparently informing participants that they are engaging with a virtual therapist, one that is fallible, may make mistakes, and lacks emotional capacity. It is crucial to emphasize that the agent is not a substitute for human-to-human therapy. The features are extracted from videos sourced from YouTube. The videos feature actors and do not include personally identifiable information, thus safeguarding privacy. While the use of actors may introduce a bias, it also allows for privacy protection. Acknowledging that our data primarily consists of interactions with American participants introduces a potential bias in dialogue acts classification results, particularly concerning vocabulary usage. To mitigate this risk, we aim to incorporate examples from other dialects, such as British or African-American Vernacular English, to enhance the classifier\u2019s adaptability across diverse linguistic contexts. The proposed dialogue act classifier will be used as a natural language understanding module within human-agent conversations. However, it is imperative to recognize that automatic classifications can yield errors, particularly in the sensitive context of therapy, where mistakes can have significant repercussions. Consequently, outputs from the classifier should be handled with utmost care. This is also true of the proposed separation of patients into types. In contrast to prevailing methodologies, we have opted to utilize the open-source Mistral model instead of OpenAI\u2019s GPT. This enables cost-free usage, open-source availability, and offline deployment. Given the importance of maintaining patient privacy in the context of utterance classification in therapy, the ability to operate the model offline is essential. All annotations and code are publicly available to facilitate reproducibility.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}