{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T09:08:54Z","timestamp":1774775334411,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Saudi Data & AI Authority","award":["JRC-AI-UCG-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JRC-AI-UCG-05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lang Resources &amp; Evaluation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-025-09873-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T05:21:53Z","timestamp":1754976113000},"page":"4093-4153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An empirical evaluation of arabic text formality transfer: a comparative study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Fahad J.","family":"Abdu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Raed","family":"Mughaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shadi","family":"Abudalfa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Moataz","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abdelali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"9873_CR1","unstructured":"Abdelali, A., Attia, M., Samih, Y., Darwish, K., & Mubarak, H. (2018). Diacritization of maghrebi arabic sub-dialects. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.06619"},{"key":"9873_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelali, A., Mubarak, H., Chowdhury, S., Hasanain, M., Mousi, B., Boughorbel, S., Abdaljalil, S., El\u00a0Kheir, Y., Izham, D., Dalvi, F.,  Hawasly, M., Nazar, N., Elshahawy, Y., Ali, A., Durrani, N., Milic-Frayling, N., & Alam, F.  (2024). Larabench: Benchmarking arabic ai with large language models. In Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pp. 487\u2013520.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.eacl-long.30"},{"key":"9873_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abudalfa, S.I., Abdu, F.J., & Alowaifeer, M.M. (2024). Arabic text formality modification: A review and future research directions. IEEE Access","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3511661"},{"key":"9873_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s44230-024-00061-7","volume":"4","author":"H Al-Khalifa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al-Khalifa, H., Al-Khalefah, K., & Haroon, H. (2024). Error analysis of pretrained language models (PLMs) in English-to-Arabic machine translation. Human-Centric Intelligent Systems,4,","journal-title":"Human-Centric Intelligent Systems"},{"key":"9873_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Kharusi, K., & AAlAbdulsalam, A. (2023). Machine translation of omani arabic dialect from social media. In Proceedings of ArabicNLP 2023, pp. 302\u2013309.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.arabicnlp-1.24"},{"issue":"2","key":"9873_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.17507\/tpls.1402.05","volume":"14","author":"L Alkhawaja","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alkhawaja, L. (2024). Unveiling the new frontier: ChatGPT-3 powered translation for Arabic-English language pairs. Theory and Practice in Language Studies,14(2), 347\u2013357.","journal-title":"Theory and Practice in Language Studies"},{"key":"9873_CR7","unstructured":"Alyafeai, Z., Alshaibani, M.S., AlKhamissi, B., Luqman, H., Alareqi, E., & Fadel, A. (2023). Taqyim: Evaluating arabic nlp tasks using chatgpt models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.16322"},{"key":"9873_CR8","unstructured":"Atwany, H., Rabih, N., Mohammed, I., Waheed, A., & Raj, B. (2024). Osact 2024 task 2: Arabic dialect to msa translation. In Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Open-Source Arabic Corpora and Processing Tools (OSACT) with Shared Tasks on Arabic LLMs Hallucination and Dialect to MSA Machine Translation@ LREC-COLING 2024, pp. 98\u2013103."},{"key":"9873_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bang, Y., Cahyawijaya, S., Lee, N., Dai, W., Su, D., Wilie, B., Lovenia, H., Ji, Z., Yu, T., Chung, W., Do, Q. V., Xu, Y., & Fung, P. (2023). A multitask, multilingual, multimodal evaluation of chatgpt on reasoning, hallucination, and interactivity. arXiv preprint https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2302.04023","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2302.04023"},{"issue":"19","key":"9873_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6509","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196509","volume":"21","author":"LH Baniata","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baniata, L. H., Ampomah, I. K., & Park, S. (2021). A transformer-based neural machine translation model for arabic dialects that utilizes subword units. Sensors, 21(19), 6509.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"19","key":"9873_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/math10193666","volume":"10","author":"LH Baniata","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baniata, L. H., Kang, S., & Ampomah, I. K. (2022). A reverse positional encoding multi-head attention-based neural machine translation model for Arabic dialects. Mathematics,10(19), Article 3666.","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"key":"9873_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7534712","author":"LH Baniata","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baniata, L. H., Park, S., & Park, S.-B. (2018). A neural machine translation model for Arabic dialects that utilizes multitask learning (MTL). Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/7534712","journal-title":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience"},{"key":"9873_CR13","unstructured":"Bouamor, H., Habash, N., & Oflazer, K. (2014). A multidialectal parallel corpus of arabic. In LREC, pp. 1240\u20131245."},{"key":"9873_CR14","unstructured":"Bouamor, H., Habash, N., Salameh, M., Zaghouani, W., Rambow, O., Abdulrahim, D., Obeid, O., Khalifa, S., Eryani, F., Erdmann, A., & Oflazer, K. (2018). The madar arabic dialect corpus and lexicon. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018)."},{"key":"9873_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derouich, W., Kchaou, S., & Boujelbane, R. (2023). Anlp-rg at nadi 2023 shared task: Machine translation of arabic dialects: a comparative study of transformer models. In Proceedings of ArabicNLP 2023, pp. 683\u2013689.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.arabicnlp-1.75"},{"issue":"3","key":"9873_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2019.102181","volume":"57","author":"W Farhan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Farhan, W., Talafha, B., Abuammar, A., Jaikat, R., Al-Ayyoub, M., Tarakji, A. B., & Toma, A. (2020). Unsupervised dialectal neural machine translation. Information Processing & Management, 57(3), 102181.","journal-title":"Information Processing & Management"},{"key":"9873_CR18","unstructured":"Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., & Awadalla, H.H. (2023). How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210"},{"issue":"1","key":"9873_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1145\/3544903.3544906","volume":"24","author":"Z Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu, Z., Lee, R.K.-W., Aggarwal, C. C., & Zhang, A. (2022). Text style transfer: A review and experimental evaluation. ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter,24(1), 14\u201345.","journal-title":"ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter"},{"key":"9873_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang, H., Yu, F., Zhu, J., Sun, X., Cheng, H., Song, D., Chen, Z., Alharthi, A., An, B., He, J., Liu, Z., Zhang, Z., Chen, J., Li, J., Wang, B., Zhang, L., Sun, R., Wan, X., Li, H., & Xu, J. (2023). Acegpt, localizing large language models in arabic. arXiv preprint https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2309.12053","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2309.12053"},{"key":"9873_CR21","unstructured":"Jiao, W., Wang, W., Huang, J.-t., Wang, X., Shi, S., & Tu, Z. (2023). Is chatgpt a good translator? yes with gpt-4 as the engine. arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.08745"},{"key":"9873_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadaoui, K., Magdy, S.M., Waheed, A., Khondaker, M.T.I., El-Shangiti, A.O., Nagoudi, E.M.B., & Abdul-Mageed, M. (2023). Tarjamat: Evaluation of bard and chatgpt on machine translation of ten arabic varieties. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.03051","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.arabicnlp-1.6"},{"key":"9873_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khered, A., Abdelhalim, I., Abdelhalim, N., Soliman, A., & Batista-Navarro, R.T. (2023). Unimanc at nadi 2023 shared task: A comparison of various t5-based models for translating arabic dialectical text to modern standard arabic. In Proceedings of ArabicNLP 2023, pp. 658\u2013664.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.arabicnlp-1.71"},{"key":"9873_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khondaker, M.T.I., Waheed, A., Nagoudi, E.M.B., & Abdul-Mageed, M. (2023). Gptaraeval: a comprehensive evaluation of chatgpt on arabic nlp. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.14976","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-main.16"},{"key":"9873_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koubaa, A., Ammar, A., Ghouti, L., Necar, O., & Sibaee, S. (2024). Arabiangpt: Native arabic gpt-based large language model.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202402.1409.v1"},{"key":"9873_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Anastasopoulos, A., Wintner, S., & Tsvetkov, Y. (2021). Machine translation into low-resource language varieties. arXiv preprint arXiv:2106.06797","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-short.16"},{"key":"9873_CR27","unstructured":"Meftouh, K., Harrat, S., Jamoussi, S., Abbas, M., & Smaili, K. (2015). Machine translation experiments on PADIC: A parallel arabic dialect corpus. In Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, pp. 26\u201334."},{"key":"9873_CR28","unstructured":"Moslem, Y., Haque, R., Kelleher, J.D., & Way, A. (2023). Adaptive machine translation with large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.13294"},{"key":"9873_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagoudi, E.M.B., Elmadany, A., & Abdul-Mageed, M. (2021). Arat5: Text-to-text transformers for arabic language generation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.12068","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.47"},{"key":"9873_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagoudi, E.M.B., Elmadany, A., & Abdul-Mageed, M. (2021). Investigating code-mixed modern standard arabic-egyptian to english machine translation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2105.13573","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.calcs-1.8"},{"key":"9873_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagoudi, E. B., Elmadany, A., & Abdul-Mageed, M. (2022). Arat5: Text-to-text transformers for arabic language generation. In Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pp. 628\u2013647.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.47"},{"key":"9873_CR31","unstructured":"Papineni, K. (2001). Bleu: A method for automatic evaluation of MT. Research Report, Computer Science RC22176 (W0109-022)."},{"key":"9873_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, K., Ding, L., Zhong, Q., Shen, L., Liu, X., Zhang, M., Ouyang, Y., & Tao, D. (2023). Towards making the most of chatgpt for machine translation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.13780","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4390455"},{"key":"9873_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popovi\u0107, M. (2015). chrf: character n-gram f-score for automatic mt evaluation. In: Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation, pp. 392\u2013395.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W15-3049"},{"key":"9873_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rei, R., Stewart, C., Farinha, A.C., & Lavie, A. (2020). Comet: A neural framework for mt evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.09025","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.213"},{"key":"9873_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sajjad, H., Abdelali, A., Durrani, N., & Dalvi, F. (2020, December). Arabench: Benchmarking dialectal arabic-english machine translation. In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, pp. 5094\u20135107.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.coling-main.447"},{"key":"9873_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scherrer, Y., Mileti\u0107, A., & Kuparinen, O. (2023). The helsinki-nlp submissions at nadi 2023 shared task: Walking the baseline. Association for Computational Linguistics.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.arabicnlp-1.73"},{"key":"9873_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sengupta, N., Sahu, S.K., Jia, B., Katipomu, S., Li, H., Koto, F., Afzal, O.M., Kamboj, S., Pandit, O., Pal, R., Pradhan, L., Mujahid, Z. M., Baali, M., Han, X., Bsharat, S. M., Aji, A. F., Shen, Z., Liu, Z., Vassilieva, N., Hestness, J., Hock, A., Feldman, A., Lee, J., Jackson, A., Ren, H. X., Nakov, P., Baldwin, T., & Xing, E. (2023). Jais and jais-chat: Arabic-centric foundation and instruction-tuned open generative large language models. arXiv preprint https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2308.16149","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2308.16149"},{"key":"9873_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-023-08543-9","author":"A Slim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Slim, A., & Melouah, A. (2024). Low resource Arabic dialects transformer neural machine translation improvement through incremental transfer of shared linguistic features. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13369-023-08543-9","journal-title":"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering"},{"key":"9873_CR38","unstructured":"Takezawa, T., Kikui, G., Mizushima, M., & Sumita, E. (2007). Multilingual spoken language corpus development for communication research. In International Journal of Computational Linguistics & Chinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 3, September 2007: Special Issue on Invited Papers from ISCSLP 2006, pp. 303\u2013324."},{"key":"9873_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Touvron, H., Lavril, T., Izacard, G., Martinet, X., Lachaux, M.-A., Lacroix, T., Rozi\u00e8re, B., Goyal, N., Hambro, E., Azhar, F., Rodriguez, A., Joulin, A., Grave, E., & Lample, G. (2023). Llama: Open and efficient foundation language models. arXiv preprint https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2302.13971","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2302.13971"},{"key":"9873_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veeramani, H., Thapa, S., & Naseem, U. (2023). Dialectnlu at nadi 2023 shared task: Transformer based multitask approach jointly integrating dialect and machine translation tasks in arabic. In Proceedings of ArabicNLP 2023, pp. 614\u2013619.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.arabicnlp-1.63"},{"key":"9873_CR41","unstructured":"Zbib, R., Malchiodi, E., Devlin, J., Stallard, D., Matsoukas, S., Schwartz, R., Makhoul, J., Zaidan, O., & Callison-Burch, C. (2012). Machine translation of arabic dialects. In Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, pp. 49\u201359."},{"key":"9873_CR42","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Kishore, V., Wu, F., Weinberger, K.Q., & Artzi, Y. (2019). Bertscore: Evaluating text generation with bert. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.09675"},{"key":"9873_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Rajabi, N., Duh, K., & Koehn, P. (2023). Machine translation with large language models: Prompting, few-shot learning, and fine-tuning with qlora. In Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Machine Translation, pp. 468\u2013481.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.wmt-1.43"},{"key":"9873_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, W., Liu, H., Dong, Q., Xu, J., Huang, S., Kong, L., Chen, J., & Li, L. (2023). Multilingual machine translation with large language models: Empirical results and analysis. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.04675","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-naacl.176"}],"container-title":["Language Resources and Evaluation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10579-025-09873-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10579-025-09873-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10579-025-09873-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T05:17:01Z","timestamp":1765257421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10579-025-09873-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9873"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10579-025-09873-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1574-020X","1574-0218"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1574-020X","type":"print"},{"value":"1574-0218","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}