{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T02:34:43Z","timestamp":1772937283122,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lang Resources &amp; Evaluation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-025-09891-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T13:36:37Z","timestamp":1766583397000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Developing and mining an underage modern Greek chat corpus: Do students show signs of bullying behavior while working on a project?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Stefanos","family":"Nikiforos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Despoina","family":"Mouratidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katia Lida","family":"Kermanidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"9891_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrawal, S., & Awekar, A. (2018). Deep learning for detecting cyberbullying across multiple social media platforms. In G. Pasi, B. Piwowarski, L. Azzopardi, & A. Hanbury (Eds.) Advances in information retrieval (pp. 141\u2013153). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-76941-7_11"},{"key":"9891_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhter, M. P., Jiangbin, Z., Naqvi, I. R., AbdelMajeed, M., & Zia, T. (2021). Abusive language detection from social media comments using conventional machine learning and deep learning approaches. Multimedia Systems (pp. 1\u201316).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00530-021-00819-0"},{"key":"9891_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlp.2023.100027","volume":"4","author":"A Akhter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Akhter, A., Acharjee, U. K., Talukder, M. A., Islam, M. M., & Uddin, M. A. (2023). A robust hybrid machine learning model for Bengali cyber bullying detection in social media. Natural Language Processing Journal, 4, Article 100027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nlp.2023.100027","journal-title":"Natural Language Processing Journal"},{"key":"9891_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akoumianakis, D. (2011). Recurrent interactions, acts of communication and emergent social practice in virtual community settings. In Handbook of research on methods and techniques for studying virtual communities: Paradigms and phenomena (pp. 34\u201360). IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-60960-040-2.ch003"},{"key":"9891_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.05.051","volume":"63","author":"MA Al-garadi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-garadi, M. A., Varathan, K. D., & Ravana, S. D. (2016). Cybercrime detection in online communications: The experimental case of cyberbullying detection in the twitter network. Computers in Human Behavior., 63, 433\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2016.05.051","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior."},{"issue":"2","key":"9891_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/02673843.2013.778207","volume":"20","author":"N Antoniadou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Antoniadou, N., & Kokkinos, C. M. (2015). A review of research on cyber-bullying in Greece. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 20(2), 185\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02673843.2013.778207","journal-title":"International Journal of Adolescence and Youth"},{"issue":"1","key":"9891_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3390\/a10010034","volume":"10","author":"V Athanasiou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Athanasiou, V., & Maragoudakis, M. (2017). A novel, gradient boosting framework for sentiment analysis in languages where NLP resources are not plentiful: A case study for modern greek. Algorithms, 10(1), 34.","journal-title":"Algorithms"},{"issue":"2","key":"9891_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(02)00056-0","volume":"19","author":"N Avouris","year":"2003","unstructured":"Avouris, N., Dimitracopoulou, A., & Komis, V. (2003). On analysis of collaborative problem solving: An object-oriented approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 19(2), 147\u2013167.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"9891_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1145\/968464.968470","volume":"35","author":"AL Blanchard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Blanchard, A. L., & Markus, M. L. (2004). The experienced \u201csense\u2019\u2019 of a virtual community: Characteristics and processes. SIGMIS Database, 35(1), 64\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/968464.968470","journal-title":"SIGMIS Database"},{"key":"9891_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosse, T., & Stam, S. (2011). A normative agent system to prevent cyberbullying. In 2011 IEEE\/WIC\/ACM international conferences on web intelligence and intelligent agent technology (pp. 2\u2013425430)","DOI":"10.1109\/WI-IAT.2011.24"},{"issue":"2","key":"9891_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s002110050165","volume":"72","author":"SL Campbell","year":"1995","unstructured":"Campbell, S. L., & Gear, C. W. (1995). The index of general nonlinear DAES. Numerische Mathematik, 72(2), 173\u2013196.","journal-title":"Numerische Mathematik"},{"key":"9891_CR12","unstructured":"C\u00e9cillon, N., Labatut, V., Dufour, R., Linar\u00e8s, G. & Wac: A corpus of wikipedia conversations for online abuse detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.06190 (2020)"},{"key":"9891_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.953","volume":"16","author":"NV Chawla","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chawla, N. V., Bowyer, K. W., Hall, L. O., & Kegelmeyer, W. P. (2002). SMOTE: synthetic minority over-sampling technique. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 16, 321\u2013357.","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"9891_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4018\/IJCBPL.2017040106","volume":"7","author":"B Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen, B., & Luppicini, R. (2017). The new era of bullying: A phenomenological study of university students\u2019 past experience with cyberbullying. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning, 7(2), 72\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/IJCBPL.2017040106","journal-title":"International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning"},{"key":"9891_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dadvar, M., & De\u00a0Jong, F. (2012). Cyberbullying detection: A step toward a safer internet yard. In Proceedings of the 21st international conference on World Wide Web (pp. 121\u2013126).","DOI":"10.1145\/2187980.2187995"},{"key":"9891_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2362394.2362400","author":"K Dinakar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dinakar, K., Jones, B., Havasi, C., Lieberman, H., & Picard, R. (2012). Common sense reasoning for detection, prevention, and mitigation of cyberbullying. ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2362394.2362400","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems"},{"key":"9891_CR17","unstructured":"Englander, E. K., & Muldowney, A. M. (2007). Just turn the darn thing off: Understanding cyberbullying. In Proceedings of persistently safe schools: The 2007 national conference on safe schools"},{"issue":"1","key":"9891_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444809341260","volume":"12","author":"O Erdur-Baker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Erdur-Baker, O. (2010). Cyberbullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet-mediated communication tools. New Media & Society, 12(1), 109\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444809341260","journal-title":"New Media & Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"9891_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716001719","volume":"47","author":"S Evans-Lacko","year":"2017","unstructured":"Evans-Lacko, S., Takizawa, R., Brimblecombe, N., King, D., Knapp, M., Maughan, B., & Arseneault, L. (2017). Childhood bullying victimization is associated with use of mental health services over five decades: A longitudinal nationally representative cohort study. Psychological Medicine, 47(1), 127\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291716001719","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"9891_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2017.02.009","volume":"24","author":"C Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda, C., Chulvi, V., & Royo, M. (2017). Knowledge generation for enhancing design creativity through co-creative virtual learning communities. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 24, 12\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tsc.2017.02.009","journal-title":"Thinking Skills and Creativity"},{"issue":"1","key":"9891_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/074171369704800103","volume":"48","author":"DR Garrison","year":"1997","unstructured":"Garrison, D. R. (1997). Self-directed learning: Toward a comprehensive model. Adult Education Quarterly, 48(1), 18\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/074171369704800103","journal-title":"Adult Education Quarterly"},{"key":"9891_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gowthami, S., Rajesh, S., A.S., S., Papinaidu, M., Kumar, K.A., & Venkataramanaiah, B. (2024). Cyber bullying detection using deep learning and natural language processing. In 2024 international conference on IoT based control networks and intelligent systems (ICICNIS) (pp. 1559\u20131562). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICICNIS64247.2024.10823384","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICNIS64247.2024.10823384"},{"issue":"6","key":"9891_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.25046\/aj020634","volume":"2","author":"B Haidar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haidar, B., Chamoun, M., & Serhrouchni, A. (2017). A multilingual system for cyberbullying detection: Arabic content detection using machine learning. Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, 2(6), 275\u2013284.","journal-title":"Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"9891_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1145\/1656274.1656278","volume":"11","author":"M Hall","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hall, M., Frank, E., Holmes, G., Pfahringer, B., Reutemann, P., & Witten, I. H. (2009). The Weka data mining software: An update. ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter, 11(1), 10\u201318.","journal-title":"ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter"},{"issue":"4","key":"9891_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31821b506e","volume":"22","author":"JPA Ioannidis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ioannidis, J. P. A., Tarone, R., & McLaughlin, J. K. (2011). The false-positive to false-negative ratio in epidemiologic studies. Epidemiology, 22(4), 450\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31821b506e","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9891_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s40607-014-0009-9","volume":"1","author":"A Kilgarriff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kilgarriff, A., Baisa, V., Bu\u0161ta, J., Jakub\u00ed\u010dek, M., Kov\u00e1\u0159, V., Michelfeit, J., Rychl\u1ef3, P., & Suchomel, V. (2014). The sketch engine: Ten years on. Lexicography, 1(1), 7\u201336.","journal-title":"Lexicography"},{"issue":"2","key":"9891_CR27","first-page":"27","volume":"28","author":"AB Klomek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Klomek, A. B., Sourander, A., & Gould, M. S. (2011). Bullying and suicide. Psychiatric Times, 28(2), 27\u201331.","journal-title":"Psychiatric Times"},{"issue":"2","key":"9891_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/10864415.2003.11044295","volume":"8","author":"J Koh","year":"2003","unstructured":"Koh, J., Kim, Y.-G., & Kim, Y.-G. (2003). Sense of virtual community: A conceptual framework and empirical validation. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 8(2), 75\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10864415.2003.11044295","journal-title":"International Journal of Electronic Commerce"},{"key":"9891_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, A., & Sachdeva, N. (2021). A Bi-GRU with attention and CapsNet hybrid model for cyberbullying detection on social media. World Wide Web (pp. 1\u201314)","DOI":"10.1007\/s11280-021-00920-4"},{"key":"9891_CR30","unstructured":"Leontyev, A. (2009). Activity and consciousness. Marxists internet archive. Recuperado de http:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/leontev\/works\/activity."},{"key":"9891_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Makri-Botsari, E., & Karagianni, G. (2014). Cyberbullying in greek adolescents: The role of parents. Procedia\u2014social and behavioral sciences, 5th world conference on educational sciences116 (pp. 3241\u20133253). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.01.742.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.01.742"},{"issue":"3","key":"9891_CR32","first-page":"73","volume":"7","author":"JM McInnerney","year":"2004","unstructured":"McInnerney, J. M., & Roberts, T. S. (2004). Online learning: Social interaction and the creation of a sense of community. Journal of Educational Technology and Society, 7(3), 73\u201381.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Technology and Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"9891_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6629(198601)14:1<6::AID-JCOP2290140103>3.0.CO;2-I","volume":"14","author":"DW McMillan","year":"1986","unstructured":"McMillan, D. W., & Chavis, D. M. (1986). Sense of community: A definition and theory. Journal of Community Psychology, 14(1), 6\u201323.","journal-title":"Journal of Community Psychology"},{"issue":"9","key":"9891_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2012.0040","volume":"15","author":"E Menesini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Menesini, E., Nocentini, A., Palladino, B. E., Fris\u00e9n, A., Berne, S., Ortega-Ruiz, R., Calmaestra, J., Scheithauer, H., Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Luik, P., Naruskov, K., Blaya, C., Berthaud, J., & Smith, P. K. (2012). Cyberbullying definition among adolescents: A comparison across six European countries. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(9), 455\u2013463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2012.0040","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking"},{"key":"9891_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mozafari, M., Farahbakhsh, R., & Crespi, N. (2020). A bert-based transfer learning approach for hate speech detection in online social media. In Complex networks and their applications VIII: Volume 1 proceedings of the eighth international conference on complex networks and their applications complex networks 2019 (Vol. 8, pp. 928\u2013940). Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36687-2_77"},{"key":"9891_CR36","unstructured":"Nahar, V., Li, X., & Pang, C. (2013). An effective approach for cyberbullying detection. Communications in Information Science and Management Engineering3(5)"},{"issue":"1","key":"9891_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.18178\/ijiet.2017.7.1.840","volume":"7","author":"JC Ng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ng, J. C. (2017). Interactivity in virtual learning groups: Theories, strategies, and the state of literature. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 7(1), 46.","journal-title":"International Journal of Information and Education Technology"},{"key":"9891_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ollagnier, A., Cabrio, E., & Villata, S. (2023). Harnessing bullying traces to enhance bullying participant role identification in multi-party chats. In FLAIRS 2023-36th international conference of the Florida artificial intelligence research soci\u00e9ty .","DOI":"10.32473\/flairs.36.133191"},{"key":"9891_CR39","unstructured":"Ollagnier, A., Cabrio, E., Villata, S., & Blaya, C. (2022). Cyberagressionado-v1: A dataset of annotated online aggressions in french collected through a role-playing game. In LREC 2022-13th language resources and evaluation conference (vol. 2022, pp. 867\u2013875)."},{"key":"9891_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ollagnier, A. (2024). Cyberagressionado-v2: Leveraging pragmatic-level information to decipher online hate in French multiparty chats. In The 2024 joint international conference on computational linguistics, language resources and evaluation.","DOI":"10.63317\/347k4966uy9w"},{"issue":"5","key":"9891_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21440","volume":"38","author":"R Ortega","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ortega, R., Elipe, P., Mora-Merch\u00e1n, J. A., Genta, M. L., Brighi, A., Guarini, A., Smith, P. K., Thompson, F., & Tippett, N. (2012). The emotional impact of bullying and cyberbullying on victims: A European cross-national study. Aggressive Behavior, 38(5), 342\u2013356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ab.21440","journal-title":"Aggressive Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"9891_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1070.0316","volume":"19","author":"E Overby","year":"2008","unstructured":"Overby, E. (2008). Process virtualization theory and the impact of information technology. Organization Science, 19(2), 277\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/orsc.1070.0316","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"key":"9891_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u00d6zel, S. A., Sara\u00e7, E., Akdemir, S., & Aksu, H. (2017). Detection of cyberbullying on social media messages in Turkish. In 2017 international conference on computer science and engineering (UBMK) (pp. 366\u2013370). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/UBMK.2017.8093411","DOI":"10.1109\/UBMK.2017.8093411"},{"key":"9891_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papantoniou, K., & Tzitzikas, Y.(2020). NLP for the Greek language: A brief survey. In 11th Hellenic conference on artificial intelligence (pp. 101\u2013109)","DOI":"10.1145\/3411408.3411410"},{"issue":"1","key":"9891_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.14686\/buefad.664122","volume":"9","author":"H Peker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peker, H. (2020). The effect of cyberbullying and traditional bullying on English language learners\u2019 national and oriented identities. Bart\u0131n University Journal of Faculty of Education, 9(1), 185\u2013199.","journal-title":"Bart\u0131n University Journal of Faculty of Education"},{"key":"9891_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranasinghe, T., & Zampieri, M. (2023). A text-to-text model for multilingual offensive language identification. In Findings of the association for computational linguistics: IJCNLP-AACL 2023 (Findings) (pp. 375\u2013384)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-ijcnlp.33"},{"key":"9891_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reynolds, K., Kontostathis, A., & Edwards, L. (2011). Using machine learning to detect cyberbullying. In Proceedings - 10th international conference on machine learning and applications, ICMLA 2011 (Vol. 2, pp. 241\u2013244 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICMLA.2011.152","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLA.2011.152"},{"key":"9891_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-7516(02)00130-6","volume":"5","author":"AP Rovai","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rovai, A. P. (2002). Sense of community, perceived cognitive learning, and persistence in asynchronous learning networks. The Internet and Higher Education, 5, 319\u2013332.","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"9891_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.4236\/ojapps.2025.154059","volume":"15","author":"C S\u00e1nchez Romero","year":"2025","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez Romero, C. (2025). Designing an intelligent virtual assistant for preventing bullying and cyberbullying in education. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 15(4), 874\u2013884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/ojapps.2025.154059","journal-title":"Open Journal of Applied Sciences"},{"key":"9891_CR50","unstructured":"Sanchez, H., & Kumar, S. (2011). Twitter bullying detection. In NSDI"},{"issue":"3","key":"9891_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1076\/jqul.9.3.215.14124","volume":"9","author":"P Savick\u00fd","year":"2002","unstructured":"Savick\u00fd, P., & Hlav\u00e1cov\u00e1, J. (2002). Measures of word commonness. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics, 9(3), 215\u2013231.","journal-title":"Journal of Quantitative Linguistics"},{"key":"9891_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"02713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2025.e02713","volume":"28","author":"FR Sayed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sayed, F. R., Elnashar, E. H., & Omara, F. A. (2025). Cyberbullying detection in social media using natural language processing. Scientific African, 28, 02713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sciaf.2025.e02713","journal-title":"Scientific African"},{"key":"9891_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sidhu, M. S., Sidhu, K. K. (2025). In: Al-Sharafi, M. A., Al-Emran, M., Mahmoud, M. A., & Arpaci, I. (Eds.) AI strategies for handling disciplinary and cyber bullying in schools (pp. 207\u2013229). Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-75091-5_12","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-75091-5_12"},{"key":"9891_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sprugnoli, R., Menini, S., Tonelli, S., Oncini, F., & Piras, E. (2018). Creating a Whatsapp dataset to study pre-teen cyberbullying. In Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on abusive language online (ALW2) (pp. 51\u201359).","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-5107"},{"issue":"4","key":"9891_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-018-9420-4","volume":"52","author":"A Tsakalidis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsakalidis, A., Papadopoulos, S., Voskaki, R., Ioannidou, K., Boididou, C., Cristea, A. I., Liakata, M., & Kompatsiaris, Y. (2018). Building and evaluating resources for sentiment analysis in the Greek language. Language Resources and Evaluation, 52(4), 1021\u20131044.","journal-title":"Language Resources and Evaluation"},{"key":"9891_CR56","unstructured":"Tzanavaris, S. P., Sepetis, A., & Tzanavaris, S. T. (2009). Collaborating in social networks: The problem solving activity leading to interaction-\u2018struggle\u2019 analysis framework (SAF). In Proceedings of workshop on intelligent and innovative support for collaborative learning activities. 9th international conference on computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL2009) (pp. 27\u201336)"},{"key":"9891_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tzanavaris, A. P. (2002). Building sense of community at a distance. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning3(1) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19173\/irrodl.v3i1.79","DOI":"10.19173\/irrodl.v3i1.79"},{"key":"9891_CR58","unstructured":"Vanhove, T., Leroux, P., Wauters, T., & De\u00a0Turck, F. (2013). Towards the design of a platform for abuse detection in OSNs using multimedial data analysis. In 2013 IFIP\/IEEE international symposium on integrated network management (IM 2013) (pp. 1195\u20131198)."},{"key":"9891_CR59","unstructured":"Xu, J. M., Jun, K. S., Zhu, X., & Bellmore, A. \t(2012). Learning from bullying traces in social media. In Proceedings of the 2012 conference of the North American chapter of the association for computational linguistics: Human language technologies (pp. 656\u2013666)."},{"key":"9891_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/s11196-020-09746-1","volume":"34","author":"Y Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu, Y. (2020). The invisible aggressive fist: Features of cyberbullying language in china. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law-Revue Internationale de S\u00e9Miotique Juridique, 34, 1041\u20131064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11196-020-09746-1","journal-title":"International Journal for the Semiotics of Law-Revue Internationale de S\u00e9Miotique Juridique"},{"key":"9891_CR61","unstructured":"Yin, D., Xue, Z., Hong, L., Davison, B. D., Kontostathis, A., & Edwards, L. (2009). Detection of harassment on web 2.0. In Proceedings of the content analysis in the WEB (pp. 1\u20137)"}],"container-title":["Language Resources and Evaluation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10579-025-09891-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10579-025-09891-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10579-025-09891-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T08:29:10Z","timestamp":1772872150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10579-025-09891-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["9891"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10579-025-09891-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1574-020X","1574-0218"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1574-020X","type":"print"},{"value":"1574-0218","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare they have no financial interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"As the institutional licensing ethics committee was not still created at the time of the research design, all experimental protocols were approved by Prof. Aggeliki Tsohou (Ionian University, Department of Informatics) who is an expert in the domain of Security and Privacy.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants or their legal guardian\/s included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research involving human and\/or animal participants"}},{"value":"All authors have agreed with the content and they all gave explicit consent to submit. Authors have obtained consent from the responsible authorities at the institute\/organization where the work has been carried out, before the work is submitted.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"3"}}