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In this paper, we consider a two-step approach to text sanitization and provide a detailed analysis of its empirical performance on two recently published datasets: the Text Anonymization Benchmark (Pil\u00e1n et al., 2022) and a collection of Wikipedia biographies (Papadopoulou et al., 2022a). The text sanitization process starts with a privacy-oriented entity recognizer that seeks to determine the text spans expressing identifiable personal information. This privacy-oriented entity recognizer is trained by combining a standard named entity recognition model with a gazetteer populated by person-related terms extracted from Wikidata. The second step of the text sanitization process consists in assessing the privacy risk associated with each detected text span, either isolated or in combination with other text spans. We present five distinct indicators of the re-identification risk, respectively based on language model probabilities, text span classification, sequence labelling, perturbations, and web search. We provide a contrastive analysis of each privacy indicator and highlight their benefits and limitations, notably in relation to the available labeled data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-026-09911-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T12:22:21Z","timestamp":1773404541000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neural text sanitization with privacy risk indicators: an empirical analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Anthi","family":"Papadopoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Lison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilja","family":"\u00d8vrelid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ildik\u00f3","family":"Pil\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"9911_CR1","first-page":"505","volume":"5","author":"B Anandan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Anandan, B., Clifton, C., Jiang, W., Murugesan, M., Pastrana-Camacho, P., & Si, L. 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