{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T23:52:18Z","timestamp":1772063538252,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,3]],"date-time":"2017-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496448000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cluster Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-017-0950-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,3]],"date-time":"2017-06-03T09:15:31Z","timestamp":1496481331000},"page":"2311-2321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Spectral-spatial multi-feature classification of remote sensing big data based on a random forest classifier for land cover mapping"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1270-5409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"X. M.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. J.","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Z. M.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. F.","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"950_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2484619","volume":"54","author":"R Roscher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roscher, R., Waske, B.: Shapelet-based sparse image representation for landcover classification of hyperspectral data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 54, 1623\u20131634 (2016)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"950_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12187","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61212187","volume":"6","author":"CR Lane","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lane, C.R., Liu, H.X., Autrey, B.C., Anenkhonov, O.A., Chepinoga, V.V., Wu, Q.S.: Improved wetland classification using eight-band high resolution satellite imagery and a hybrid approach. Remote Sens. 6, 12187\u201312216 (2014)","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"950_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2016.08.027","volume":"198","author":"HB Zheng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zheng, H.B., Cheng, T., Yao, X., Deng, X.Q., Tian, Y.C., Cao, W.X., Zhu, Y.: Detection of rice phenology through time series analysis of ground-based spectral index data. Field Crops Res. 198, 131\u2013139 (2016)","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"950_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2015.05.001","volume":"115","author":"K Tatsumi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tatsumi, K., Yamashiki, Y., Torres, M.A.C., Taipe, C.L.R.: Crop classification of upland fields using Random forest of time-series Landsat 7 ETM+ data. Comput. Electron. Agric. 115, 171\u2013179 (2015)","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"950_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X.M., He, G.J., Wang, M.M., Zhang, Z.M., Jiao, W.L., Peng, Y., Wang, G.Z., Liu, H.C., Long, T.F.: Eco-environmental assessment and analysis of Tonglvshan mining area in Daye City, Hubei Province based on spatiotemporal methodology. In: 2015 International Workshop on Spatiotemporal Computing. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Fairfax, VA, USA, pp. 211\u2013215 (2015)","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsannals-II-4-W2-211-2015"},{"key":"950_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.02.028","volume":"177","author":"R Khatami","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khatami, R., Mountrakis, G., Stehman, V.S.: A meta-analysis of remote sensing research on supervised pixel-based land-cover image classification processes: General guidelines for practitioners and future research. Remote Sens. Environ. 177, 89\u2013100 (2016)","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"950_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2010.05.011","volume":"46","author":"MG Tsaneva","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tsaneva, M.G., Krezhova, D.D., Yanev, T.K.: Development and testing of a statistical texture model for land cover classification of the Black Sea region with MODIS imagery. Adv. Space Res. 46, 872\u2013878 (2010)","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"950_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2008.03.003","volume":"63","author":"F Ag\u00fcera","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ag\u00fcera, F., Aguilar, F.J., Aguilar, M.A.: Using texture analysis to improve perpixel classification of very high resolution images for mapping plastic greenhouses. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 63, 635\u2013646 (2008)","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"950_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00326-1","volume":"80","author":"GP Asner","year":"2002","unstructured":"Asner, G.P., Keller, M., Pereira Jr., R., Zweede, J.C.: Remote sensing of selective logging in Amazonia: assessing limitations based on detailed field observations, Landsat ETM+, and textural analysis. Remote Sens. Environ. 80, 483\u2013496 (2002)","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"950_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-3004(99)00118-1","volume":"26","author":"M Chica-Olmo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chica-Olmo, M., Abarca-Hern\u00e1ndez, F.: Computing geostatistical image texture for remotely sensed data classification. Comput. Geosci. 26, 373\u2013383 (2000)","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"950_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600210993","volume":"21","author":"SE Franklin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Franklin, S.E., Hall, R.J., Moskal, L.M., Maudie, A.J., Lavigne, M.B.: Incorporating texture into classification of forest species composition from airborne multispectral images. Int. J. Remote Sens. 21, 61\u201379 (2000)","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"950_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160903252327","volume":"1","author":"B Ghimire","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ghimire, B., Rogan, J., Miller, J.: Contextual land-cover classification: incorporating spatial dependence in land-cover classification models using random forests and the Getis statistic. Remote Sens. Lett. 1, 45\u201354 (2010)","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"950_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2014.882526","volume":"5","author":"MM Hayes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hayes, M.M., Miller, S.N., Murphy, M.A.: High-resolution landcover classification using Random Forest. Remote Sens. Lett. 5, 112\u2013121 (2014)","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"950_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2012.09.006","volume":"88","author":"A Berthelot","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berthelot, A., Solberg, A., Gelius, L.J.: Texture attributes for detection of salt. J. Appl. Geophys. 88, 52\u201369 (2013)","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"950_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2013.08.011","volume":"26","author":"A Ghosh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ghosh, A., Joshi, P.K.: A comparison of selected classification algorithms for mapping bamboo patches in lower Gangetic plains using very high resolution Worldview 2 imagery. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 26, 298\u2013311 (2014)","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"950_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2015.11.011","volume":"31","author":"MV Eitzel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eitzel, M.V., Kelly, M., Dronova, I., Valachovic, Y., Quinn-Davidson, L., Solera, J., Valpine, P.: Challenges and opportunities in synthesizing historical geospatial data using statistical models. Ecol. Inform. 31, 100\u2013111 (2016)","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"issue":"2","key":"950_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-016-0569-6","volume":"19","author":"L Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, L., Song, W., Liu, P.: Link the remote sensing big data to the image features via wavelet transformation. Cluster Comput. Arch. 19(2), 793\u2013810 (2016)","journal-title":"Cluster Comput. Arch."},{"key":"950_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-015-0255-1","volume":"6","author":"X Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li, X., Wang, L.: On the study of fusion techniques for bad geological remote sensing image. J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput. 6, 141\u2013149 (2015)","journal-title":"J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"issue":"2","key":"950_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-015-3215-z","volume":"76","author":"K Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang, K., Ruimin, H., Jiang, J., Han, Z., Wang, F.: HRM graph constrained dictionary learning for face image super-resolution. Multimed. Tools Appl. 76(2), 3139\u20133162 (2017)","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"issue":"4","key":"950_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2014.52","volume":"16","author":"L Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang, L., Ke, L., Liu, P., Ranjan, R., Chen, L.: IK-SVD: dictionary learning for spatial big data via incremental atom update. Comput. Sci. Eng. 16(4), 41\u201352 (2014)","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"950_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-016-2246-3","volume":"21","author":"L Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, L., Zhang, J., Liu, P., Choo, K.-K.R., Huang, F.: Spectral-spatial multi-feature-based deep learning for hyperspectral remote sensing image classification. Soft Comput. 21(1), 213\u2013221 (2017). doi: 10.1007\/s00500-016-2246-3","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"950_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2016.10.010","volume":"61","author":"C Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang, C., Yu, M., Hu, F., Jiang, Y., Li, Y.: Utilizing Cloud Computing to address big geospatial data challenges. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 61, 120\u2013128 (2017)","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"950_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160412331269698","volume":"26","author":"M Pal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pal, M.: Random forest classifier for remote sensing classification. Int. J. Remote Sens. 26, 217\u2013222 (2005)","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"950_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.08.011","volume":"27","author":"PO Gislason","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gislason, P.O., Benediktsson, J.A., Sveinsson, J.R.: Random Forests for land cover classification. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 27, 294\u2013300 (2006)","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn. Lett."},{"key":"950_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3440","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2014.903435","volume":"35","author":"E Adam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adam, E., Mutanga, O., Odindi, J., Abdel-Rahman, E.M.: Land-use\/cover classification in a heterogeneous coastal landscape using RapidEye imagery: evaluating the performance of random forest and support vector machines classifiers. Int. J. Remote Sens. 35, 3440\u20133458 (2014)","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"950_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2016.11.004","volume":"122","author":"Z Zhu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhu, Z., Gallant, A., Woodcock, C., Pengra, B., Olofsson, P., Loveland, T., Jin, S., Dahal, D., Yang, L., Auch, R.: Optimizing selection of training and auxiliary data for operational land cover classification for the LCMAP initiative. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 122, 206\u2013221 (2016)","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"950_CR27","first-page":"123","volume":"24","author":"L Breiman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Breiman, L.: Bagging predictors. Mach. Learn. 24, 123\u2013140 (1996)","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"950_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","volume":"45","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breiman, L.: Random forests. Mach. Learn. 45, 5\u201332 (2001)","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"950_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/10106040608542399","volume":"21","author":"NG Silleos","year":"2006","unstructured":"Silleos, N.G., Alexandridis, T.K., Gitas, I.Z., Perakis, K.: Vegetation indices: advances made in biomass estimation and vegetation monitoring in the last 30 years. Geocarto Int. 21, 21\u201328 (2006)","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"950_CR30","unstructured":"Rouse, J., Haas, R., Schell, J., Deering, D.: Monitoring vegetation systems in the great plains with ERTS. Third ERTS\u00a0Symposium, NASA, pp. 309\u2013317 (1973)"},{"key":"950_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.12.013","volume":"90","author":"D Haboudane","year":"2004","unstructured":"Haboudane, D., Miller, J.R., Pattey, E., Zarco-Tejada, P.J., Strachan, I.B.: Hyperspectral vegetation indices and novel algorithms for predicting green LAI of crop canopies: modeling and validation in the context of precision agriculture. Remote Sens. Environ. 90, 337\u2013352 (2004)","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"950_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2007.07.043","volume":"41","author":"L Vescovo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vescovo, L., Gianelle, D.: Using the MIR bands in vegetation indices for the estimation of grassland biophysical parameters from satellite remote sensing in the Alps region of Trentino (Italy). Adv. Space Res. 41, 1764\u20131772 (2008)","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"950_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.01.003","volume":"101","author":"Z Jiang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jiang, Z., Huete, A.R., Chen, J., Chen, Y., Li, J., Yanc, G., Zhang, X.: Analysis of NDVI and scaled difference vegetation index retrievals of vegetation fraction. Remote Sens. Environ. 101(3), 366\u2013378 (2006)","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"950_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(95)00142-5","volume":"54","author":"R DeFries","year":"1995","unstructured":"DeFries, R., Hansen, M., Townshend, J.R.G.: Global discrimination of land cover from metrics derived from AVHRR Pathfinder-data sets. Remote Sens. Environ. 54, 209\u2013222 (1995)","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"950_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1109\/36.377946","volume":"33","author":"H Liu","year":"1995","unstructured":"Liu, H., Huete, A.R.: A feedback based modification of the NDVI to minimize canopy back ground and atmospheric noise. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 33, 457\u2013465 (1995)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"950_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00096-2","volume":"83","author":"A Huete","year":"2002","unstructured":"Huete, A., Didan, K., Miura, T., Rodriguez, E.P., Gao, X., Ferreira, L.G.: Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices. Remote Sens. Environ. 83, 195\u2013213 (2002)","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"950_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600589179","volume":"27","author":"H Xu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xu, H.: Modification of normalized difference water index (NDWI) to enhance open water features in remotely sensed imagery. Int. J. Remote Sens. 27, 3025\u20133033 (2006)","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"950_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.10.010","volume":"187","author":"C Pelletiera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pelletiera, C., Valeroa, S., Ingladaa, J., Championb, N., Dedieua, G.: Assessing the robustness of Random Forests to map land cover with high resolution satellite image time series over large areas. Remote Sens. Environ. 187, 156\u2013168 (2016)","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"950_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1973.4309314","volume":"3","author":"RM Haralick","year":"1973","unstructured":"Haralick, R.M., Shanmugam, K., Dinstein, I.H.: Textural features for image classification. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 3, 610\u2013621 (1973)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"950_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2010.01.005","volume":"12","author":"J Beekhuizen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beekhuizen, J., Clarke, K.C.: Toward accountable land use mapping: using geocomputation to improve classification accuracy and reveal uncertainty. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 12, 127\u2013137 (2010)","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"950_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.02.014","volume":"113","author":"F Pacifici","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pacifici, F., Chini, M., Emery, W.J.: A neural network approach using multiscale textural metrics from very high-resolution panchromatic imagery for urban land-use classification. Remote Sens. Environ. 113, 1276\u20131292 (2009)","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"950_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007607513941","volume":"40","author":"TG Dietterich","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dietterich, T.G.: An experimental comparison of three methods for constructing ensembles of decision trees: bagging, boosting, and randomization. Mach. Learn. 40, 139\u2013157 (2000)","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"950_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2011.11.002","volume":"67","author":"VF Rodriguez-Galiano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Galiano, V.F., Ghimire, B., Rogan, J., Chica-Olmo, M., Rigol-Sanchez, J.P.: An assessment of the effectiveness of a random forest classifier for land-cover classification. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 67, 93\u2013104 (2012)","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"issue":"1","key":"950_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104","volume":"20","author":"J Cohen","year":"1960","unstructured":"Cohen, J.: A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 20(1), 37\u201346 (1960)","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."}],"container-title":["Cluster Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10586-017-0950-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10586-017-0950-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10586-017-0950-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,25]],"date-time":"2019-09-25T11:19:00Z","timestamp":1569410340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10586-017-0950-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,3]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["950"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10586-017-0950-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-7857","1573-7543"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-7857","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7543","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,3]]}}}