{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T23:56:16Z","timestamp":1783036576998,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cluster Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-021-03441-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T10:03:08Z","timestamp":1637661788000},"page":"2819-2837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Measuring performances and footprint of blockchains with BCTMark: a case study on Ethereum smart contracts energy consumption"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2723-7740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitri","family":"Saingre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Ledoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Menaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"3441_CR1","unstructured":"Steem: Steem\u2014an incentivized, blockchain-based, public content platform. https:\/\/steem.com\/steem-whitepaper.pdf. whitepaper (2016)"},{"key":"3441_CR2","unstructured":"E-Estonia. https:\/\/e-estonia.com\/"},{"key":"3441_CR3","unstructured":"Labs, P.: Filecoin: A Decentralized Storage Network. https:\/\/filecoin.io\/filecoin.pdf. whitepaper (2017)"},{"key":"3441_CR4","unstructured":"Storj\u00a0Labs, I.: Storj: a decentralized cloud storage network framework. https:\/\/storj.io\/storjv3.pdf. whitepaper (2018)"},{"key":"3441_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mylrea, M., Gourisetti, S.N.G.: Blockchain for smart grid resilience: Exchanging distributed energy at speed, scale and security. In: 2017 Resilience Week (RWS), pp. 18\u201323 (2017). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/RWEEK.2017.8088642"},{"key":"3441_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.06.054","volume":"210","author":"E Mengelkamp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mengelkamp, E., G\u00e4rttner, J., Rock, K., Kessler, S., Orsini, L., Weinhardt, C.: Designing microgrid energy markets: a case study: the brooklyn microgrid. Appl. Energy 210, 870\u2013880 (2018)","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"3441_CR7","unstructured":"Eyal, I., Gencer, A.E., Sirer, E.G., Van\u00a0Renesse, R.: Bitcoin-ng: a scalable blockchain protocol. In: 13th $$\\{USENIX\\}$$ symposium on networked systems design and implementation ($$\\{NSDI\\}$$ 16), pp. 45\u201359 (2016)"},{"key":"3441_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Decker, C., Wattenhofer, R.: A fast and scalable payment network with bitcoin duplex micropayment channels. In: Symposium on self-stabilizing systems, pp. 3\u201318 (2015). Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-21741-3_1"},{"key":"3441_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2017.04.011","volume":"28","author":"H Vranken","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vranken, H.: Sustainability of bitcoin and blockchains. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 28, 1\u20139 (2017)","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"3441_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Dwyer, K.J., Malone, D.: Bitcoin Mining and Its Energy Footprint. IEEE (2014)","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2014.0699"},{"key":"3441_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saleh, F.: Blockchain without waste: Proof-of-stake. Available at SSRN 3183935 (2019)","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3183935"},{"key":"3441_CR12","unstructured":"Rocket, T.: Snowflake to avalanche: a novel metastable consensus protocol family for cryptocurrencies. IPFS (2018)"},{"key":"3441_CR13","unstructured":"Poon, J., Dryja, T.: The bitcoin lightning network: scalable off-chain instant payments (2016)"},{"key":"3441_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Balouek, D., Carpen\u00a0Amarie, A., Charrier, G., Desprez, F., Jeannot, E., Jeanvoine, E., L\u00e8bre, A., Margery, D., Niclausse, N., Nussbaum, L., Richard, O., P\u00e9rez, C., Quesnel, F., Rohr, C., Sarzyniec, L.: Adding virtualization capabilities to the Grid\u20195000 testbed. In: Ivanov, I.I., van Sinderen, M., Leymann, F., Shan, T. (eds.) Cloud Computing and Services Science. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol. 367, pp. 3\u201320. Springer, Berlin (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-04519-1_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-04519-1_1"},{"issue":"1","key":"3441_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1145\/1117389.1117403","volume":"4","author":"B Smaalders","year":"2006","unstructured":"Smaalders, B.: Performance anti-patterns. ACM Queue 4(1), 44\u201350 (2006)","journal-title":"ACM Queue"},{"key":"3441_CR16","unstructured":"Grafana\u2014the open observable platform. https:\/\/grafana.com\/. Accessed 6 Dec, 2019"},{"key":"3441_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saingre, D., Ledoux, T., Menaud, J.-M.: Bctmark: a framework for benchmarking blockchain technologies. In: 2020 IEEE\/ACS 17th international conference on computer systems and applications (AICCSA), pp. 1\u20138 (2020). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/AICCSA50499.2020.9316536"},{"key":"3441_CR18","unstructured":"PoET 1.0 Specification. https:\/\/sawtooth.hyperledger.org\/docs"},{"key":"3441_CR19","unstructured":"Foundation, E.: A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform. https:\/\/github.com\/ethereum\/wiki\/wiki\/White-Paper. whitepaper (2013)"},{"key":"3441_CR20","unstructured":"Saraph, V., Herlihy, M.: An empirical study of speculative concurrency in ethereum smart contracts. arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.01376 (2019)"},{"key":"3441_CR21","unstructured":"Gavin, W.: Ethereum: a secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. https:\/\/ethereum.github.io\/yellowpaper\/paper.pdf. yellowpaper (2020)"},{"key":"3441_CR22","unstructured":"Ethereum Wiki\u2014Ethash. https:\/\/github.com\/ethereum\/wiki\/wiki\/Ethash"},{"key":"3441_CR23","unstructured":"Lal, C., Marijan, D.: Blockchain testing: vhallenges, techniques, and research directions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.10074 (2021)"},{"key":"3441_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, P., Zheng, Z., Luo, X., Chen, X., Liu, X.: A detailed and real-time performance monitoring framework for blockchain systems. In: 2018 IEEE\/ACM 40th international conference on software engineering: software engineering in practice track (ICSE-SEIP), pp. 134\u2013143 (2018). IEEE","DOI":"10.1145\/3183519.3183546"},{"issue":"3","key":"3441_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1145\/3308897.3308956","volume":"46","author":"M Alharby","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alharby, M., van Moorsel, A.: Blocksim: a simulation framework for blockchain systems. ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Eval. Rev. 46(3), 135\u2013138 (2019)","journal-title":"ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Eval. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"3441_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1145\/3308897.3308951","volume":"46","author":"M Zander","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zander, M., Waite, T., Harz, D.: Dagsim: simulation of dag-based distributed ledger protocolss. ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Eval. Rev. 46(3), 118\u2013121 (2019)","journal-title":"ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Eval. Rev."},{"key":"3441_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Permenev, A., Dimitrov, D., Tsankov, P., Drachsler-Cohen, D., Vechev, M.: Verx: Safety verification of smart contracts. In: 2020 IEEE symposium on security and privacy (SP), pp. 1661\u20131677 (2020). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40000.2020.00024"},{"key":"3441_CR28","unstructured":"Enoslib: Enoslib: a framework to build experimental frameworks on various platforms. https:\/\/github.com\/BeyondTheClouds\/enoslib. Github repository"},{"key":"3441_CR29","unstructured":"Ansible: Ansible is Simple IT Automation. https:\/\/www.ansible.com\/"},{"key":"3441_CR30","unstructured":"Telegraf\u2014the plugin-driven server agent for collecting and reporting metrics. https:\/\/github.com\/influxdata\/influxdb. Accessed 6 Dec, 2019"},{"key":"3441_CR31","unstructured":"InfluxDB\u2014scalable datastore for metrics, events, and real-time analytics. https:\/\/github.com\/influxdata\/telegraf. Accessed 6 Dec, 2019"},{"key":"3441_CR32","unstructured":"Locust\u2014a modern load testing framework. https:\/\/locust.io\/. Accessed 6 Dec, 2019"},{"key":"3441_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pastor, J., Menaud, J.M.: Seduce: a testbed for research on thermal and power management in datacenters. In: 2018 26th international conference on software, telecommunications and computer networks (SoftCOM), pp. 1\u20136 (2018). IEEE","DOI":"10.23919\/SOFTCOM.2018.8555773"},{"key":"3441_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dinh, T.T.A., Wang, J., Chen, G., Liu, R., Ooi, B.C., Tan, K.-L.: Blockbench: a framework for analyzing private blockchains. In: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM international conference on management of data, pp. 1085\u20131100 (2017). ACM","DOI":"10.1145\/3035918.3064033"},{"key":"3441_CR35","unstructured":"McCook, H.: An order-of-magnitude estimate of the relative sustainability of the bitcoin network. A critical assessment of the Bitcoin mining industry, gold production industry, the legacy banking system, and the production of physical currency 2, 25 (2014)"},{"key":"3441_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.K., Ma, Z., Murali, S., Mason, J., Miller, A., Bailey, M.: Measuring ethereum network peers. In: Proceedings of the internet measurement conference 2018, pp. 91\u2013104 (2018)","DOI":"10.1145\/3278532.3278542"},{"key":"3441_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper, B.F., Silberstein, A., Tam, E., Ramakrishnan, R., Sears, R.: Benchmarking cloud serving systems with ycsb. In: Proceedings of the 1st ACM symposium on cloud computing, pp. 143\u2013154 (2010). ACM","DOI":"10.1145\/1807128.1807152"},{"issue":"4","key":"3441_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1145\/1620585.1620587","volume":"34","author":"MJ Cahill","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cahill, M.J., R\u00f6hm, U., Fekete, A.D.: Serializable isolation for snapshot databases. ACM Trans. Database Syst. (TODS) 34(4), 20 (2009)","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Database Syst. (TODS)"},{"key":"3441_CR39","unstructured":"Go-Ethereum\u2014Official Go implementation of the Ethereum protocol. https:\/\/github.com\/ethereum\/go-ethereum. Accessed 6 Dec, 2019"},{"key":"3441_CR40","unstructured":"Parity\u2014fast and feature-rich multi-network Ethereum client. https:\/\/github.com\/paritytech\/parity-ethereum. Accessed 6 Dec, 2019"},{"key":"3441_CR41","unstructured":"Hyperledger Fabric. https:\/\/github.com\/hyperledger\/fabric. Accessed 6 Dec, 2019"},{"key":"3441_CR42","unstructured":"Hyperledger Caliper. https:\/\/www.hyperledger.org\/projects\/caliper. Accessed 6 Dec, 2019"},{"key":"3441_CR43","unstructured":"Prometheus\u2014from metrics to insight. https:\/\/prometheus.io\/. Accessed 6 Dec, 2019"},{"key":"3441_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, H., Duan, X., Wu, Y., Tseng, L., Aloqaily, M., Boukerche, A.: Bbb: A lightweight approach to evaluate private blockchains in clouds. In: GLOBECOM 2020-2020 IEEE global communications conference, pp. 1\u20136 (2020). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM42002.2020.9322354"},{"key":"3441_CR45","unstructured":"Mininet: An instant Virtual Network on your laptop (or other PC). http:\/\/mininet.org\/. Accessed 15 June, 2021"},{"key":"3441_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, Z., Zheng, E., Choon, Y., Zomaya, A.Y.: Dagbench: a performance evaluation framework for dag distributed ledgers. In: 2019 IEEE 12th international conference on cloud computing (CLOUD), pp. 264\u2013271 (2019). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/CLOUD.2019.00053"},{"key":"3441_CR47","unstructured":"Popov, S.: The tangle"},{"key":"3441_CR48","unstructured":"LeMahieu, C.: Nano: a feeless distributed cryptocurrency network. Nano [Online resource]. URL: https:\/\/nano.org\/en\/whitepaper. Accessed 24 March, 2018"},{"key":"3441_CR49","unstructured":"Churyumov, A.: Byteball: a decentralized system for storage and transfer of value. https:\/\/byteball.org\/Byteball.pdf (2016)"},{"key":"3441_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78194","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2921936","volume":"7","author":"A Pinna","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pinna, A., Ibba, S., Baralla, G., Tonelli, R., Marchesi, M.: A massive analysis of ethereum smart contracts empirical study and code metrics. IEEE Access 7, 78194\u201378213 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"3441_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T., Li, X., Luo, X., Zhang, X.: Under-optimized smart contracts devour your money. In: 2017 IEEE 24th international conference on software analysis, evolution and reengineering (SANER), pp. 442\u2013446 (2017). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER.2017.7884650"},{"key":"3441_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feist, J., Grieco, G., Groce, A.: Slither: a static analysis framework for smart contracts. In: 2019 IEEE\/ACM 2nd international workshop on emerging trends in software engineering for blockchain (WETSEB), pp. 8\u201315 (2019). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/WETSEB.2019.00008"},{"key":"3441_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di\u00a0Angelo, M., Salzer, G.: A survey of tools for analyzing ethereum smart contracts. In: 2019 IEEE international conference on decentralized applications and infrastructures (DAPPCON), pp. 69\u201378 (2019). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/DAPPCON.2019.00018"}],"container-title":["Cluster Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10586-021-03441-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10586-021-03441-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10586-021-03441-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T11:30:06Z","timestamp":1657798206000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10586-021-03441-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["3441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10586-021-03441-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-7857","1573-7543"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-7857","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7543","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 September 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 September 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 September 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 November 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All authors consent for this paper to be published in Cluster Computing Journal","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publications"}},{"value":"BCTMark\u2019s code is open-source and accessible here: .","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}}]}}