{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T10:26:00Z","timestamp":1779359160839,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]],"date-time":"2022-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662768000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]],"date-time":"2022-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cluster Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-022-03722-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]],"date-time":"2022-09-10T12:02:45Z","timestamp":1662811365000},"page":"945-960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["A blockchain scheme for authentication, data sharing and nonrepudiation to secure internet of wireless sensor things"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Asad Ullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3777-8249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadeem","family":"Javaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Asghar","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Insaf","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"3722_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2014.2300753","volume":"10","author":"L Da Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Da Xu, L., He, W., Li, S.: Internet of things in industries: a survey. IEEE Trans. Industr. Inf. 10(4), 2233\u20132243 (2014)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Industr. Inf."},{"key":"3722_CR2","unstructured":"Alexander, S. G.: Internet of things (IoT). Techtarget. https:\/\/internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com\/definition\/Internet-of-Things-IoT (2020). Accessed 6 March 2021"},{"key":"3722_CR3","unstructured":"Bugel, J., John, S., Schwartz, S.: Ericsson mobility report. https:\/\/www.ericsson.com\/4adc87\/assets\/local\/mobilityreport\/documents\/2020\/november-2020-ericssonmobility-report.pdf (2020). Accessed 6 March 2021"},{"key":"3722_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2021.09.004","author":"N Javaid","year":"2021","unstructured":"Javaid, N.: Integration of context awareness in internet of agricultural things. ICT Express (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.icte.2021.09.004","journal-title":"ICT Express"},{"issue":"4","key":"3722_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-1286(01)00302-4","volume":"38","author":"IF Akyildiz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Akyildiz, I.F., Su, W., Sankarasubramaniam, Y., Cayirci, E.: Wireless sensor networks: a survey. Comput. Netw. 38(4), 393\u2013422 (2002)","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"issue":"2","key":"3722_CR6","first-page":"241","volume":"13","author":"Z Cui","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cui, Z., Fei, X.U.E., Zhang, S., Cai, X., Cao, Y., Zhang, W., Chen, J.: A hybrid blockchain-based identity authentication scheme for multi-WSN. IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput. 13(2), 241\u2013251 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput."},{"key":"3722_CR7","unstructured":"Nakamoto, S., Bitcoin, A.: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Bitcoin.\u2013URL: https:\/\/bitcoin.org\/bitcoin (2008)"},{"key":"3722_CR8","unstructured":"En.wikipedia.org.: Blockchain. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blockchain (2021). Accessed 7 March 2021"},{"key":"3722_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.05.046","volume":"88","author":"A Reyna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reyna, A., Martin, C., Chen, J., Soler, E., D\u00b4\u0131az, M.: On blockchain and its integration with IoT. Challenges and opportunities. Future Generat Comput Syst 88, 173\u2013190 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.future.2018.05.046","journal-title":"Future Generat Comput Syst"},{"key":"3722_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54478","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3070555","volume":"9","author":"A Al Sadawi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al Sadawi, A., Hassan, M.S., Ndiaye, M.: A survey on the integration of blockchain with IoT to enhance performance and eliminate challenges. IEEE Access 9, 54478\u201354497 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"3722_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2021.103007","volume":"181","author":"U Majeed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Majeed, U., Khan, L.U., Yaqoob, I., Kazmi, S.A., Salah, K., Hong, C.S.: Blockchain for IoT-based smart cities: recent advances, requirements, and future challenges. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 181, 103007 (2021)","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"3722_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hjdsi.2019.100391","volume-title":"S2HS-A blockchain based approach for smart healthcare system","author":"G Tripathi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tripathi, G., Ahad, M.A., Paiva, S.: S2HS-A blockchain based approach for smart healthcare system. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2020)"},{"key":"3722_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2019.2942301","author":"W Zou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zou, W., Lo, D., Kochhar, P.S., Le, X.B.D., Xia, X., Feng, Y., Chen, Z., Xu, B.: Smart contract development: challenges and opportunities. IEEE Trans. Software Eng. (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSE.2019.2942301","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."},{"issue":"9","key":"3722_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6193","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.2965975","volume":"16","author":"Y Tian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tian, Y., Wang, Z., Xiong, J., Ma, J.: A blockchain-based secure key management scheme with trustworthiness in DWSNs. IEEE Trans. Industr. Inf. 16(9), 6193\u20136202 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Industr. Inf."},{"issue":"6","key":"3722_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3632","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2897133","volume":"15","author":"Y Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Ren, J., Wang, G., Zhang, C., Yang, J., Zhang, Y.: A blockchain-based nonrepudiation network computing service scheme for industrial IoT. IEEE Trans. Industr. Inf. 15(6), 3632\u20133641 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Industr. Inf."},{"key":"3722_CR16","volume-title":"In 2021 IEEE symposium on computers and communications (ISCC)","author":"AU Khan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khan, A.U., Javaid, N., Othman, J.B.: A secure authentication and data sharing scheme for wireless sensor networks based on blockchain. In: In 2021 IEEE symposium on computers and communications (ISCC). IEEE, New York (2021)"},{"issue":"2","key":"3722_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-019-2790-1","volume":"64","author":"X Fu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fu, X., Wang, H., Shi, P.: A survey of Blockchain consensus algorithms: mechanism, design and applications. Sci. China Inf. Sci. 64(2), 1\u201315 (2021)","journal-title":"Sci. China Inf. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"3722_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2812239","volume":"5","author":"O Novo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Novo, O.: Blockchain meets IoT: an architecture for scalable access management in IoT. IEEE Internet Things J. 5(2), 1184\u20131195 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"2","key":"3722_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2847705","volume":"6","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Kasahara, S., Shen, Y., Jiang, X., Wan, J.: Smart contract-based access control for the internet of things. IEEE Internet Things J. 6(2), 1594\u20131605 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"2","key":"3722_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.3390\/app10020488","volume":"10","author":"T Sultana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sultana, T., Almogren, A., Akbar, M., Zuair, M., Ullah, I., Javaid, N.: Data sharing system integrating access control mechanism using blockchain-based smart contracts for IoT devices. Appl. Sci. 10(2), 488 (2020)","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"3722_CR21","unstructured":"Moinet, A., Darties, B., Baril, J. L.: Blockchain based trust & authentication for decentralized sensor networks. Preprint arXiv:1706.01730 (2017)"},{"issue":"2","key":"3722_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-019-00739-x","volume":"13","author":"S Hong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hong, S.: P2P networking based internet of things (IoT) sensor node authentication by Blockchain. Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl. 13(2), 579\u2013589 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12083-019-00739-x","journal-title":"Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl."},{"key":"3722_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-020-02017-8","author":"G Rathee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rathee, G., Balasaraswathi, M., Chandran, K.P., Gupta, S.D., Boopathi, C.S.: A secure IoT sensors communication in industry 4.0 using blockchain technology. J Ambient Intell. Human. Comput. (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12652-020-02017-8","journal-title":"J Ambient Intell. Human. Comput."},{"key":"3722_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38947","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2902811","volume":"7","author":"W She","year":"2019","unstructured":"She, W., Liu, Q., Tian, Z., Chen, J.S., Wang, B., Liu, W.: Blockchain trust model for malicious node detection in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Access 7, 38947\u201338956 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"3722_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.06.019","volume":"143","author":"S Rathore","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rathore, S., Kwon, B.W., Park, J.H.: Block-SecIoTNet: Blockchain-based decentralized security architecture for IoT network. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 143, 167\u2013177 (2019)","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"3722_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4568","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3140401","volume":"10","author":"N Javaid","year":"2022","unstructured":"Javaid, N.: A secure and efficient trust model for wireless sensor IoTs using Blockchain. IEEE Access 10, 4568\u20134579 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"3722_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184133","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2960609","volume":"7","author":"TH Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim, T.H., Goyat, R., Rai, M.K., Kumar, G., Buchanan, W.J., Saha, R., Thomas, R.: A novel trust evaluation process for secure localization using a decentralized blockchain in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Access 7, 184133\u2013184144 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"8","key":"3722_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6139","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-020-04493-8","volume":"45","author":"R Goyat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goyat, R., Kumar, G., Rai, M.K., Saha, R., Thomas, R., Kim, T.H.: Blockchain powered secure rangefree localization in wireless sensor networks. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 45(8), 6139\u20136155 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13369-020-04493-8","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"3722_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185496","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2960633","volume":"7","author":"K Haseeb","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haseeb, K., Islam, N., Almogren, A., Din, I.U.: Intrusion prevention framework for secure routing in WSN-based mobile Internet of Things. IEEE Access 7, 185496\u2013185505 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"3722_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2961612","volume":"8","author":"TA Alghamdi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alghamdi, T.A., Ali, I., Javaid, N., Shafiq, M.: Secure service provisioning scheme for lightweight IoT devices with a fair payment system and an incentive mechanism based on blockchain. IEEE Access 8, 1048\u20131061 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"4","key":"3722_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040970","volume":"19","author":"J Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang, J., He, S., Xu, Y., Chen, L., Ren, J.: A trusted routing scheme using blockchain and reinforcement learning for wireless sensor networks. Sensors 19(4), 970 (2019)","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"12","key":"3722_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8121552","volume":"8","author":"MA Uddin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Uddin, M.A., Stranieri, A., Gondal, I., Balasurbramanian, V.: A lightweight blockchain based framework for underwater IoT. Electronics 8(12), 1552 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics8121552","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"3722_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4029591","author":"G Ramezan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ramezan, G., Leung, C.: A blockchain-based contractual routing protocol for the internet of things using smart contracts. Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput. (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/4029591","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"3722_CR34","first-page":"1","volume":"2021","author":"WU Khan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khan, W.U., Nguyen, T.N., Jameel, F., Jamshed, M.A., Pervaiz, H., Javed, M.A., Jantti, R.: Learning-based resource allocation for backscatter-aided vehicular networks. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst. 2021, 1\u20135 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst."},{"key":"3722_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2022.3194705","author":"M Ahmed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmed, M., Khan, W.U., Ihsan, A., Li, X., Li, J., Tsiftsis, T.A.: Backscatter sensors communication for 6G low-powered NOMA-enabled IoT networks under imperfect SIC. IEEE Syst. J. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSYST.2022.3194705","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"3722_CR36","unstructured":"Sergii, K., Prieto-Castrillo, F.: A rolling blockchain for a dynamic WSNs in a smart city. Preprint arXiv:1806.11399 (2018)"},{"issue":"6","key":"3722_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3571","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2904049","volume":"15","author":"Y Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Wang, K., Lin, Y., Xu, W.: LightChain: a lightweight blockchain system for industrial internet of things. IEEE Trans. Industr. Inf. 15(6), 3571\u20133581 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TII.2019.2904049","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Industr. Inf."},{"key":"3722_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.04.060","volume":"86","author":"PK Sharma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sharma, P.K., Park, J.H.: Blockchain based hybrid network architecture for the smart city. Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst. 86, 650\u2013655 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.future.2018.04.060","journal-title":"Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"issue":"3","key":"3722_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2299\/jsp.22.97","volume":"22","author":"S Mori","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mori, S.: Secure caching scheme by using blockchain for information-centric network-based wireless sensor networks. J. Signal Process. 22(3), 97\u2013108 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2299\/jsp.22.97","journal-title":"J. Signal Process."},{"key":"3722_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6874158","author":"Y Ren","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ren, Y., Liu, Y., Ji, S., Sangaiah, A.K., Wang, J.: Incentive mechanism of data storage based on blockchain for wireless sensor networks. Mob. Inf. Syst. (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/6874158","journal-title":"Mob. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"3722_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54361","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2977723","volume":"8","author":"H Feng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feng, H., Wang, W., Chen, B., Zhang, X.: Evaluation on frozen shellfish quality by blockchain based multi-sensors monitoring and SVM algorithm during cold storage. IEEE Access 8, 54361\u201354370 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2977723","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"11","key":"3722_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3894","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113894","volume":"18","author":"B Jia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jia, B., Zhou, T., Li, W., Liu, Z., Zhang, J.: A blockchain-based location privacy protection incentive mechanism in crowd sensing networks. Sensors 18(11), 3894 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18113894","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"3722_CR43","unstructured":"Maxie, E.: Pros and cons of the delegated proof-of-stake consensus model. Verypossible.com. https:\/\/www.verypossible.com\/insights\/pros-and-cons-ofthe-delegated-proof-of-stake-consensus-model (2018). Accessed 6 March 2021"},{"key":"3722_CR44","first-page":"1","volume":"32","author":"D Mazieres","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mazieres, D.: The stellar consensus protocol: A federated model for internet-level consensus. Stellar Dev. Found. 32, 1\u201345 (2015)","journal-title":"Stellar Dev. Found."}],"container-title":["Cluster Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10586-022-03722-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10586-022-03722-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10586-022-03722-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T01:25:27Z","timestamp":1679880327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10586-022-03722-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["3722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10586-022-03722-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-7857","1573-7543"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-7857","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7543","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 July 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study does not involve any human participants and\/or animal.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research involving human and animal participants"}}]}}