{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T22:49:23Z","timestamp":1759963763850,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666051200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cluster Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-022-03775-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T18:02:52Z","timestamp":1666116172000},"page":"3737-3751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Performance evaluation and optimization of long range IoT network using whale optimization algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Gagandeep","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0977-4809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sindhu Hak","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harleen","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"3775_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavric, A., Popa, V.: Internet of Things and LoRaTM Low-power wide-area networks: a survey. In: ISSCS 2017\u2014International Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCS.2017.8034915"},{"key":"3775_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77454","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2883151","volume":"6","author":"QM Qadir","year":"2018","unstructured":"Qadir, Q.M., Rashid, T.A., Al-Salihi, N.K., Ismael, B., Kist, A.A., Zhang, Z.: Low power wide area networks: a survey of enabling technologies, applications and interoperability needs. IEEE Access 6, 77454\u201377473 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2883151","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"3775_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2652320","volume":"19","author":"U Raza","year":"2017","unstructured":"Raza, U., Kulkarni, P., Sooriyabandara, M.: Low power wide area networks: an overview. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 19, 855\u2013873 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2017.2652320","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"3775_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2949598","volume":"22","author":"JP Shanmuga Sundaram","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shanmuga Sundaram, J.P., Du, W., Zhao, Z.: A survey on LoRa networking: research problems, current solutions, and open issues. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 22, 371\u2013388 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2019.2949598","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"3775_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bor, M., Roedig, U.: LoRa transmission parameter selection. In: Proc.\u20142017 13th Int. Conf. Distrib. Comput. Sens. Syst. DCOSS 2017. 2018-January, 27\u201334 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/DCOSS.2017.10","DOI":"10.1109\/DCOSS.2017.10"},{"key":"3775_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verma, S., Gupta, S.H., Sharma, R.: Analysis and optimization of low power wide area IoT network. In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), pp. 98\u2013112. Springer, Deutschland GmbH (2021)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-63170-6_6"},{"key":"3775_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2017.05.020","volume":"123","author":"S Barrachina-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barrachina-Mu\u00f1oz, S., Bellalta, B., Adame, T., Bel, A.: Multi-hop communication in the uplink for LPWANs. Comput. Netw. 123, 153\u2013168 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comnet.2017.05.020","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"3775_CR8","first-page":"117","volume":"29","author":"J Lin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lin, J., Jung, H., Chang, Y.J., Jung, J.W., Weitnauer, M.A.: On cooperative transmission range extension in multi-hop wireless ad-hoc and sensor networks: a review. Adhoc Netw. 29, 117\u2013134 (2015)","journal-title":"Adhoc Netw."},{"key":"3775_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102196","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PEVA.2021.102196","volume":"147","author":"N Pappas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pappas, N., Dimitriou, I., Chen, Z.: On the benefits of network-level cooperation in IoT networks with aggregators. Perform. Eval. 147, 102196 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PEVA.2021.102196","journal-title":"Perform. Eval."},{"key":"3775_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2013.10.003","volume":"57","author":"MS Gokturk","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gokturk, M.S., Gurbuz, O., Erkip, E.: A cross-layer multi-hop cooperative network architecture for wireless ad hoc networks. Comput. Netw. 57, 4010\u20134029 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comnet.2013.10.003","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"3775_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2013.08.023","volume":"58","author":"MF Uddin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Uddin, M.F., Assi, C., Ghrayeb, A.: Joint optimal AF relay assignment and power allocation in wireless cooperative networks. Comput. Netw. 58, 58\u201369 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comnet.2013.08.023","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"3775_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2016.04.007","volume":"103","author":"S Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, S., Ruby, R., Leung, V.C.M., Yao, Z.: Energy-efficient power allocation for multi-user single-AF-relay underlay cognitive radio networks. Comput. Netw. 103, 115\u2013128 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comnet.2016.04.007","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"3775_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-016-3221-0","volume":"88","author":"N Kumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar, N., Bhatia, V.: Outage probability and average channel capacity of amplify-and-forward in conventional cooperative communication networks over rayleigh fading channels. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 88, 943\u2013951 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11277-016-3221-0","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"3775_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/S10586-021-03374-5","volume":"25","author":"J Nagar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nagar, J., Chaturvedi, S.K., Soh, S.: An analytical framework with border effects to estimate the connectivity performance of finite multihop networks in shadowing environments. Clust. Comput. 25(1), 187\u2013202 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10586-021-03374-5","journal-title":"Clust. Comput."},{"key":"3775_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061781","volume":"18","author":"TN Nguyen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.N., Minh, T.H.Q., Tran, P.T., Voz\u0148\u00e1k, M.: Energy harvesting over rician fading channel: a performance analysis for half-duplex bidirectional sensor networks under hardware impairments. Sensors 18, 1781 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18061781","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"3","key":"3775_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1007\/S10586-021-03316-1","volume":"25","author":"DK Sah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sah, D.K., Nguyen, T.N., Cengiz, K., Dumba, B., Kumar, V.: Load-balance scheduling for intelligent sensors deployment in industrial internet of things. Clust. Comput. 25(3), 1715\u20131727 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10586-021-03316-1","journal-title":"Clust. Comput."},{"issue":"3","key":"3775_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-020-03064-8","volume":"23","author":"SM Danish","year":"2020","unstructured":"Danish, S.M., Lestas, M., Qureshi, H.K., Zhang, K., Asif, W., Rajarajan, M.: Securing the LoRaWAN join procedure using blockchains. Clust. Comput. 23(3), 2123\u20132138 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10586-020-03064-8","journal-title":"Clust. Comput."},{"key":"3775_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107087","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3000600","volume":"8","author":"TH Nguyen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.H., Jung, W.S., Tu, L.T., Chien, T.V., Yoo, D., Ro, S.: Performance analysis and optimization of the coverage probability in dual hop LoRa networks with different fading channels. IEEE Access 8, 107087\u2013107102 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3000600","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"3775_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900269","volume":"34","author":"MS Aslam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aslam, M.S., Khan, A., Atif, A., Hassan, S.A., Mahmood, A., Qureshi, H.K., Gidlund, M.: Exploring multi-hop LoRa for green smart cities. IEEE Netw. 34, 225\u2013231 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MNET.001.1900269","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"3775_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1109\/lnet.2020.3003161","volume":"2","author":"MO Farooq","year":"2020","unstructured":"Farooq, M.O.: Clustering-based layering approach for uplink multi-hop communication in LoRa networks. IEEE Netw. Lett. 2, 132\u2013135 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/lnet.2020.3003161","journal-title":"IEEE Netw. Lett."},{"key":"3775_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21584","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2898239","volume":"7","author":"G Zhu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhu, G., Liao, C.H., Sakdejayont, T., Lai, I.W., Narusue, Y., Morikawa, H.: Improving the capacity of a mesh LoRa network by spreading-factor-based network clustering. IEEE Access 7, 21584\u201321596 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2898239","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"3775_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5985","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3034185","volume":"8","author":"S Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, S., Lee, J., Park, H.S., Choi, J.K.: A novel fair and scalable relay control scheme for internet of things in lora-based low-power wide-area networks. IEEE Internet Things J. 8, 5985\u20136001 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3034185","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"3775_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126239","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3007985","volume":"8","author":"HP Tran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tran, H.P., Jung, W.S., Yoon, T., Yoo, D.S., Oh, H.: A two-hop real-time LoRa protocol for industrial monitoring and control systems. IEEE Access 8, 126239\u2013126252 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3007985","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"3775_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100379","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IOT.2021.100379","volume":"14","author":"MO Farooq","year":"2021","unstructured":"Farooq, M.O.: Multi-hop communication protocol for LoRa with software-defined networking extension. Internet of Things. 14, 100379 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.IOT.2021.100379","journal-title":"Internet of Things."},{"key":"3775_CR25","unstructured":"LoRa Frequency Bands in India|LoRa|LoRaWAN\u2014Ensemble Tech, http:\/\/www.ensembletech.in\/lora-frequency-bands-india\/"},{"key":"3775_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3293534","volume":"15","author":"JC Liando","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liando, J.C., Gamage, A., Tengourtius, A.W., Li, M.: Known and unknown facts of LoRa: experiences from a large-scale measurement study. ACM Trans. Sens. Netw. 15, 1\u201335 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3293534","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"3775_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3855","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2892294","volume":"6","author":"T Elshabrawy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elshabrawy, T., Robert, J.: Interleaved chirp spreading LoRa-based modulation. IEEE Internet Things J. 6, 3855\u20133863 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2892294","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"3775_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yousuf, A.M., Rochester, E.M., Ousat, B., Ghaderi, M.: Throughput, coverage and scalability of LoRa LPWAN for Internet of Things. In: 2018 IEEE\/ACM 26th International Symposium on Quality of Service, IWQoS 2018. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. (2019)","DOI":"10.1109\/IWQoS.2018.8624157"},{"key":"3775_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Hu, J., Liu, Y., Tian, Z.: Theoretical analysis and performance testing of LoRa technology. In: Proc.\u20142017 Int. Conf. Comput. Technol. Electron. Commun. ICCTEC 2017, pp. 686\u2013690 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCTEC.2017.00153","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCTEC.2017.00153"},{"key":"3775_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10812","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2942776","volume":"6","author":"L Leonardi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leonardi, L., Battaglia, F., Lo Bello, L.: RT-LoRa: a medium access strategy to support real-time flows over LoRa-based networks for industrial IoT applications. IEEE Internet Things J. 6, 10812\u201310823 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2942776","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"3775_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3390\/fi11100216","volume":"11","author":"MA Ert\u00fcrk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ert\u00fcrk, M.A., Ayd\u0131n, M.A., B\u00fcy\u00fckakka\u015flar, M.T., Evirgen, H.: A survey on LoRaWAN architecture. Protoc. Technol. Futur. Internet. 11, 216 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi11100216","journal-title":"Protoc. Technol. Futur. Internet."},{"key":"3775_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.3390\/S18072104","volume":"18","author":"T Bouguera","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bouguera, T., Diouris, J.F., Chaillout, J.J., Jaouadi, R., Andrieux, G.: Energy consumption model for sensor nodes based on LoRa and LoRaWAN. Sensors 18, 2104 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/S18072104","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"3775_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2016.2647247","volume":"6","author":"O Georgiou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Georgiou, O., Raza, U.: Low power wide area network analysis: can LoRa scale? IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett. 6, 162\u2013165 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LWC.2016.2647247","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"3775_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2953572","volume":"20","author":"P Kulkarni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kulkarni, P., Hakim, Q.O.A., Lakas, A.: Experimental evaluation of a campus-deployed IoT network using LoRa. IEEE Sens. J. 20, 2803\u20132811 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2953572","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"3775_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-012-0732-1","volume":"70","author":"D Samb","year":"2013","unstructured":"Samb, D., Yu, L.: Performance analysis of amplify and forward cooperative relaying protocol in wireless communication system. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 70, 969\u2013983 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11277-012-0732-1","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"3775_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ADVENGSOFT.2016.01.008","volume":"95","author":"S Mirjalili","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mirjalili, S., Lewis, A.: The whale optimization algorithm. Adv. Eng. Softw. 95, 51\u201367 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ADVENGSOFT.2016.01.008","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Softw."},{"key":"3775_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PEVA.2017.03.004","volume":"111","author":"C Tunc","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tunc, C., Akar, N.: Markov fluid queue model of an energy harvesting IoT device with adaptive sensing. Perform. Eval. 111, 1\u201316 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PEVA.2017.03.004","journal-title":"Perform. Eval."}],"container-title":["Cluster Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10586-022-03775-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10586-022-03775-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10586-022-03775-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T20:10:04Z","timestamp":1697487004000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10586-022-03775-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3775"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10586-022-03775-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-7857","1573-7543"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1386-7857"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-7543"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 January 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 September 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 October 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 October 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}]}}