{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T16:46:36Z","timestamp":1783701996355,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cluster Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-024-04958-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T11:05:25Z","timestamp":1745838325000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Improved SDN-hybrid satellite-terrestrial architecture integrating intelligent fine-grained traffic slicing"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Saloua","family":"Hendaoui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawel","family":"Zangar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"4958_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2014.2328098","volume":"32","author":"JG Andrews","year":"2014","unstructured":"Andrews, J.G., Buzzi, S., Choi, W., Hanly, S., Lozano, A., Soong, A.C.K., Zhang, J.C.: What will 5G be? IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 32, 1065\u20131082 (2014)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"4958_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.3390\/app12041951","volume":"12","author":"R Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang, R., Guan, W., Zhai, G., He, J., Chu, X.: Deep graph reinforcement learning based intelligent traffic routing control for software-defined wireless sensor networks. Appl. Sci. 12(4), 1951 (2022)","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"4958_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-020-01802-5","volume":"2020","author":"Salem A Almazok","year":"2020","unstructured":"Almazok, Salem A., Bilgehan, B\u00fclent.: A novel dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol based on minimum execution time scheduling and moth flame optimization (MET-MFO). EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw. 2020, 1\u201326 (2020)","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"4958_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/sat.1387","volume":"39","author":"Y Drif","year":"2021","unstructured":"Drif, Y., Chaput, E., Lavinal, E., Berthou, P., Tiomela Jou, B., Gr\u00e9mill, O., Arnal, F.: An extensible network slicing framework for satellite integration into 5G. Int. J. Satell. Commun. Netw. 39, 339\u2013357 (2021)","journal-title":"Int. J. Satell. Commun. Netw."},{"issue":"3","key":"4958_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7060482","volume":"53","author":"L Bertaux","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bertaux, L., et al.: Software defined networking and virtualization for broadband satellite networks. IEEE Commun. Mag. 53(3), 54\u201360 (2015)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"issue":"4","key":"4958_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-017-0309-0","volume":"66","author":"G Gardikis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gardikis, G., Koumaras, H., Sakkas, C., Koumaras, V.: Towards SDN\/NFV-enabled satellite networks. Telecommun. Syst. 66(4), 615\u2013628 (2017)","journal-title":"Telecommun. Syst."},{"key":"4958_CR7","unstructured":"3GPP Tech. Spec. 38.211, \u201cTechnical Specification Group Radio Access Network; NR; Physical channels and modulation, (Release 17),\u201d V17.0.0 (2021-12)"},{"key":"4958_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, T., et al.: Opensched: programmable packet queuing and scheduling for centralized QoS control. In: Proc. 2017 ACM\/IEEE Symposium on Architectures for Networking and Communications Systems (ANCS). pp. 95\u201396. IEEE (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/ANCS.2017.19"},{"key":"4958_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, A.T., et al.: SDN-Based architecture for providing QoS to high performance distributed applications. In: Proc. 2018 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Commun. (ISCC), pp. 602\u2013607. IEEE (2018)","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC.2018.8538694"},{"key":"4958_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2017.04.003","volume":"120","author":"MM Tajiki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tajiki, M.M., Akbari, B., Mokari, N.: Optimal QoS-aware network reconfiguration in software defined cloud data centers. Comput. Netw. 120, 71\u201386 (2017)","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"4958_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-018-0639-9","volume":"9","author":"R Yamashita","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yamashita, R., Nishio, M., Do, R.K.G., et al.: Convolutional neural networks: an overview and application in radiology. Insights Imaging 9, 611\u2013629 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13244-018-0639-9","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"4958_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demir, A.F., Elkourdi, M., Ibrahim, M., Arslan, H.: Waveform design for 5G and beyond. In: 5G Networks: Fundamental Requirements, Enabling Technologies, and Operations Management, pp. 51\u201376. John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hoboken (2018)","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119333142.ch2"},{"issue":"11","key":"4958_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.3390\/s19112613","volume":"19","author":"CB Mwakwata","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mwakwata, C.B., Malik, H., Alam, M.M., Le Moulles, Y., Parand, S., Mumtaz, S.: Narrowband Internet of things (NB-IoT): from physical(PHY) and media access control (MAC) layers perspectives. Sensors 19(11), 2613 (2019)","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"4958_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, Z., Zhang, G., Cao, H., Xie, J.: LEO satellite constellation for internet of things. IEEE Access (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2735988"},{"key":"4958_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomovic, S., Prasad, N., Radusinovic, I.: SDN Control framework for QoS provisioning. In: Proc. 2014 22nd Telecommunications Forum Telfor (TELFOR), pp. 111\u2013114. IEEE (2014)","DOI":"10.1109\/TELFOR.2014.7034369"},{"issue":"1","key":"4958_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2015.2487046","volume":"3","author":"M De Sanctis","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Sanctis, M., Cianca, E., Araniti, G., Bisio, I., Prasad, R.: Satellite communications supporting Internet of remote Things. IEEE Internet Things J. 3(1), 113\u2013123 (2016)","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"1","key":"4958_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-021-01991-7","volume":"2021","author":"F Xie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xie, F., Wei, D., Wang, Z.: Traffic analysis for 5G network slice based on machine learning. EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw. 2021(1), 108 (2021)","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"4958_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, R., Mehbodniya, A., Webber, J.L., Dadheech, P., Pavithra, G., Alzaidi, M.S., Akwafo, R.: Analysis of network slicing for management of 5G networks using machine learning techniques. Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput. (2022)","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9169568"},{"key":"4958_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dighriri, M., Alfoudi, A. S. D., Lee, G. M., Baker, T.: Data traffic model in machine to machine communications over 5G network slicing. In: 2016 9th International Conference on Developments in eSystems Engineering (DeSE), pp. 239\u2013244. IEEE (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/DeSE.2016.54"},{"issue":"13","key":"4958_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6617","DOI":"10.3390\/app12136617","volume":"12","author":"A Domeke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Domeke, A., Cimoli, B., Monroy, I.T.: Integration of network slicing and machine learning into edge networks for low-latency services in 5G and beyond systems. Appl. Sci. 12(13), 6617 (2022)","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"4958_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, L.V., Lin, B.S.P., Tung, L.P., Sinh, D.: SDN\/NFV, machine learning, and big data driven network slicing for 5G. In: 2018 IEEE 5G World Forum (5GWF), pp. 20\u201325. IEEE (2018)","DOI":"10.1109\/5GWF.2018.8516953"},{"key":"4958_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu, S., Wang, X.-W., Huang, M.: Software-defined next-generation satellite networks: architecture, challenges, and solutions. In: IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 4027\u20134041 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2793237","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2793237"},{"issue":"4","key":"4958_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1145\/2740070.2631454","volume":"44","author":"J Bao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bao, J., Zhao, B., Yu, W., Feng, Z., Wu, C., Gong, Z.: OpenSAN: A software-defined satellite network architecture. ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. 44(4), 347\u2013348 (2014)","journal-title":"ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"4958_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, P., Nazari, S., Mena, J., Fan, R., Gerla, M., Gupta, R.: Multipath TCP in SDN-enabled LEO satellite networks. In: Proc. MILCOM 2016 IEEE Military Communications Conf., pp. 354\u2013359 (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2016.7795352"},{"key":"4958_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Papa, A., de Cola, T., Vizarreta, P., He, M., Mas-Machuca, C., Kellerer, W.: Design and evaluation of reconfigurable SDN LEO constellations. In: IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 1432\u20131445, Sept. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNSM.2020.2993400.","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2020.2993400"},{"key":"4958_CR26","unstructured":"Series, M.: IMT Vision\u2014Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2020 and beyond. Recommendation ITU, 2083(0) (2015)"},{"issue":"3","key":"4958_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2021.3052507","volume":"7","author":"PK Sharma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharma, P.K., Yogesh, B., Gupta, D., Kim, D.I.: Performance analysis of IoT-based overlay satellite-terrestrial networks under interference. IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Netw. 7(3), 985\u20131001 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCCN.2021.3052507","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"4958_CR28","unstructured":"Solutions for NR to support non-terrestrial networks (NTN), release 16, 3GPP, Sophia Antipolis, France, Rep. 38.821 (2018)"},{"key":"4958_CR29","unstructured":"[IoT-NTN] Applicability of TR 38.821 (MediaTek), Document R2-2011275 RAN WG2 112e, 3GPP, Gothenburg, Sweden (2020)"},{"issue":"3","key":"4958_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600510CM","volume":"55","author":"Y-PE Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, Y.-P.E., et al.: A primer on 3GPP narrowband internet of things. IEEE Commun. Mag. 55(3), 117\u2013123 (2017)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"4958_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kodheli, O., Maturo, N., Andrenacci, S., Chatzinotas, S., Zimmer, F.: Link budget analysis for satellite-based narrowband IoT systems. In: Proc. Int. Conf. Ad-Hoc Netw. Wireless, pp. 259\u2013271 (2019)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-31831-4_18"},{"issue":"12","key":"4958_CR32","first-page":"74","volume":"62","author":"K O\u2019Hara","year":"2019","unstructured":"O\u2019Hara, K., Skidmore, G.: Providing narrowband IoT coverage with low Earth orbit satellites. Microw. J. 62(12), 74\u201384 (2019)","journal-title":"Microw. J."},{"key":"4958_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18391","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2735988","volume":"5","author":"Z Qu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qu, Z., Zhang, G., Cao, H., Xie, J.: LEO satellite constellation for internet of Things. IEEE Access 5, 18391\u201318401 (2017)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"4958_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conti, M., Andreanacci, S., Maturo, N., Chatzinotas, S., VanelliCoralli, A.: Doppler impact analysis for NB-IoT and satellite systems integration. In: Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun. (ICC), pp. 1\u20137 (2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC40277.2020.9149140"},{"key":"4958_CR35","unstructured":"Study on New Radio (NR) to Support Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs), Version 15.2.0, Release 15, 3GPP Standard (TS) 38.811 (2020)"},{"key":"4958_CR36","unstructured":"3rd Generation Partnership Project. Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects. Management and orchestration; Concepts, use cases and requirements, (Release 15). 3GPP TS 28.530 V15.23.0 (2019-0912)"},{"key":"4958_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liolis, K., Geurtz, A., Schulz, D., Watts, S., Poziopoulou, G., Evans, B.G., Wang, N., Vidal, O., Tiomela Jou, B., Fitch, M., Sendra, S., Sayyad Khodashenas, P., Chuberre, N.: Use cases and scenarios of 5G integrated satellite\u2010terrestrial networks for enhanced mobile broadband: the SaT5G approach, Int. J. Satell. Commun. Netw. vol. 37 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sat.1245","DOI":"10.1002\/sat.1245"},{"issue":"4","key":"4958_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.011.2100038","volume":"5","author":"X Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin, X., Rommer, S., Euler, S., Yavuz, E.A., Karlsson, R.S.: 5G from space: an overview of 3GPP non-terrestrial networks. IEEE Commun. Stand. Mag. 5(4), 147\u2013153 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Stand. Mag."},{"key":"4958_CR39","unstructured":"United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. (n.d.). GNSS-UNOOSA. Retrieved November 10, 2023, from https:\/\/www.unoosa.org\/oosa\/en\/ourwork\/psa\/gnss\/gnss.html"},{"key":"4958_CR40","unstructured":"ITU global standard for international mobile telecommunications \u2018IMT-Advanced\u2019. (n.d.). ITU. https:\/\/www.itu.int\/en\/ITU-R\/study-groups\/rsg5\/rwp5d\/imt-adv\/Pages\/default.aspx"},{"issue":"1","key":"4958_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13635-023-00141-4","volume":"2023","author":"F Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu, F., Zhang, S., Lin, X., Wu, L., Liao, N., Song, Y.: Network traffic classification model based on attention mechanism and spatiotemporal features. EURASIP J. Inf. Secur. 2023(1), 6 (2023)","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Inf. Secur."},{"key":"4958_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1134\/S0361768822070052","volume":"48","author":"AI Getman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Getman, A.I., Ikonnikova, M.K.: A survey of network traffic classification methods using machine learning. Program. Comput. Soft. 48, 413\u2013423 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1134\/S0361768822070052","journal-title":"Program. Comput. Soft."},{"key":"4958_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/sat.1259","volume":"37","author":"N Zangar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zangar, N., Hendaoui, S.: Leveraging multiuser diversity for adaptive hybrid satellite-LTE downlink scheduler (H-MUDoS) in emerging 5G-satellite network. Int. J. Satell. Commun. Netw. 37, 113\u2013125 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sat.1259","journal-title":"Int. J. Satell. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"4958_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hendaoui, S., Zangarz, C.N.: Leveraging SDN slicing isolation for improved adaptive satellite-5G downlink scheduler. In: 2021 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC), pp. 1\u20135 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISNCC52172.2021.9615755","DOI":"10.1109\/ISNCC52172.2021.9615755"},{"key":"4958_CR45","unstructured":"ETSI GS NFV-EVE 005, \u201cNetwork Functions Virtualisation (NFV); Ecosystem; Report on SDN Usage in NFV Architectural Framework\u201d, V1.1.1 (2015-12)"},{"key":"4958_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thantharate, A., Paropkari, R., Walunj, V., Beard, C.: DeepSlice: A deep learning approach towards an efficient and reliable network slicing in 5G networks. In: 2019 IEEE 10th Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON), pp. 0762\u20130767 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/UEMCON47517.2019.8993066","DOI":"10.1109\/UEMCON47517.2019.8993066"},{"key":"4958_CR47","unstructured":"https:\/\/christophm.github.io\/interpretable-ml-book\/shap.html"},{"key":"4958_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alkhafaji, A.R., Al-Turaihi, F.S.: Multi-layer network slicing and resource allocation scheme for traffic-aware QoS ensured SDN\/NFV-5G network. In: 2021 1st Babylon International Conference on Information Technology and Science (BICITS), Babil, Iraq, pp. 327\u2013331 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/BICITS51482.2021.9509901","DOI":"10.1109\/BICITS51482.2021.9509901"},{"key":"4958_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dighriri, M., Alfoudi, A.S.D., Lee, G.M., Baker, T., Pereira, R.: Comparison data traffic scheduling techniques for classifying QoS over 5G mobile networks. In: 2017 31st International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA), pp. 492\u2013497. IEEE (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/WAINA.2017.106"},{"key":"4958_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3825","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-018-01917-0","volume":"25","author":"SA AlQahtani","year":"2019","unstructured":"AlQahtani, S.A., Altamrah, A.S.: Supporting QoS requirements provisions on 5G network slices using an efficient priority-based polling technique. Wireless Netw. 25, 3825\u20133838 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11276-018-01917-0","journal-title":"Wireless Netw."}],"container-title":["Cluster Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10586-024-04958-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10586-024-04958-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10586-024-04958-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T12:31:41Z","timestamp":1757161901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10586-024-04958-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["4958"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10586-024-04958-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-7857","1573-7543"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-7857","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7543","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 December 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This research did not require ethical approval as it did not involve human participants, animals, or any other sensitive materials that would necessitate such approval.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"293"}}